Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2xdlg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-22T11:07:37.742Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

How to increase the role of social workers in suicide preventive interventions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2020

Joshua Levine Open the ORCID record for Joshua Levine [Opens in a new window]  and
Leo Sher
Joshua Levine*
Affiliation:
James J. Peters Veterans’ Administration Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA
Leo Sher
Affiliation:
James J. Peters Veterans’ Administration Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Joshua Levine, Email: jpl2158@columbia.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective:

Suicide is a serious public health issue that affects individuals, families and societies all over the world. International studies provide consistent evidence that the presence of psychiatrists in a region is associated with lesser suicide rates. However, many psychiatric patients including suicidal patients do not have access to psychiatrists. This indicates that mental health and non-mental health social workers need to be involved in suicide prevention efforts. This paper is the first comprehensive work that discusses how to increase the role of social workers in the area of suicide prevention.

Methods:

A review of the relevant literature.

Results:

Increasing the role of social workers in suicide prevention efforts may reduce suicide risk in groups and people at elevated risk for suicide, as well as the general population.

Conclusion:

Recommendations are provided for how the social work profession can improve upon suicide prevention while incorporating universal, selective and indicated suicide preventive interventions. Social work research efforts should focus on how to increase the role of social workers in suicide prevention and the management of suicidal patients. Social work education programmes should modify their curricula and increase their attention on suicide prevention. Mental health social workers need to educate the patient and their family on suicide risk factors. Furthermore, mental health and non-mental health social workers need to educate the general public on suicide risk factors.

