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Chiefs of rain – chiefs of ruling: a reinterpretation of pre-colonial Tonga (Zambia) social and political structure

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

This article reassesses the accepted model of pre-colonial Tonga (Zambian) society. In a series of books and articles Elizabeth Colson has established an anthropological framework in which to analyse Tonga social and political activities. The basic parameters of that framework would appear to be: ‘Until the beginnings of the colonial period, approximately seventy years ago the largest named territorial unit among the Tonga was the small neighbourhood community.’ Ritual offices existed within the neighbourhood but political office was embryonic or non-existent until the British Government recognized headmen and chiefs and later developed a local council with an appointed civil service. (Colson, 1980b: 35). Social life is characterized as ‘anarchical’ (Colson, 1970a: 87). Politically the Tonga were said to be ‘stateless’ (Colson, 1970a: 207) and ‘amorphous’ (Colson, 1970b: 36). In a paper given in 1968 Colson analyses the concept of tribe, and states that the Tonga only recognized themselves as Tonga when young nationalist schoolboys tried to give them self-awareness. Thus, the Tonga in Colson's view are a creation of British bureaucracy and of a burgeoning nationalism. (Colson, 1968: 202; cf. also Colson, 1970b: 36). More recently the same basic position is reiterated, though the possibility of a change of viewpoint is left open; ‘Even the idea of a social unit of all Tonga is a recent creation and is still likely to be invoked principally in the national political arena, though the continued importance of the shrine of Monze may have political overtones of which I am unaware.’ (Colson, 1977: 137).

Résumé

Faiseurs de pluie – chefs politiques: une reinterpretation de la structure politique et sociale du Tonga (Zambie) pre-colonial

Le Tonga de la Zambie a été caracterisé comme un groupe amorphe acéphale à qui le gouvernement britannique de l'époque coloniale et les chefs nationalistes durant le combat pour l'independance ont donné une identité et une unité. Le Professeur E. Colson a développé cette vue dans une série de livres et d'articles incorporant les résultats de recherches détaillées sur le terrain. Cet article reconsidère le point de vue accepté et s'efforce de montrer que le Tonga avait une unité ethnique antérieure à l'arrivée de la Compagnie anglaise d'Afrique du Sud. Il y est avancé que cette unité était centrée sur la figure du Faiseur de pluie/prophète Monze. Au dix-neuvième siècle, les détenteurs successifs du titre de Monze changèrent petit à petit leur rôle purement religieux en un rôle politique. Ce precédé atteint son apogée avec le Monze Ncete qui fut le Chef du Tonga de 1890 à 1916. En 1903 Ncete fut jugé et emprisonné par les officiels de la Compagnie britannique D'Afrique à la requête de Lobengula, roi de Barotse, pour avoir illegalement collecté de impots du Tonga. Lobengula avait revendiqué la possession du Tonga et avait donné à la Compagnie britannique d'Afrique la permission d'installer des européens sur le territoire du Tonga. La collecte d'impots du Monze était sa manière de démontrer que le Tonga était independant du Lozi et que lui, le Monze, était leur chef accredité.

L'évidence du pouvoir du Monze est tirée de sources orales et écrites. Les feuilles d'audience furent obtenues au Bureau des Archives Nationales de Zambie. La fontion du Monze est également décrite dans le journal d'un missionnaire jésuite contemporain qui avait visité le village du Monze. Des témoignages oraux furent obtenus du cuisinier du Monze et de la recherche du Dr T. Matthews. La tradition orale rapportée par le Chef actuel (Gletus) tend à montrer une longue histoire d'opposition Tonga-Lozi.

Alors que le Tonga n'eut jamais l'organisation rigoureuse du Lozi l'évidence indique une identité ethnique croissante centrée sur l'évolution du Monze, de Chef purement religieux à Chef politico-religieux.

Type
Oral tradition and early colonial politics
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1983

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