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The ‘Discovery’ of the Himba: The Politics of Ethnographic Film Making

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

Abstract

This article is concerned with the way an African ethnic group is represented in the medium of television. It is argued, first, that, in the broad spectrum of programmes, ethnographic films will never be in the top rank. Nevertheless, as part of a general range appealing to an intellectual and academic audience, ethnographic films will be competing in this market. One solution is to let ethnographic films become more attractive through a closer resemblance to fictional films. But it creates a dilemma for an ethnographic film screened on television, as it must legitimise its position by differentiating itself from fiction through establishing a certain realism while at the same time employing fictional devices to dramatise ethnographic ‘stories’. This leads to distorted and sometimes racist undertones. The second issue concerns the ambitions of the film team. Their temporary role in the locality becomes political when, as inevitably happens, they favour, and are favoured by, one section of the local community in order to fulfil their mission of producing an ethnographic film. A split in the community is caused by such external forces and justified by the fact that we are all ‘living in a global village’.

Résumé

Cet article traite de la représentation d’un groupe ethnique africain dans les médias télévisuels. Il affirme d’abord que les films ethnographiques ne figureront jamais au premier rang du vaste éventail de programmes. Néanmoins, dans le cadre d’une catégorie générale susceptible d’intéresser un public intellectuel et universitaire, les films ethnographiques se feront concurrence sur ce marché. Une solution consiste à rendre les films ethnographiques plus attrayants en leur donnant l’apparence de films de fiction. Les films ethnographiques diffusés à la télévision sont alors confrontés à un dilemme, car ils doivent justifier leur place en se différenciant de la fiction au moyen d’un certain réalisme tout en employant des procédés fictionnels pour adapter des «histoires» ethnographiques à l’écran. Cette adaption conduit à des déformations, voire même à des résonances racistes. Le second point traite des ambitions de l’équipe de tournage. Son rôle temporaire dans la localité devient politique lorsque, comme delà arrive inévitablement, cette équipe privilégie, et est privilégiée par, une partie de la communauté locale afin d’accomplir sa mission, à savoir produire un film ethnographique. Une scission s’opère au sein de la communauté sous l’effet de ces forces extérieures et se trouve justifiée par le fait que nous «vivons tous dans un village planétaire».

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2000

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