Keywords

social worksuicidepublic healthdepressionstress
Type
Perspective
Information
Acta Neuropsychiatrica , Volume 32 , Issue 4 , August 2020 , pp. 186 - 195
Copyright
© Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmedani, BK, Peterson, EL, Hu, Y, Rossom, RC, Lynch, F, Lu, CY, Waitzfelder, BE, Owen-Smith, AA, Hubley, S, Prabhakar, D, Williams, LK, Zeld, N, Mutter, E, Beck, A, Tolsma, D and Simon, GE (2017) Major physical health conditions and risk of suicide. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 53, 308–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amaresha, AC and Venkatasubramanian, G (2012) Expressed emotion in schizophrenia: an overview. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 34, 12–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Andriessen, K (2014) Suicide bereavement and postvention in major suicidology journals: lessons learned for the future of postvention. Crisis 35, 338–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andriessen, K and Krysinska, K (2012) Essential questions on suicide bereavement and postvention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, 24–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arsenault-Lapierre, G, Kim, C and Turecki, G (2004) Psychiatric diagnoses in 3275 suicides: a meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 4, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baca-Garcia, E, Parra, CP, Perez-Rodriguez, MM, Diaz Sastre, C, Reyes Torres, R, Saiz-Ruiz, J and de Leon, J (2007) Psychosocial stressors may be strongly associated with suicide attempts. Stress and Health 23, 191–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagley, C and Young, L (1998) Long-term evaluation of group counselling for women with a history of child sexual abuse: focus on depression, self-esteem, suicidal behaviors and social support. Social Work With Groups 21, 63–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beautrais, AL, Joyce, PR and Mulder, RT (1997) Precipitating factors and life events in serious suicide attempts among youths aged 13 through 24 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36, 1543–1551.Google ScholarPubMed
Black, SA, Gallaway, MS, Bell, MR and Ritche, EC (2011) Prevalence and risk factors associated with suicides of army soldiers 2001-2009. Military Psychology 23, 433–451.Google Scholar
Blakely, TA, Collings, SCD and Atkinson, J (2003) Unemployment and suicide. Evidence for a causal association? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 57, 594–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boardman, AP, Grimbaldeston, AH, Handley, C, Jones, PW and Willmott, S (1999) The North Staffordshire suicide study: a case-control study of suicide in one health district. Psychological Medicine 29, 27–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonner, A and Luscombe, C (2009) Suicide and homelessness. Journal of Public Mental Health 8, 7–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brådvik, L (2018) Suicide risk and mental disorders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brent, DA, Perper, JA, Moritz, G, Baugher, M, Roth, C, Balach, L and Schweers, J (1993) Stressful life events, psychopathology, and adolescent suicide: a case control study. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 23, 179–187.Google ScholarPubMed
Brooks Holliday, S (2018) The Relationship between Mental Health Care Access and Suicide. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp. Available at https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/analysis/supplementary/mental-health-access-and-suicide.html. Accessed 16 August 2019.Google Scholar
Brown, GK and Jager-Hyman, S (2014) Evidence-based psychotherapies for suicide prevention: future directions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 47, S186–S194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calati, R and Courtet, P (2016) Is psychotherapy effective for reducing suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-injury rates? Meta-analysis and meta-regression of literature data. Journal of Psychiatric Research 79, 8–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Classen, TJ and Dunn, RA (2012) The effect of job loss and unemployment duration on suicide risk in the United States: a new look using mass-layoffs and unemployment duration. Health Economics 21, 338–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colucci, E, Too, LS and Minas, H (2017) A suicide research agenda for people from immigrant and refugee background. Death Studies 41, 502–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, SC, Schwartz, AC and Kaslow, NJ (2017) Evidence-based psychotherapy: advantages and challenges. Neurotherapeutics 14, 537–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, TB (2013) Recent criminal offending and suicide attempts: a national sample. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 48, 767–774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, TB and Davis, MS (2012) Assessing legal strains and risk of suicide using archived court data. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior 42, 495–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuijpers, P, van Straten, A, Andersson, G and van Oppen, P (2008) Psychotherapy for depression in adults: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 76, 909–922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demir, S (2018) The relationship between expressed emotion and the probability of suicide among Turkish psychiatric outpatients: a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Family and Community Health 41, 111–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desai, RA, Liu-Mares, W, Dausey, DJ and Rosenheck, RA (2003) Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a sample of homeless people with mental illness. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 191, 365–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunne, EJ (2009) Family psychoeducation with suicide attempters. In Wasserman, D and Wasserman, C (eds) Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–11.Google Scholar
