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Gender and the structuring of reality in Temne divination: an interactive study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

In June 1978, following a series of arguments in her marital home, a young Temne woman called Isatu travelled from her home in Makeni (a town which is the capital of Sierra Leone's Northern Province) to the village of Petbana Masimbo three miles away in order to consult a diviner about the cause. The diviner she consulted was Pa Koroma, a well-patronized Muslim diviner who was also her father's brother. Pa Koroma happened to be conducting a session of the dramatic and relatively expensive α η-yina Musa mediumship method of divination, which is commissioned by a wealthy client but which more minor clients such as Isatu can also participate in. He put a female medium, completely covered by a protective white cloth and gazing into a white bowl of water containing Islamic medicine (mǝ-nαsi), into a trance in which she was able to communicate with αη-yina Musa, the fearful ‘Muslim’ spirit of divination. Around Pa Koroma's central parlour, in which the divination took place, were seated members of the village, some of whom had come to ask questions, others simply to watch and, where appropriate, to interject comments on what was being said. The medium, an elderly woman called Mami Yeno, was a sister-in-law of Pa Koroma from Makaper, a village about two miles from Petbana. Each person who had come to ask about a problem addressed their question to Pa Koroma, who repeated it to Mami Yeno. Mami Yeno then silently conveyed the question to αη-yina Musa and, after a pause, returned the reply to Pa Koroma, the latter repeating and often elaborating upon her utterances to the audience.

Résumé

Genre et structuration de la réalité dans le divination des Temne

Le débat principal de cet article est que la divination est un véhicule à la négotiation active des significations et des catégories que les intérêts individuels et les intérêts de groupes constituent au coeur de la société. Parmi les Temne du Sierra Leone, la divination est centrale aux moyens par lesquels le genre est défini, car il intervient dans les structures du monde des hommes et des femmes. La structure dominante du monde masculin dans laquelle la ‘masculinité’ est consdiérée comme un symbole de l'ordre et la ‘feminité’ comme une menace potentiellement mauvaise à l'ordre, est appuyée sur le recrutement de devins, principalement parmi la population mâle. En conséquence les femmes tendent à être symbolisées de façon négative et considérées comme secrétement dangereuses (par exemple sorcières et adultères) dans les diagnostics des devins. Ceci est également appuyé sur le monopole de la divination publique par les hommes âgés dont les perceptions et les valeurs sont projetées sur la communauté comme une ‘réalité’ par les devins publics qu'ils emploient.

Cependant, les femmes Temne peuvent consulter des devins privés et cherchent à éviter d'être symbolisées défavorablement comme des ‘agents du malheur’. Elles peuvent également introduire leurs propres perceptions dans les diagnostics, par exemple en consultant des devins auxquels elles sont apparentées. Les diagnostics compatissants qu'elles reçoivent ainsi en général ne peuvent pas être publiés, en vue de la position relativement faible de la femme dans son cadre matrimonial, mais, en confirmant la vue d'elle-même d'une femme et de la situation dans laquelle elle se trouve, de tels diagnostics cependant fournissent une validation ontologique externe.

A la lumière de tels rôles actifs joués par clients et devins dans la négociation non seulement des définitions, mais aussi de l'identité, les deux interprétations fonctionnalistes et ‘déterministes’ structuralistes/symboliques du rituel sont jugées n'être pas satisfaisantes. Bien que l'interactionisme symbolique fasse ressortir l'action humaine dans la génération de significations par interaction, sa supposition implicite que de tels agents sont des manipulateurs conscients est rejetée à la lumière de la distinction de Giddens entre les consciences ‘discursive’ et ‘pratique’. Au lieu de cela, il est démontré que le fait que les gens manipulent activement des symboles ne signifie pas que ces symboles soient éprouvés comme des ‘réalités’ par eux. La divination, done, est une sphère unique dans laquelle une telle ‘politique d'expérience’ est représentée.

Type
Mystical means and social realities
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1985

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