Feldman, BN and Freedenthal, S (2006) Social work education in suicide intervention and prevention: an unmet need? Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior 36, 467–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forte, A, Trobia, F, Gualtieri, F, Lamis, DA, Cardamone, G, Giallonardo, V, Fiorillo, A, Girardi, P and Pompili, M (2018) Suicide risk among immigrants and ethnic minorities: a literature overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, 1438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gøtzsche, PC and Gøtzsche, PK (2017) Cognitive behavioural therapy halves the risk of repeated suicide attempts: systematic review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 110, 404–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harenski, CL, Brook, M, Kosson, DS, Bustillo, JR, Harenski, KA, Caldwell, MF, Van Rybroek, GJ, Koenigs, M, Decety, J, Thornton, DM, Calhoun, VD and Kiehl, KA (2017) Socio-neuro risk factors for suicidal behavior in criminal offenders with psychotic disorders. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 12, 70–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harkness, D (2011) The diagnosis of mental disorders in clinical social work: a review of standards of care. Clinical Social Work Journal 39, 223–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, EC and Barraclough, B (1997) Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry 170, 205–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawton, K and van Heeringen, K (2009) Suicide. The Lancet 373, 1372–1381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedegaard, H, Curtin, SC and Warner, M (2018) Suicide mortality in the United States, 1999-2017. NCHS Data Brief 330, 1–8.Google Scholar
Herman, J (1997) Trauma And Recovery. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
HHS Health Resources and Services Administration (2016) National Projections of Supply and Demand for Selected Behavioral Health Practitioners: 2013-2025. Available at https://bhw.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/bhw/nchwa/projections/state-level-estimates-report-2018.pdf. Accessed 16 August 2019.Google Scholar
Höjer, S and Dellgran, P (2013) Academization of social work in Sweden and China. China Journal of Social Work 6, 344–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilceto, P, Pompili, M, Candilera, G, Borges, G, Lamis, DA, Serafini, G and Girardi, P (2013) Suicide risk and psychopathology in immigrants: a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 48, 1105–1114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaac, M, Elias, B, Katz, LY, Belik, S-L, Deane, FP, Enns, MW and Sareen, J (2009) Gatekeeper training as a preventative intervention for suicide: a systematic review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 54, 260–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, JM, Osteen, PJ, Sharpe, TL and Pastoor, JB (2012) Randomized trial of suicide gatekeeper training for social work students. Research on Social Work Practice 22, 270–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, JM, Ting, L, Sanders, S and Harrington, D (2004) Prevalence of and reactions to fatal and nonfatal client suicidal behavior: a national study of mental health social workers. OMEGA – Journal of Death and Dying 49, 237–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joe, S and Niedermeier, D (2008) Preventing suicide: a neglected social work research agenda. The British Journal of Social Work 38, 507–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, JR (2017) Postvention is prevention – The case for suicide postvention. Death Studies 41, 614–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kodaka, M, Inagaki, M, Poštuvan, V and Yamada, M (2012) Exploration of factors associated with social worker attitudes toward suicide. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 59, 452–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kposowa, AJ (2001) Unemployment and suicide: a cohort analysis of social factors predicting suicide in the US national longitudinal mortality study. Psychological Medicine 31, 127–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kushner, HI (1984) Immigrant suicide in the United States: toward a psycho-social history. Journal of Social History 18, 3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, DWL, Li, L and Daoust, GD (2017) Factors influencing suicide behaviours in immigrant and ethno-cultural minority groups: a systematic review. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 19, 755–768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazar, SG (2014) The cost-effectiveness of psychotherapy for the major psychiatric diagnoses. Psychodynamic Psychiatry 42, 423–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, KH, Jun, JS, Kim, YJ, Roh, S, Moon, SS, Bukonda, N and Hines, L (2017) Mental health, substance abuse, and suicide among homeless adults. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work 14, 229–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lenz, AS, Rosenbaum, L and Sheperis, D (2016) Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of motivational enhancement therapy for reducing substance use. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling 37, 66–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, S, Tarrier, N, Haddock, G, Bentall, R, Kinderman, P, Kingdon, D, Siddle, R, Drake, R, Everitt, J, Leadley, K, Benn, A, Grazebrook, K, Haley, C, Akhtar, S, Davies, L, Palmer, S, Faragher, B and Dunn, G (2002) Randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy in early schizophrenia: acute-phase outcomes. The British Journal of Psychiatry 181, s91–s97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, F (1987) Psychotherapy and the clinical social worker. American Journal of Psychotherapy 41, 369–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linehan, MM, Korslund, KE, Harned, MS, Gallop, RJ, Lungu, A, Neacsiu, AD, McDavid, J, Comtois, KA and Murray-Gregory, AM (2015) Dialectical behavior therapy for high suicide risk in individuals with borderline personality disorder: a randomized clinical trial and component analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 72, 475–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lundin, A, Lundberg, I, Allebeck, P and Hemmingsson, T (2012) Unemployment and suicide in the Stockholm population: a register-based study on 771,068 men and women. Public Health 126, 371–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luxton, DD, June, JD and Fairall, JM (2012) Social media and suicide: a public health perspective. American Journal of Public Health 102, S195–S200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magill, M and Ray, LA (2009) Cognitive-behavioral treatment with adult alcohol and illicit drug users: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 70, 516–527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, CC, Golden, JH, Cronk, NJ, Gale, JK, Hogan, T and Washington, KT (2016) Social workers as behavioral health consultants in the primary care clinic. Health & Social Work 41, 196–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, JJ (2002) A current perspective of suicide and attempted suicide. Annals of Internal Medicine 136, 302–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, JJ, Apter, AA, Bertolote, J, Beautrais, A, Currier, D, Haas, A, Hegerl, U, Lonnqvist, J, Malone, K, Marusic, A, Mehlum, L, Patton, G, Phillips, M, Rutz, W, Rihmer, Z, Schmidtke, A, Shaffer, D, Silverman, M, Takahashi, Y, Varnik, A, Wasserman, D, Yip, P and Hendin, H (2005) Suicide prevention strategies: a systematic review. JAMA 294, 2064–2074.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manthorpe, J and Iliffe, S (2011) Social work with older people – Reducing suicide risk: a critical review of practice and prevention. British Journal of Social Work 41, 131–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maple, M, Pearce, T, Sanford, RL and Cerel, J (2017) The role of social work in suicide prevention, intervention, and postvention: a scoping review. Australian Social Work 70, 289–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maple, M, Pearce, T, Sanford, RL and Cerel, J (2018) A systematic mapping of suicide bereavement and postvention research and a proposed strategic research agenda. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention 39, 275–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maris, RW (2002) Suicide. The Lancet 360, 319–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Méndez-Bustos, P, Calati, R, Rubio-Ramírez, R, Olié, E, Courtet, P and Lopez-Castroman, J (2019) Effectiveness of psychotherapy on suicidal risk: a systematic review of observational studies. Frontiers in Psychology 10, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milner, A, Page, A and La Montagne, AD (2013) Long-term unemployment and suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 8, e51333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milner, A, Page, A, Morrell, S, Hobbs, C, Carter, G, Dudley, M, Duflou, J and Taylor, R (2014) The effects of involuntary job loss on suicide and suicide attempts among young adults: evidence from a matched case-control study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 48, 333–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mishna, F, Antle, BJ and Regehr, C (2002) Social work with clients contemplating suicide: complexity and ambiguity in the clinical, ethical, and legal considerations. Clinical Social Work Journal 30, 265–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz, RF, Mrazek, PJ and Haggerty, RJ (1996) Institute of Medicine report on prevention of mental disorders: summary and commentary. American Psychologist 51, 1116–1122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Napa, W, Tungpunkom, P and Pothimas, N (2017) Effectiveness of family interventions on psychological distress and expressed emotion in family members of individuals diagnosed with first-episode psychosis: a systematic review. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports 15, 1057–1079.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Association of Social Workers (n.d.) About Social Workers. Available at https://www.socialworkers.org/News/Facts/Social-Workers (accessed 21 July 2019).Google Scholar
National Association of Social Workers (2013) NASW Standards for Social Work Case Management. Available at https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=acrzqmEfhlo%3d&portalid=0 (accessed 16 August 2019).Google Scholar
Nelson, A (2013) Social work and social work education in Sweden. University of Gothenburg. Available at https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/440-2013-11-24-Social%20Work%20and%20Social%20Work%20Education%20in%20Sweden-Anna%20Nelson.pdf. Accessed 16 August 2019.Google Scholar
New American Economy (2017) New Study Shows 60 Percent of U.S. Counties Without a Single Psychiatrist. New Study Shows 60 Percent of U.S. Counties Without a Single Psychiatrist. Available at https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/press-release/new-study-shows-60-percent-of-u-s-counties-without-a-single-psychiatrist/. Accessed 16 August 2019.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (2019) Suicides in the UK: 2018 registrations. Available at https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/suicidesintheunitedkingdom/2018registrations/pdf. Accessed 16 August 2019.Google Scholar
Öksüz, E, Karaca, S, Özaltin, G and AlpayAteş, M (2017) The effects of psychoeducation on the expressed emotion and family functioning of the family members in first-episode schizophrenia. Community Mental Health Journal 53, 464–473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osborn, D, Levy, G, Nazareth, I and King, M (2008) Suicide and severe mental illnesses. Cohort study within the UK general practice research database. Schizophrenia Research 99, 134–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osteen, PJ (2018) Suicide intervention gatekeeper training: modeling mediated effects on development and use of gatekeeper behaviors. Research on Social Work Practice 28, 848–856.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osteen, PJ, Jacobson, JM and Sharpe, TL (2014) Suicide prevention in social work education: how prepared are social work students? Journal of Social Work Education 50, 349–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ougrin, D, Tranah, T, Stahl, D, Moran, P and Rosenbaum Asarnow, J (2015) Therapeutic interventions for suicide attempts and self-harm in adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 54, 97–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panos, PT, Jackson, JW, Hasan, O and Panos, A (2014) Meta-analysis and systematic review assessing the efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). Research on Social Work Practice 24, 213–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascal de Raykeer, R, Hoertel, N, Blanco, C, Olfson, M, Wall, M, Seigneurie, A-S, Schuster, J-P, Lemogne, C, von Gunten, A and Limosin, F (2018) Effects of psychiatric disorders on suicide attempt: similarities and differences between older and younger adults in a national cohort study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 79, e1–e8.Google Scholar
Petrakis, M and Joubert, L (2013) A social work contribution to suicide prevention through assertive brief psychotherapy and community linkage: use of the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA). Social Work in Health Care 52, 239–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchard, C, Cox, M and Dawson, A (1997) Suicide and ‘violent’ death in a six-year cohort of male probationers compared with pattern of mortality in the general population: evidence of accumulative socio-psychiatric vulnerability. Journal of the Royal Society of Health 117, 180–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qin, P (2011) The impact of psychiatric illness on suicide: differences by diagnosis of disorders and by sex and age of subjects. Journal of Psychiatric Research 45, 1445–1452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quinnett, P (1995) QPR: Ask a Question, Save a Life. Spokane, WA: The QPR Institute.Google Scholar
Robinson, J, Cox, G, Bailey, E, Hetrick, S, Rodrigues, M, Fisher, S and Herrman, H (2016) Social media and suicide prevention: a systematic review. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 10, 103–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, J, Rodrigues, M, Fisher, S, Bailey, E and Herrman, H (2015) Social media and suicide prevention: findings from a stakeholder survey. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry 27, 27–35.Google ScholarPubMed
Rogers, ML and Joiner, TE (2019) Interactive effects of acute suicidal affective disturbance and pain persistence on suicide attempt frequency and lethality. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000588. Accessed 16 August 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, R and Molina, N (2017) Interventions. In Galynker, I (ed), The Suicidal Crisis: Clinical Guide to the Assessment of Imminent Suicide Risk. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–8.Google Scholar
Rosen, A, Proctor, EK and Staudt, MM (1999) Social work research and the quest for effective practice. Social Work Research 23, 4–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubenowitz, E, Waern, M, Wilhelmson, K and Allebeck, P (2001) Life events and psychosocial factors in elderly suicides – a case-control study. Psychological Medicine 31, 1193–1202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubin, A, Weiss, EL and Coll, JE (2013) Handbook of Military Social Work. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Ruth, BJ, Gianino, M, Muroff, J, McLaughlin, D and Feldman, BN (2012) You can’t recover from suicide: perspectives on suicide education in MSW programs. Journal of Social Work Education 48, 501–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salsberg, E, Quigley, L, Mehfoud, N, Acquaviva, K, Wyche, K and Sliwa, S (2017) Profile of the Social Work Workforce. Washington, DC: The George Washington University Health Workforce Institute. Available at https://www.cswe.org/Centers-Initiatives/Initiatives/National-Workforce-Initiative/SW-Workforce-Book-FINAL-11-08-2017.aspx. Accessed 16 August 2019.Google Scholar
Sanders, S, Jacobson, JM and Ting, L (2008) Preparing for the inevitable: training social workers to cope with client suicide. Journal of Teaching in Social Work 28, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandström, G (2007) Higher education for social work in Sweden. Australian Social Work 60, 56–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxe Zerden, L, Lombardi, BM and Jones, A (2019) Social workers in integrated health care: improving care throughout the life course. Social Work in Health Care 58, 142–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, B, Grebner, K, Schnabel, A, Hampel, H, Georgi, K and Seidler, A (2011) Impact of employment status and work-related factors on risk of completed suicide: a case-control psychological autopsy study. Psychiatry Research 190, 265–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, M (2015) Teaching note – Understanding of suicide prevention, intervention, and postvention: curriculum for MSW students. Journal of Social Work Education 51, 177–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shah, A, Anderson, KG, Li, X, Meadows, JT and Breitsprecher, TB (2018) Clinical social work scope of practice related to diagnosis. Clinical Social Work Journal, 1–11.Google Scholar
Sharpe, TL, Jacobson Frey, J, Osteen, PJ and Bernes, S (2014) Perspectives and appropriateness of suicide prevention gatekeeper training for MSW students. Social Work in Mental Health 12, 117–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sher, L (2004) Preventing suicide. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 97, 677–680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sher, L (2010) A model of suicidal behavior among depressed immigrants. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 10, 5–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sher, L (2018) Suicide in men: the time is ripe for active scientific investigations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 137, 275–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sher, L (2019) Resilience as a focus of suicide research and prevention. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 140, 169–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sher, L and Kahn, RS (2019) Suicide in schizophrenia: an educational overview. Medicina 55, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sher, L, Oquendo, MA and Mann, JJ (2001) Risk of suicide in mood disorders. Clinical Neuroscience Research 1, 337–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Škodlar, B and Henriksen, MG (2019) Toward a phenomenological psychotherapy for schizophrenia. Psychopathology 52, 117–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slater, T, Scourfield, J and Greenland, K (2013) Suicide attempts and social worker contact: secondary analysis of a general population study. British Journal of Social Work 45, 378–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smedslund, G, Berg, RC, Hammerstrøm, KT, Steiro, A, Leiknes, KA, Dahl, HM and Karlsen, K (2011) Motivational interviewing for substance abuse. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5, 1–126.Google Scholar
Stanley, B and Brown, GK (2012) Safety planning intervention: a brief intervention to mitigate suicide risk. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 19, 256–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stratford, HJ, Cooper, MJ, Di Simplicio, M, Blackwell, SE and Holmes, EA (2015) Psychological therapy for anxiety in bipolar spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review 35, 19–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sudak, DM (2012) Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 35, 99–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, F-K, Chiang, C-Y, Lin, Y-H and Chen, T-B (2013) Short-term effects of a suicide education intervention for family caregivers of people who are suicidal. Journal of Clinical Nursing 23, 91–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, DJ and Pruiksma, KE (2014) Cognitive and behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in psychiatric populations: a systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry 26, 205–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, LD, Coffey, DS and Kashner, TM (2016) Interprofessional education of health professionals: Social workers should lead the way. Health & Social Work 41, 5–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terpstra, S, Beekman, A, Abbing, J, Jaken, S, Steendam, M and Gilissen, R (2018) Suicide prevention gatekeeper training in the Netherlands improves gatekeepers’ knowledge of suicide prevention and their confidence to discuss suicidality, an observational study. BMC Public Health 18, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2019) Social Workers. Occupational Outlook Handbook. Available at https://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/social-workers.htm. Accessed 16 August 2019.Google Scholar
Wainberg, ML, Scorza, P, Shultz, JM, Helpman, L, Mootz, JJ, Johnson, KA, Neria, Y, Bradford, J-ME, Oquendo, MA and Arbuckle, MR (2017) Challenges and opportunities in global mental health: a research-to-practice perspective. Current Psychiatry Reports 19, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (2014) Preventing suicide. A global imperative. Available at http://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/world_report_2014/en/. Accessed 16 August 2019.Google Scholar
Yonemoto, N, Kawashima, Y, Endo, K and Yamada, M (2019) Gatekeeper training for suicidal behaviors: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders 246, 506–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, A, Franklin, C, Jing, S, Bornheimer, LA, Hai, AH, Himle, JA, Kong, D and Ji, Q (2019) The effectiveness of four empirically supported psychotherapies for primary care depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 245, 1168–1186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed