Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xfwgj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-29T04:27:50.998Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The US Defense Economy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 December 2021

Jomana Amara
Affiliation:
Naval Postgraduate School
Raymond E. Franck
Affiliation:
United States Air Force Academy

Summary

The United States defence economy is remarkable for a number of reasons - including sheer size. It receives a significant (albeit decreasing) share of GDP and has a significant international footprint. Its purpose is to provide the resources for national defence - against a set of complex and capable adversaries. The main players in the defence economy are households, and the Federal Government. The associated interactions determine the resources provided for national defence and their allocation among various defence needs. This Element focuses primarily on interactions between government and industrial suppliers within the institutional peculiarities of the defence marketplace. This includes the developments that have determined the course of defence industry consolidation post-Cold War. The authors also highlight the persistent gap between resources available for defence and the means to execute the National Security Strategy. Finally, they offer some tentative thoughts regarding developments likely to shape the defence economy's future.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009023801
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 27 January 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acquisition and Sustainment (2020) Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC), v. 1.0. Available at: www.acq.osd.mil/cmmc/docs/CMMC_Model_Main_20200203.pdf (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Aeroweb (2020a) “Top-100 U.S. Government Contractors.” Available at: http://fi-aeroweb.com/Top-100-US-Government-Contractors.html (accessed: November 5, 2020).Google Scholar
Aeroweb (2020b) “LGM-30 Minuteman III ICBM, Aeroweb.” Available at: www.fi-aeroweb.com/Defense/Minuteman.html (accessed: December 3, 2020).Google Scholar
AFWERX (2020) Available at: www.afwerx.af.mil/ (accessed: June 30, 2021).Google Scholar
Aghion, P. (2003) “Empirical Estimates of the Relationship between Product Market Competition and Innovation,” in Touffut, J.-P. (ed.) Institutions, Innovation and Growth: Selected Economic Papers. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 142169.Google Scholar
AIA (Aerospace Industries Association) (2018) “Facts and Figures: U.S. Aerospace and Defense.” Available at: www.aia-aerospace.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/2018_-Annual-Report_Web.pdf (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Aitoro, J. (2016) “30 years: A norm Augustine retrospective,” DefenseNews, October 25. Available at: www.defensenews.com/30th-annivesary/2016/10/25/30-years-a-norm-augustine-retrospective/ (accessed: November 7, 2020).Google Scholar
Amara, J. (2019) “Revisiting the Justification for an All-Volunteer Force,” Defense and Security Analysis, 35(3), pp. 326342. doi: 10.1080/14751798.2019.1640425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arena, M. V., Persons, B., Blickstein, I., et al. (2018) Assessing Bid Protests of U.S. Department of Defense Procurements: Identifying Issues, Trends and Drivers. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Available at: www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2356.html (accessed: October 26, 2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, T. H. (2019) Re: GAO Bid Protest Annual Report to Congress for Fiscal Year 2019. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office. Available at: www.gao.gov/assets/710/702551.pdf (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Arnold, S. A., Harmon, B. A., Tyson, K. W., Fasana, K. G., and Wait, C. S., (2008) Defense Department Profit and Contract Finance Policies and Their Effects on Contract and Contractor Performance. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analysis. Available at: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a482081.pdf (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Asch, L. (2020) “Acquisition Tips and Tools, with Larry Asch, Acquisition Research Program,” July 24. Available at: https://nps.edu/web/acqnresearch/previous-newsletters (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Associated Press (2006) “EADS-CASA cancels military plane deal,” The Washington Post. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/19/AR2006101900046.html (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
Augustine, N. R. (1997) “Reshaping an industry: Lockheed Martin’s survival story,” Harvard Business Review, May–June. Available at: https://hbr.org/1997/05/reshaping-an-industry-lockheed-martins-survival-story (accessed: October 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Aureon Group (2021) “What Is Digital Engineering?” Available at: www.aurecongroup.com/expertise/digital-engineering-and-advisory/defining-digital-engineering (accessed: February 23, 2021).Google Scholar
Aviation Week (2020) “Faster Weapons Sales to U.S. Allies?,” Aviation Week, 182(17), p. 8. Available at: https://aviationweek.com/sites/default/files/2020-08/AWST_200831.pdf (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
BAE Systems (2020) “Special Security Agreement.” Available at: www.baesystems.com/en-us/our-company/about-us/bae-systems--inc-/special-security-agreement (accessed: October 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Baumol, W. J. (2002) The Free-Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Baumol, W. J. (2010) The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Baumol, W. J., Panzar, J. C., and Willig, R. D. (1988) Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure, revised. San Dieso, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Berger, Eric (2021), Blue Origin’s powerful BE-4 engine is more than four years late—here’s why, Ars Technica, https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/08/blue-origins-powerful-be-4-engine-is-more-than-four-years-late-heres-why/Google Scholar
Berger, E. (2019) “Four Rocket Companies Are Competing for Air Force Funding, and It Is War,” Ars Technica. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/08/four-rocket-companies-are-competing-for-air-force-funding-and-it-is-war/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Bialos, J. P., Fisher, C. E., and Koehl, S. L. (2009) Fortresses & Icebergs. The Evolution of the Transatlantic Defense Market and the Implications for U.S. National Security Policy. Washington, DC: Center for Transtlantic Relations; Johns Hopkins University; US Department of Defense. Available at: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a531716.pdf (accessed: November 7, 2020).Google Scholar
Boeing (2018) “Boeing Completes Acquisition of Leading Aerospace Parts Distributor KLX Inc. to Enhance Growing Services Business,” Boeing. Available at: https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2018-10-09-Boeing-Completes-Acquisition-of-Leading-Aerospace-Parts-Distributor-KLX-Inc-to-Enhance-Growing-Services-Business (accessed: November 8, 2020).Google Scholar
Boeing (2020) “United Launch Alliance,” Boeing. Available at: www.boeing.com/space/united-launch-alliance/#/history (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Boese, W. (2005) “United States retires MX missile,” Arms Control Today. Available at: www.armscontrol.org/act/2005-10/united-states-retires-mx-missile (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Borenstein, S. (2006) “Lockheed Martin wins NASA contract,” Associated Press. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/01/AR2006090100291_pf.html (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Bronk, J. (2021) “FCAS: Is the Franco-German-Spanish Combat Air Programme Really in Trouble?” RUSI. Available at: https://rusi.org/commentary/fcas-franco-german-spanish-combat-air-programme-really-trouble (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Brothers, E. (2017) “Rockwell Collins completes $8.6B acquisition of B/E Aerospace,” Aerospace Manufacturing and Design. Available at: www.aerospacemanufacturinganddesign.com/article/rockwell-collins-completes-acquisition-be-aerospace-041917/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Bruno, M. (2020) “Growing concerns,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, September 14–27, p. 12.Google Scholar
Burghardt, T. (2020) “Tory Bruno Outlines ULA Transition to Vulcan and National Security Launches,” NASASpaceFlight.com. Available at: www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/03/tory-bruno-ula-transition-vulcan-nssl-launches/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Carlson, S. (2017) “Boeing, Northrop Grumman receive development contracts for new ICBM,” United Press International, August 22. Available at: www.spacedaily.com/reports/Boeing_Northrop_Grumman_receive_development_contracts_for_new_ICBM_999.html (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Carril, R. and Duggan, M. (2018) “The Impact of Industry Consolidation on Government Procurement: Evidence from Department of Defense Contracting.” Working Paper 25160. Available at: www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w25160/w25160.pdf (accessed: December 8, 2020).Google Scholar
CBS News (2006) “Venezuela may sell U.S. jets to Iran,” CBS News, May 16. Available at: www.cbsnews.com/news/venezuela-may-sell-us-jets-to-iran/ (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Cecire, M. H., and Peters, H. M. (2020a) The Defense Production Act of 1950: History, Authorities, and Considerations for Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43767 (accessed: September 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Cecire, M. H., and Peters, H. M. (2020b) Defense Production Act (DPA): Recent Developments in Response to COVID-19. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN11470 (accessed: November 7, 2020).Google Scholar
Censer, M. (2019) “Northrop says it has received ‘civil investigative demand’ from Federal Trade Commission,” Inside Defense, October 24. Available at: https://insidedefense.com/insider/northrop-says-it-has-received-civil-investigative-demand-federal-trade-commission (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Chan, R. (2018) “Google drops out of $10 billion JEDI contract bid,” Business Insider. Available at: www.businessinsider.de/international/google-drops-out-of-10-billion-jedi-contract-bid-2018-10/ (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Chandra, A. (2021a) “CAE Acquires L3Harris Technologies’ Military Training Business,” GBP Aerospace & Defense. Available at: https://gbp.com.sg/stories/cae-acquires-l3harris-technologies-military-training-business/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Chandra, A. (2021b) “Boeing Loyal Wingman Makes First Flight,” GBP Aerospace & Defense. Available at: https://gbp.com.sg/stories/boeing-loyal-wingman-makes-first-flight/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Chapa, J. (2021) “Trust and Tech: AI Education in the Military,” War on the Rocks. Available at: https://warontherocks.com/2021/03/trust-and-tech-ai-education-in-the-military/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Chaplain, C. L. (2016) Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle: DOD Is Assessing Data on Worldwide Launch Market to Inform New Acquisition Strategy. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office. Available at: www.gao.gov/assets/680/678646.pdf (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Clark, C. (2016) “F-35: DoD Forces Lockheed to Accept Its Price for LRIP 9,” Breaking Defense. Available at: https://breakingdefense.com/2016/11/jpo-to-lockheed-no-more-talkie-heres-lrip-9-deal/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Clark, C. (2019) “FTC investigates Northrop: GBSD?” Breaking Defense, October 24. Available at: https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/ftc-investigates-northrop-gbsd/ (accessed October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Cohen, R. S. (2019) “Boeing backs out of nuclear missile competition, prompting USAF choices,” Air Force Magazine, July 25. Available at: www.airforcemag.com/Features/Pages/2019/July%202019/Boeing-Pulls-Out-of-Ground-Based-Strategic-Deterrent-Program.aspx (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Cohen, R. S. (2020) “Northrop wins $13.3B contract to design new ICBMs,” Air Force Magazine. Available at: www.airforcemag.com/northrop-wins-13-3b-contract-to-build-new-icbms/ (accessed: December 8, 2020).Google Scholar
Cole, J., and Lipin, S. (1996) “Boeing agrees to acquire two Rockwell businesses,” The Wall Street Journal, August 2. Available at: www.wsj.com/articles/SB838902218460054000 (accessed: November 7, 2020).Google Scholar
Office, Congressional Budget (2019) Long-Term Implications of the 2020 Future Years Defense Program. Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office. Available at: www.cbo.gov/publication/55500 (accessed: November 3, 2020).Google Scholar
Congressional Budget Office Congres (2020) An Update to the Budget Outlook: 2020–2030. Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office. Available at: www.cbo.gov/system/files/2020-09/56517-Budget-Outlook.pdf (accessed: November 3, 2020).Google Scholar
Congressional Budget Office (2021) Estimated Budgetary Effects of H.R. 1319, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, revised March 5. Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office. Available at: www.cbo.gov/system/files/2021-03/Estimated_Budget_Effects_of_H.R._1319_as_Engrossed_by_the_House.pdf (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Congressional Research Service (2020) Defense Primer:RDT&E, updated April 29. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1112838.pdf (accessed: October 21, 2021).Google Scholar
Cooper, D. E. (1998) Defense Industry Consolidation Competitive Effects of Mergers and Acquisitions. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office . Available at: www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-T-NSIAD-98-112/pdf/GAOREPORTS-T-NSIAD-98-112.pdf (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Cordell, C. (2019) “FTC probes Northrop nuclear missile bid as Air Force dumps Boeing,” Washington Business Journal, October 25. Available at: www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2019/10/25/ftc-probes-northrop-nuclear-missilebid-as-air.html (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Crunchbase (2020) “Compare Profiles,” Crunchbase. Available at: www.crunchbase.com/compare/organization/orbital-atk/ (accessed: December 7, 2020).Google Scholar
CSIS (2017) “Debate: Modernization of Nuclear Missiles.” Available at: www.csis.org/events/debate-modernization-nuclear-missile (accessed October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Dayen, D. (2019) “How Rep. Ro Khanna got a defense contractor to return $16 million,” The Intercept. Available at: https://theintercept.com/2019/05/28/ro-khanna-transdigm-refund-pentagon/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Defense Daily Staff (2020) “House Armed Services Committee Unanimously Approves FY ‘21 NDAA,” Defense Daily, July 2. Available at: www.defensedaily.com/house-armed-services-committee-unanimously-approves-fy-21-ndaa (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Defense Industrial Daily (2005) “EADS & Northrop Grumman offer USAF an Airbus tanker option,” Defense Industry Daily. Available at: www.defenseindustrydaily.com/eads-northrop-grumman-offer-usaf-an-airbus-tanker-option-01164/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Defense Manpower Data Center (2020) DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports & Publications. Available at: www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp (accessed: November 3, 2020).Google Scholar
DefenseNews (2019) “Top 100.” Available at: https://people.defensenews.com/top-100/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Deloitte (2016) US Aerospace and Defense Labor Market Study, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/manufacturing/us-ad-labor-market-study-2016.pdf, (Accessed November 5, 2021).Google Scholar
Deutch, J. (2001) “Consoludation of the U.S. Defense Industrial Base,” Acquisition Review Quarterly, 8(3), pp. 137150. Available at: www.dau.edu/library/arj/ARJ/arq2001/Deutch.pdf (accessed: December 8, 2020).Google Scholar
Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (2020a) “Home – DDTC Public Portal.” Available at: www.pmddtc.state.gov/ddtc_public (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (2020b) “Who Must Register.” Available at: www.pmddtc.state.gov/ddtc_public?id=ddtc_kb_article_page&sys_id=7110b98edbb8d30044f9ff621f96192d (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
Dwyer, M. (2019) “Does the Defense Department’s New Approach to Industrial Base Cybersecurity Create More Problems Than It Solves?,” Center for Strategic and International Studies. Available at: www.csis.org/analysis/does-defense-departments-new-approach-industrial-base-cybersecurity-create-more-problems-it (accessed: November 6, 2020).Google Scholar
Eaglen, Mackenzie (2020), Tri-Service Modernization Crunch (2020), American Enterprise Institute, https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/The-2020s-Tri-Service-Modernization-Crunch-1.pdf?x91208Google Scholar
Eckstein, M. (2020), “Marines issue new doctrine prioritizing learning,” USNI News. Available at: https://news.usni.org/2020/05/19/marines-issue-new-doctrine-prioritizing-learning (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Edelman, E., Roughead, G., Fox, C., et al. (2018) Providing for the Common Defense: The Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission. Washington, DC: The United States Institute of Peace. Available at: www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2019-07/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Encyclopedia Astronautica (2019) SICBM. Available at: www.astronautix.com/s/sicbm.html (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Erwin, S. (2015) “Former SecDef Perry: Defense Industry Consolidation Has Turned Out Badly,” National Defense, December 2. Available at: www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2015/12/2/former-secdef-perry-defense-industry-consolidation-has-turned-out-badly (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Erwin, S. (2018a) “Acquisition of Orbital ATK approved, company renamed Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems,” SpaceNews. Available at: https://spacenews.com/acquisition-of-orbital-atk-approved-company-renamed-northrop-grumman-innovation-systems/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Erwin, S. (2018b) “Air Force awards launch vehicle development contracts to Blue Origin, Northrop Grumman, ULA,” SpaceNews. Available at: https://spacenews.com/air-force-awards-launch-vehicle-development-contracts-to-blue-origin-northrop-grumman-ula/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Erwin, S. (2018c) “Boeing to acquire Millennium Space Systems,” SpaceNews. Available at: https://spacenews.com/boeing-to-acquire-millennium-space-systems/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Erwin, S. (2019) “HASC chairman: Single-contractor bid for new ICBM is ‘troubling,’” Space News, October 24. Available at: https://spacenews.com/hasc-chairman-single-contractor-bid-for-new-icbm-is-troubling/ (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Erwin, S. (2020a) “Space Force developing a digital strategy for designing and producing future satellites,” SpaceNews. Available at: https://spacenews.com/space-force-developing-a-digital-strategy-for-designing-and-producing-future-satellites/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Erwin, S. (2020b) “Northrop Grumman to terminate OmegA rocket program,” SpaceNews. Available at: https://spacenews.com/northrop-grumman-to-terminate-omega-rocket-program/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Erwin, S. (2021) “To defend the high frontier, Space Force wants digitally minded troops,” SpaceNews. Available at: https://spacenews.com/to-defend-the-high-frontier-space-force-wants-digitally-minded-troops/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Esterline Technologies Corporation (2018) “TransDigm to acquire Esterline Technologies in $4 billion all cash transaction,” Global New Wire. Available at: www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/10/10/1619251/0/en/TransDigm-to-Acquire-Esterline-Technologies-in-4-Billion-All-Cash-Transaction.html (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Eversden, A. (2019) “JEDI: How we got here,” Federal Times. Available at: www.federaltimes.com/home/2019/07/10/jedi-how-we-got-here/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Everstine, B. W. (2021) “Swiss Air Force knives,” Air Force Magazine, April 2021, p. 48. Available at: www.airforcemag.com/article/swiss-air-force-knives/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Federal Acquisition Regulation (2020a) “Access the Federal Acquisition Regulation.” Available at: www.acquisition.gov/sites/default/files/current/far/pdf/FAR.pdf (accessed: October 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Federal Acquisition Regulation (2020b) “15.404–4 Profit.” Available at: www.acquisition.gov/far/15.404-4 (accessed: December 3, 2020).Google Scholar
Federal Trade Commission (2018a) “FTC Approves Modified Final Order Imposing Conditions on Northrop Grumman’s Acquisition of Solid Rocket Motor Supplier Orbital ATK, Inc.” Available at: www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2018/12/ftc-approves-modified-final-order-imposing-conditions-northrop (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Federal Trade Commission (2018b) “In the Matter of Northrop Grumman Corporation: Modified Decision and Order.” Available at: www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/181_0005_c-4652_northrop_grumman_orbital_atk_modified_decision_and_order_12-4-18.pdf (accessed: December 7, 2020).Google Scholar
Federation of American Scientists (2019) Ground Based Strategic Deterrent, https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/gbsd.htm. accessed 29 November 2019.Google Scholar
Feickert, A. (2021) New U.S. Marine Corps Force Design Initiatives, IN11281. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar
Fergusson, I. F., and Kerr, P. K. (2020) The U.S. Export Control System and the Export Control Reform Initiative. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R41916.pdf (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
Field, L. A. (2017) “Myth-Busting 3” Further Improving Industry Communication with Effective Debriefings. Washington, DC: The White House. Available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/procurement/memo/myth-busting_3_further_improving_industry_communications_with_effectiv….pdf (accessed: October 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Flfrick, A. (2005) Rivet MILE Reaches Milestone, MissileNews.com. Available at: www.missilenews.com/space-command-news/rivet-mile-reaches-milest.shtml (accessed: December 3, 2020).Google Scholar
Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office (2021) “UK–US Technology Safeguards Agreement (TSA) for Spaceflight Activities: Understanding the TSA,” February 8 (update). Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/ukusa-agreement-in-the-form-of-an-exchange-of-notes-between-the-united-kingdom-and-the-united-states-of-america-on-technology-safeguards-associated/uk-us-technology-safeguards-agreement-tsa-for-spaceflight-activities-understanding-the-tsa (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Fox, J. R., Allen, D. G., Lassman, T. C., Moody, W. S., and Shiman, P. L. (2011) Defense Acquisition Reform 1960–2009: An Elusive Goal. Washington, DC: Center for Military History. Available at: https://history.army.mil/html/books/051/51-3-1/CMH_Pub_51-3-1.pdf (accessed: December 8, 2020).Google Scholar
Franck, R., Hildebrandt, G., and Udis, B. (2016) “Toward Realistic Acquisition Schedule Estimates,” in Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Acquisition Research Symposium. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. Available at: https://nps.edu/documents/105938399/108639550/SYM-AM-16-029.pdf/12c9563c-164f-495d-935f-8b4b969d31d2 (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Franck, R., Lewis, I., and Udis, B. (2008) Echoes across the Pond: Understanding EU-US Defense Industrial Relationships. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, NPS-AM-08–002 (revised May 20).Google Scholar
Franck, R. E., Lewis, I., and Udis, B. (2012) Global Aerospace Industries: Rapid Changes Ahead? Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10945/33846 (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Franck, R., and Udis, B. (2017) “Quarrelsome Committees in US Defense Acquisition: the KC-X Case,” Defence and Peace Economics, 28(3), pp. 344366. doi: 10.1080/10242694.2015.1073488.Google Scholar
Freed, J. (2011) “Boeing CEO: ‘New airplane’ to replace 737,” NBC News. Available at: www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41517601 (accessed: December 8, 2020).Google Scholar
FreedbergJr., S. J. (2019) “Amazon’s big JEDI gamble ANALYSIS,” Breaking Defense. Available at: https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/amazons-big-jedi-gamble-analysis/ (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
FreedbergJr., S. J. (2020) “No winner likely in JEDI court battle; ‘Just Pull The Plug?’: Greenwalt,” Breaking Defense. Available at: https://breakingdefense.com/2020/04/no-winner-likely-in-jedi-court-battle-just-pull-the-plug-greenwalt/ (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Freeman, M., and Lyons, T. (2020) “Education Is the Technology the Navy Needs Most,” in US Naval Institute Proceedings (July). Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute. Available at: www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2020/july/education-technology-navy-needs-most (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Universe, Funding (2020) “General Dynamics Corporation History.” Available at: www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/general-dynamics-corporation-history/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Gallacher, D. (2019) “‘Buy American’ (Again): New Executive Order Requires Changes (By 2020),” Government Contracts & Investigations Blog. Available at: www.governmentcontractslawblog.com/2019/07/articles/baa-and-taa/baa-buy-american-again/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Gartzke, U. (2010) The Boeing/McDonnell Douglas and EADS Mergers: Ethnocentric vs. Regiocentric Consolidation in the Aerospace and Defence Industry and the Implications for International Relation. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. Available at: https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/266/1/Gartzke_Boeing%20-%20McDonnell%20Douglas%20and%20EADS%20Mergers.pdf (accessed: September 9, 2021).Google Scholar
Gates, D. (2006) “Separation anxiety – The wall between military and commercial technology,” Seattle Times, January 22.Google Scholar
Gates, R. M. (2014) Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
General Dynamics (2020) Available at: www.gd.com/ (accessed: November 7, 2020).Google Scholar
Global Security (2020a) “Ground Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD).” Available at: www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/gbsd.htm (accessed: December 3, 2020).Google Scholar
Global Security (2020b) “LGM-30 Minuteman III ICBM Modernization.” Available at: www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/lgm-30_3-mod.htm (accessed: December 3, 2020).Google Scholar
Gould, J. (2019) “House armed services chairman takes aim at Air Force’s handling of ICBM replacement program,” Defense News, October 24. Available at: www.defensenews.com/congress/2019/10/24/hasc-chair-takes-aim-at-air-forces-handling-of-icbm-replacement-program/ (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Greenfield, V. A., and Brady, R. R. (2008) “The Changing Shape of the Defense Industry and Implications for Defense Acquisitions and Policy,” in Excerpt from the Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Acquisition Research Symposium. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. Available at: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a493916.pdf (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Gregg, A. (2019) “Boeing, Northrop Spar over $85 Billion Nuclear Missile Program,” Washington Post, September 21. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/21/boeing-northrop-spar-over-billion-nuclear-missile-program/ (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Gunzinger, Mark, Rehberg, Carl and Evans, Gillian (2018), Sustaining the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent: The LRSO and GBSD, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/CSBA6318-GBSD_LRSO_Report_web.pdfGoogle Scholar
Hallman, W. (2019) “Another CR, another blow to national security,” National Defense, December 3. Available at: www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2019/12/3/ndia-perspective-another-cr-another-blow-to-national-security (accessed: October 21, 2021).Google Scholar
Harper, J. (2019) “OTA agreements exploding in popularity,” National Defense, July 9. Available at: www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2019/7/9/ota-agreements-exploding-in-popularity (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Harper, Jon (2020) Air Force Hopes to Jettison Pass-Through Budget, National Defense Magazine, https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2020/10/29/air-force-hopes-to-jettison-pass-through-budgetGoogle Scholar
Harrison, T., and Linck, E. (2017) Options for the Ground-Based Leg of the Nuclear Triad. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies. Available at: https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/170925_Harrison_OptionsGroundBasedLegNuclearTriad_pages.pdf (accessed: December 3, 2020).Google Scholar
Hartley, K. (2017) The Economics of Arms. New York: Agenda Publishing.Google Scholar
Hartmann, L., Cissell, J., and Rendon, R. (2020) Noncompetitive Contracting: Lessons from Contracting Personnel. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. Available at: https://dair.nps.edu/bitstream/123456789/4214/1/SYM-AM-20-065.pdf (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Heidenkamp, H., Louth, J., and Taylor, T. (2013) “Strategic Options,” RUSI, 158(2), pp. 86–92. doi: 10.1080/03071847.2013.774642.Google Scholar
Hensel, N. (2010) “Can Industry Consolidation Lead to Greater Efficiencies? Evidence From the U.S. Defense Industry,” Business Economics, 45(3), pp. 187203. doi: 10.1057/be.2010.15.Google Scholar
Hicks, J. R. (1935) “The Best of All Monopoly Profits Is a Quiet Life,” Innovative Trust. Available at: https://innovativetrust.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/the-best-of-all-monopoly-profits-is-a-quiet-life/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Hitch, C. J., McKean, R. N., and Enke, S., (1960) The Economics of Defense in the Nuclear Age. Boston: Harvard University Press. Available at: https://books.google.com.ag/books?id=PYgvAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed: November 30, 2020).Google Scholar
Hitchens, T. (2020) “Space chief targets red tape to speed new tech,” Breaking Defense. Available at: https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/space-chief-targets-red-tape-to-speed-new-tech/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Hoff, R. V. (2007) Analysis of Defense Industry Consolidation Effects on Program Aquisition Costs. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. Available at: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a475971.pdf (accessed: November 7, 2020).Google Scholar
House Armed Services Committee (2020) William M. (Mac)Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, December. Available at: https://docs.house.gov/billsthisweek/20201207/CRPT-116hrpt617.pdf (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Hoyle, C. (2006) “Flight Interview: Ronald Sugar, CEO Northrop Grumman,” Fight Global. Available at: www.flightglobal.com/flight-interview-ronald-sugar-ceo-northrop-grumman/65509.article (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Insinna, V. (2020) “The US Air Force has built and flown a mysterious full-scale prototype of its future fighter jet,” Air Force Times. Available at: www.airforcetimes.com/breaking-news/2020/09/15/the-us-air-force-has-built-and-flown-a-mysterious-full-scale-prototype-of-its-future-fighter-jet/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Insinna, V., and Losey, S. (2020) “US Air Force bails on Mattis-era fighter jet readiness goal,” DefenseNews, May 7. Available at: www.defensenews.com/air/2020/05/07/the-air-force-bails-on-mattis-era-fighter-jet-readiness-goal/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Jackson, J. K. (2020) The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov (accessed: November 6, 2020).Google Scholar
Jacobs, K. (2011) “UPDATE 2-Northrop ship spin-off expects flat sales,” Reuters, March 31. Available at: www.reuters.com/article/northrop/update-2-northrop-ship-spin-off-expects-flat-sales-idUSN3110702820110331 (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Johnson, D. B. (2019) “Weak links in the defense supply chain,” FCW, March 31. Available at: https://fcw.com/articles/2019/03/31/defense-supply-chain-weak-links.aspx (accessed: November 6, 2020).Google Scholar
Kalia, S. (2018) “Boeing to buy aerospace parts maker KLX for about $3.2 billion,” Reuters, May 1. Available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-klx-m-a-boeing-idUSKBN1I22SZ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Kerr, P. K. (2020) Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
Kilcullen, D. (2020) The Dragons and the Snakes: How the Rest Learned to Fight the West. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oso/9780190265687.001.0001.Google Scholar
Kosiak, S. (2019) “Small Satellites in the Emerging Space Environment,” Center for a New American Security, October 25. Available at: www.cnas.org/publications/reports/small-satellites-in-the-emerging-space-environment (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Kovacic, W. E., and Smallwood, D. E. (1994) “Competition Policy, Rivalries, and Defense Industry Consolidation,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(4), pp. 91110. doi: 10.1257/jep.8.4.91.Google Scholar
Levine, P. (2020) Defense Management Reform. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Magnuson, S. (2018) “The Magic of Other Transaction Authorities,” National Defense, March 30. Available at: www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2018/3/30/the-magic-of-other-transaction-authorities (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Masters, J., and McBride, J. (2018) “Foreign Investment and U.S. National Security,” Council on Foreign Relations. Available at: www.cfr.org/backgrounder/foreign-investment-and-us-national-security (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Mattioli, D., Cimilluca, D., and Cameron, D. (2018) “Harris, L3 Technologies announce merger plan,” The Wall Street Journal, October 14. Available at: www.wsj.com/articles/military-communications-firms-harris-l3-near-deal-to-combine-1539443888 (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
McBride, C. (2019) “Trump administration prepares sale of F-16s to Taiwan,” The Wall Street Journal, August 16. Available at: www.wsj.com/articles/trump-administration-prepares-sale-of-f-16s-to-taiwan-11565983860 (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
McGarry, B. W. (2020) Defense Primer: Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution (PPBE) Process. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/IF10429.pdf (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
McGarry, B. W., and Peters, H. M. (2020) Defense Primer: Future Years Defense Program (FYDP). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov (accessed: November 2, 2020).Google Scholar
McKinnon, J. D., and Tilley, A. (2019) “Pentagon picks Microsoft for JEDI Cloud-computing contract over Amazon,” The Wall Street Journal, October 25. Available at: www.wsj.com/articles/pentagon-picksmicrosoft-for-jedi-cloud-computing-contract-over-amazon-11572045221 (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Mehta, A. (2018a) “General Dynamics completes CSRA acquisition,” DefenseNews, April 3. Available at: www.defensenews.com/industry/2018/04/03/general-dynamics-completes-csra-acquisition/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Mehta, A. (2018b) “State Department cleared $70 billion in foreign military sales requests for FY18,” DefenseNews, October 5. Available at: www.defensenews.com/global/2018/10/05/state-department-cleared-70-billion-in-foreign-military-sales-requests-for-fy18/ (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
Mehta, A. (2019) “SAIC completes $2.5B engility acquisition deal,” DefenseNews, January 15. Available at: www.defensenews.com/industry/2019/01/15/saic-completes-25b-engility-acquisition-deal/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Mehta, A. (2020a) “To keep weapon sales in place, US offers new options for payment,” DefenseNews, August 4. Available at: www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2020/08/04/to-keep-weapon-sales-in-place-us-offers-new-options-for-payment/ (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
Mehta, A. (2020b) “US weapon sales boss talks China, arms exports and his agency’s future,” DefenseNews, August 3. Available at: www.defensenews.com/interviews/2020/08/03/us-weapon-sales-boss-talks-china-arms-exports-and-his-agencys-future/ (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
Mehta, A. (2020c) “DoD seeks legislative help for ICBM replacement construction costs,” DefenseNews, September 25. Available at: www.defensenews.com/smr/nuclear-arsenal/2020/09/25/dod-seeking-legislative-help-for-icbm-replacement-construction-costs/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Melese, F. (2018) Cost-Benefit Analysis of Bid Protests: A Representative Bidder Model. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10945/58754 (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Merle, R. (2001) “Northrop seals deal to buy Newport News,” The Washington Post, September 11. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2001/11/09/northrop-seals-deal-to-buy-newport-news/b3f7827a-7169-4f57-823d-e8834c9b1385/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Mintz, J. (1997) “How a dinner led to a feeding frenzy,” The Washington Post, July 4. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1997/07/04/how-a-dinner-led-to-a-feeding-frenzy/13961ba2-5908–4992–8335-c3c087cdebc6/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Minuteman Missile (2011) “Minuteman Missile – The Beginning.” Available at: https://minutemanmissile.com/ (accessed: December 3, 2020).Google Scholar
Mizokami, K. (2021) “The Marine Corps is about to reinvent itself – Drastically,” Popular Mechanics, April 2. Available at: www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a36005513/us-marine-corps-historic-reinvention/ (accessed: October 21, 2021).Google Scholar
Moore, D., Ito, P., Young, S., et al. (2011) “The Impact of U.S. Export Control and Technology Transfer Regime on the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Project – A UK Perspective,” Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Acquisition Research Symposium, vol. I, pp. 72–90, NPS-AM-11-C8P03R01-025. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. Available at: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a543870.pdf (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Murphy, K. J., and Dial, J. (1993) General Dynamics: Compensation and Strategy (A). Cambirdge, MA: Harvard Business School. Available at: https://store.hbr.org/product/general-dynamics-compensation-and-strategy-a/494048 (accessed: November 7, 2020).Google Scholar
National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence (2021) Draft Final Report. Available at: www.nscai.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/NSCAI-Draft-Final-Report-1.19.21.pdf (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Neal, M. (2020) “Vulcan on Track as ULA Eyes Early-2021 Test Flight to the Moon,” NASASpaceFlight.com. Available at: www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/vulcan-2021-moon-flight/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Nickelsburg, M. (2019) “What is JEDI? Explaining the $10B Military cloud contract that Microsoft just won over Amazon,” GeekWire, October 28. Available at: www.geekwire.com/2019/jedi-explaining-10b-military-cloud-contract-microsoft-just-won-amazon/ (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Northrop–Grumman and Orbital–ATK (2017) “Northrop Grumman to Acquire Orbital ATK for $9.2 Billion,” July 18. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20180127143225/https:/www.orbitalatk.com/news-room/publications/files/NG_PR.pdf (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Office of the Director of National Intelligence (2020) “NCSC Unveils New Supply Chain Risk Management Guidance.” Available at: www.dni.gov/index.php/ncsc-newsroom/item/2153-ncsc-unveils-new-supply-chain-risk-management-guidance (accessed: November 6, 2020).Google Scholar
Office of the General Counsel Department of Defense (2017) DoD Directive 5000.62 Review of Mergers, Acquisitions, Joint Venture, Investment, and Strategic Alliances of Major Defense Suppliers on National Security and Public Interest. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. Available at: www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodd/500062p.pdf (accessed: December 8, 2020).Google Scholar
Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (2020a) National Defense Budget Estimates for FY 2021 (Green Book). Washington, DC: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense. Available at: https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2021/FY21_Green_Book.pdf (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (2020b) Defense Budget Overview. Irreversible Implementation of the National Defense Strategy. Washington, DC: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense. Available at: www.hsdl.org/?view&did=834722(accessed: October 26, 2021).Google Scholar
O’Hanlon, M. (2018) “Forecasting Change in Military Technology, 2020–2040,” Brookings, September. Available at: www.brookings.edu/research/forecasting-change-in-military-technology-2020-2040/ (accessed: October 26, 2021).Google Scholar
O’Hanlon, M., Snyder, M., and Brown, A. (2020) “The Defense Industrial Base and the Future of Warfare,” Brookings, October 23. Available at: www.brookings.edu/events/the-defense-industrial-base-and-the-future-of-warfare/, video at https://youtu.be/6a74NkuAOsQ (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
O’Rourke, R. (2021) Defense Primer: Naval Forces Congressional Research Service (updated February 10), IF104886. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10486/22 (accessed: October 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Page, J. (2010) “China clones, sells Russian fighter jets,” The Wall Street Journal, December 4. Available at: www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704679204575646472655698844 (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Peck, M. (2016) “Four Companies Dominate the Military Drone Market,” C4ISRNet. Available at: www.c4isrnet.com/unmanned/uas/2016/04/06/four-companies-dominate-the-military-drone-market/ (accessed: December 8, 2020).Google Scholar
Perrett, B. (2021) “Japanese–UK Cooperation: Shaping New Combat Air Systems?” ASPI Strategist. Available at: www.aspistrategist.org.au/japan-and-uk-move-towards-partnership-to-develop-combat-aircraft-systems/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Peters, H. M. (2019a) The Department of Defense’s JEDI Cloud Program. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45847.pdf (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Peters, H. M. (2019b) Amazon Protest of the Department of Defense’s JEDI Cloud Contract Award to Microsoft. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN11203 (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Peters, H. M. (2021) Defense Primer: The National Technology and Industrial Base, IF11311. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11311 (accessed: October 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Petersen, M. (2014) “Congress oks bill banning purchases of Russian-made rocket engines,” Los Angeles Times, December 12. Available at: www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-russian-rocket-ban-20141213-story.html (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Pickar, C., and Franck, R. E. (2021) “It’s About Time: Toward Realistic Acquisition Schedule Estimates, Naval Postgraduate School,” Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Acquisition Research Symposium, vol. III. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. Available at: https://dair.nps.edcu/handle/123456789/4323 (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Platzer, M. (2020) Buying American: The Berry and Kissell Amendments. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10605 (accessed: November 5, 2020).Google Scholar
PR Newswire (2019) “TransDigm Completes Acquisition of Esterline Technologies,” PR Newswire. Available at: www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/transdigm-completes-acquisition-of-esterline-technologies-300812443.html (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Raghuvanshi, V. (2020) “Indian Air Force restructures $17 billion fighter jet program,” DefenseNews, May 21. Available at: www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2020/05/21/indian-air-force-restructures-17-billion-fighter-jet-program/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Reference for Business (2020) “Rockwell International Corporation – Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on Rockwell International Corporation,” Reference for Business. Available at: www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/71/Rockwell-International-Corporation.html (accessed: November 7, 2020).Google Scholar
Rehberg, C. (2019) “GBSD: An imperative without delay,” Real Clear Defense, November 21. Available at: www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2019/11/21/gbsd_an_imperative_without_delay_114860.html (accessed October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Reif, K. (2021) “Biden administration begins nuclear posture review,” Arms Control Today, September. Available at: www.armscontrol.org/act/2021-09/news/biden-administration-begins-nuclear-posture-review (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Reig, R. W. (2000) “Baseline Acquisition Reform,” Acquisition Review Quarterly, 7(1), pp. 33–46. Available at: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a487528.pdf (accessed: December 8, 2020).Google Scholar
Reuters (2018a) “France says it must use fewer U.S. parts in its weapons systems,” Reuters, September 6. Available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-france-defence/france-says-it-must-use-fewer-u-s-parts-in-its-weapons-systems-idUSKCN1LM2CK (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
Reuters (2018b) “U.S. approves United Tech purchase of Rockwell Collins,” Reuters, October 1. Available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-utc-m-a-rockwell-collins/us-approves-united-tech-purchase-of-rockwell-collins-idUSKCN1MB3V1 (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Ricks, T. E., and Cole, J. (1998) “How Lockheed and Northrop had their merger shot down,” The Wall Street Journal, June 19. Available at: www.wsj.com/articles/SB898139629613188500 (accessed: November 7, 2020).Google Scholar
Rogerson, W. (1992) Profit Regulation of Defense Contractors and Prizes for Innovation. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Available at: www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R3635.html (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Rogoway, T. (2020) “The Air Force’s Secret Next Gen Air Dominance Demonstrator Isn’t What You Think It Is,” The Drive. Available at: www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36509/the-air-forces-secret-next-gen-air-dominance-demonstrator-isnt-what-you-think-it-is (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Ross, R., Pillitteri, V., Dempsey, K., Riddle, M., and Guissanie, G. (2020) “Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations,” NIST Special Publication 800-171. Washington, DC. doi: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-171r2.Google Scholar
Sargent, J. F. Jr. (2020). Department of Defense Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E): Appropriations Structure. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Updated October 7. Available at : https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44711/9 (accessed October 16, 2021).Google Scholar
Schaefer, S. (2020) “Assessing the State of the Air Force: A Conversation with General David Goldfein,” Brookings. Available at: www.brookings.edu/events/assessing-the-state-of-the-air-force-a-conversation-with-general-david-goldfein/ (accessed: December 8, 2020).Google Scholar
Schneider, G. (2001) “Northrop completes purchase of Litton,” The Washington Post, April 4. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2001/04/04/northrop-completes-purchase-of-litton/f8e5729e-23ce-4787-bc53-90f4bd301a68/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Schwartz, M., and Manuel, K. M. (2015) GAO Bid Protests: Trends and Analysis Specialist in Defense Acquisition. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40227.pdf (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Selyukh, A. (2019) “Pentagon Pauses $10 Billion Contract That Embroiled Amazon in Controversy,” National Public Radio. Available at: www.npr.org/2019/08/01/747374991/pentagon-pauses-10-billion-cloud-contract-after-months-of-controversy (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Sensagent (2020) “Jarndyce and Jarndyce,” Sensagent. Available at: http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Jarndyce and Jarndyce/en-en/ (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Serbu, J. (2016), “Air Force creates new office to crunch human capital data,” Federal News Radio. Available at: http://federalnewsradio.com/on-dod/2016/10/air-force-creates-new-office-crunch-human-capital-data/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Serbu, J. (2020) “AWS files yet another JEDI protest, challenges DoD’s process for reconsidering the contract,” Federal News Network. Available at: https://federalnewsnetwork.com/defense-main/2020/05/aws-files-yet-another-jedi-protest-challenging-dods-process-for-reconsidering-the-contract/ (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Shackleton, R. (2020) An Update to the Economic Outlook: 2020 to 2030. Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office. Available at: www.cbo.gov/system/files/2020–07/56442-CBO-update-economic-outlook.pdf (accessed: November 3, 2020).Google Scholar
Shaw, M. (2018) “3D Printing in Support of the F-35,” SLDInfo.com, July 29. Available at: https://sldinfo.com/2018/07/3d-printing-in-support-of-the-f-35/ (accessed: October 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Shelsby, T. (1995) “How the deal was done: The Lockheed Martin Marietta merger,” Baltimore Sun, March 12. Available at: www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1995–03–12–1995071023-story.html (accessed: December 8, 2020).Google Scholar
Shepard, D., and Scherb, J. (2020) “What Is Digital Engineering and How Is It Related to DevSecOps?” Carnegie Mellon University. Available at: https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/sei_blog/2020/11/what-is-digital-engineering-and-how-is-it-related-to-devsecops.html (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Shepardson, D. (2020) “U.S. judge says Amazon likely to succeed on key argument in contract challenge,” Reuters, March 7. Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-pentagon-idUKKBN20U0QC (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Siebold, S., and Salaün, T. (2021) “Berlin and Paris in crisis talks to bring fighter jet project back on track,” Reuters, February 17. Available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-france-defence-idUSKBN2AH2I8 (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Sindreu, J. (2020) “Defense deal will pose an early test for Biden administration,” The Wall Street Journal, December 23. Available at: www.wsj.com/articles/defense-deal-will-pose-an-early-test-for-biden-administration-11608728174 (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
SIPRI (2019) “Global Arms Trade: USA Increases Dominance; Arms Flows to the Middle East Surge, Says SIPRI,” SIPRI. Available at: www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2019/global-arms-trade-usa-increases-dominance-arms-flows-middle-east-surge-says-sipri (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
SIPRI (2020a) “SIPRI Military Expenditure Database,” SIPRI. Available at: www.sipri.org/databases/milex (accessed: March 20, 2020).Google Scholar
SIPRI (2020b) “SIPRI Arms Transfers Database,” SIPRI. Available at: www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers (accessed: November 30, 2020).Google Scholar
SIPRI (2020c) “SIPRI Arms Transfers Database – Methodology,” SIPRI. Available at: www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers/background (accessed: November 30, 2020).Google Scholar
Solow, R. (2003) “Introduction,” in Touffut, J.-P. (ed.) Institutions, Innovation and Growth: Selected Economic Papers. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 1–3. Available at: https://books.google.com/books/about/Institutions_Innovation_and_Growth.html?id=jzDIngEACAAJ (accessed: December 8, 2020).Google Scholar
Stone, M. (2020) “U.S. Army vehicle competition halts after lone entry falls short: Official,” Reuters, January 16. Available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-pentagon-bradley/u-s-army-vehicle-competition-halts-after-lone-entry-falls-short-official-idUSKBN1ZF2RT (accessed: December 8, 2020).Google Scholar
The White House (2010) Fact Sheet on the President’s Export Control Reform Initiative. Washington, DC: The White House. Available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/fact-sheet-presidents-export-control-reform-initiative (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
The White House (2013) Executive Order 13637-Administration of Reformed Export Controls. Washington, DC: The White House. Available at: www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-201300143/pdf/DCPD-201300143.pdf (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
The White House (2017) National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Washington, DC: The White House. Available at: www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12–18–2017–0905.pdf (accessed: November 3, 2020).Google Scholar
The White House (2018a) Presidential Order Regarding the Proposed Takeover of Qualcomm Incorporated by Broadcom Limited. Washington, DC: The White House. Available at: www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-order-regarding-proposed-takeover-qualcomm-incorporated-broadcom-limited/ (accessed: November 6, 2020).Google Scholar
The White House (2018b) National Security Presidential Memorandum Regarding U.S. Conventional Arms Transfer Policy, Presidential Memorandum. Washington, DC: The White House. Available at: www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/national-security-presidential-memorandum-regarding-u-s-conventional-arms-transfer-policy/ (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
Thompson, L. (2015) “Five reasons why Silicon Valley won’t partner with the Pentagon,” Forbes, April 27. Available at: www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2015/04/27/five-reasons-why-silicon-valley-wont-partner-with-the-pentagon/?sh=6afaedea4de9 (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Thompson, M. (2019) “The Incredibly Shrinking Defense Industry,” POGO. Available at: www.pogo.org/analysis/2019/08/the-incredibly-shrinking-defense-industry/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Tirpak, J. A. (1998) “The distillation of the defense industry,” Air Force Magazine, July 1. Available at: www.airforcemag.com/article/0798industry/ (accessed: November 7, 2020).Google Scholar
Tirpak, J. A. (2020) “Esper’s approach to flat budgets mirrors USAF, keeps nukes a priority,” Air Force Magazine, May 6. Available at: www.airforcemag.com/espers-approach-to-flat-budgets-mirrors-usaf-keeps-nukes-a-priority/ (accessed October 21, 2021).Google Scholar
TransDigm Incorporated (2017) Onward & Upward. 2016 Annual Report. Cleveland, OH: TransDigm. Available at: http://eproxymaterials.com/interactive/tdg2016/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Triezenberg, B. L., Steiner, C. P., Johnson, G., et al. (2020) Assessing the Impact of U.S. Air Force National Security Space Launch Acquisition Decisions: An Independent Analysis of the Global Heavy Lift Launch Market. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. doi: 10.7249/rr4251.Google Scholar
Trimble, S. (2019) “Competing proposals emerge as GBSD faces sole-source award decision,” Aviation Week, August 2. Available at: https://aviationweek.com/missile-defense/competing-proposals-emerge-gbsd-faces-sole-source-award-decision (accessed: October 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Trimble, Steve, Hudson, Lee and Bruno, Michael (2019), Lockheed and the Pentagon Joust Over Lucrative F-35 Data Rights, Aviation Week, 25 November, p. 23.Google Scholar
Global, TWI (2021) “What are Technology Readiness Levels (TRL)?” TWI Global. Available at: www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/technology-readiness-levels (accessed: February 25, 2021).Google Scholar
US Congress (2018) H.R.5040 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): Export Control Reform Act of 2018. Washington, DC: 115th Congress. Available at: www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/5040 (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
US Department of Defense (2011) DOD News Briefing with Deputy Secretary Lynn and DOD Senior Leaders to Announce the Air Force KC-46A Tanker Contract Award. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense. Available at: www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/verbatim/4/122913/media-conference-on-usaf-tanker.html (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
US Department of Defense (2018a) Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense. Available at: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf (accessed: November 3, 2020).Google Scholar
US Department of Defense (2018b) Fiscal Year 2017 Annual Industrial Capabilities Report to Congress. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense. Available at: www.businessdefense.gov/Portals/51/Documents/Resources/2017 AIC RTC 05–17–2018 – Public Release.pdf?ver=2018–05–17–224631–340 (accessed: December 3, 2020).Google Scholar
US Department of Defense (2019) Fiscal Year 2018 Industrial Capabilities Annual Report to Congress. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense. Available at: www.airforcemag.com/PDF/DocumentFile/Documents/2019/DOD-Annual-Industrial-Capabilities-Report-to-Congress-for-FY-2018.pdf (accessed: December 3, 2020).Google Scholar
US Department of Defense (2020a) Contracts for Aug. 7, 2020. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense. Available at: www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2305454/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
US Department of Defense (2020b) Defense Acquisition System Directive Goes into Effect. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense. Available at: www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/2340746/defense-acquisition-system-directive-goes-into-effect/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
US Department of Defense (2021) Info Paper: Upcoming Jedi Cloud Litigation Milestone, January 28. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense. Available at: www.nextgov.com/media/gbc/docs/pdfs_edit/ng_infopaper_jedi_litigation_01282012.pdf (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
US Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General (2019) Review of Parts Purchased from TransDigm Group, Inc. DODIG-2019–060. Alexandria, VA: US Department of Defense Office of Inspector General. Available at: www.dodig.mil/reports.html/Article/1769041/review-of-parts-purchased-from-transdigm-group-inc-dodig-2019-060/ (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
US Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General (2020) Report on the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) Cloud Procurement. Alexandria, VA: US Department of Defense Office of Inspector General. Available at: https://media.defense.gov/2020/Apr/15/2002281438/-1/-1/1/report on the joint enterprise defense infrastructure (jedi) cloud procurement dodig-2020–079.pdf (accessed: December 2, 2020).Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services (2020) Trump Administration Uses Defense Production Act to Aid Our Most Vulnerable. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. Available at: www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/08/20/trump-administration-uses-defense-production-act-to-aid-our-most-vulnerable.html (accessed: November 6, 2020).Google Scholar
US Department of the Treasury (2008) CFIUS Reform: The Foreign Investment & National Security Act of 2007 (FINSA). Washington, DC: US Department of the Treasury. Available at: www.treasury.gov/resource-center/international/foreign-investment/Documents/Summary-FINSA.pdf (accessed: November 6, 2020).Google Scholar
US Department of the Treasury (2020) The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). Washington, DC: US Department of the Treasury. Available at: https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/international/the-committee-on-foreign-investment-in-the-united-states-cfius (accessed: November 6, 2020).Google Scholar
US General Services Administration (2019) Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR). Washington, DC: US General Services Administration. Available at: www.gsa.gov/policy-regulations/regulations/federal-acquisition-regulation-far (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
US Government Accountability Office (2006), “Managing the Supplier Base in the 21st Century: Highlights of a GAO Forum, GAO 533-SP.” Available at: www.gao.gov/new.items/d06533sp.pdf (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
US Government Accountability Office (2007) Defense Trade. Clarification and More Comprehensive Oversight of Export Exemptions Certified by DOD Are Needed. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office. Available at: www.gao.gov/assets/270/268269.pdf (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
US Government Accountability Office (2015) Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle. The Air Force Needs to Adopt an Incremental Approach to Future Acquisition Planning to Enable Incorporation of Lessons Learned. Washington, DC: US Government Accountability Office.Google Scholar
US Government Accountability Office (2016), Weapon System Requirements: Detailed Systems Engineering Prior to Product Development Positions Programs for Success, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-17-77.pdfGoogle Scholar
US Government Accountability Office (2017) Solid Rocket Motors: DOD and Industry Are Addressing Challenges to Minimize Supply Concerns. Washington, DC: US Government Accountability Office. Available at: www.gao.gov/assets/690/687977.pdf (accessed: December 7, 2020).Google Scholar
US Government Accountability Office (2018) Buy American Act: Actions Needed to Improve Exception and Waiver Reporting and Selected Agency Guidance. Washington, DC: US Government Accountability Office. Available at: www.gao.gov/assets/700/696086.pdf (accessed: November 5, 2020).Google Scholar
US Government Accountability Office (2019) Weapons Systems Annual Assessment: Limited Use of Kowledge-Based Practices Continues to Undercut DOD’s Investments. Washington, DC: US Government Accountability Office. Available at: www.gao.gov/assets/700/698933.pdf (accessed: December 8, 2020).Google Scholar
US Office of Management and Budget (2020) OMB Historical Tables 3.1. Washington, DC: US Office of Management and Budget.Google Scholar
Wait, P. (2002) “Northrop Grumman creates two new sectors out of TRW, names leaders,” Washington Technology. Available at: https://washingtontechnology.com/articles/2002/12/13/northrop-grumman-creates-two-new-sectors-out-of-trw-names-leaders.aspx (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Waldron, G. (2019) “K-FX CDR sets stage for prototype production,” Flight Global. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20191120071732/ https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/k-fx-cdr-sets-stage-for-prototype-production-461123/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Warwick, G. (2016) “Assisting the human central to Pentagon’s third offset,” Aviation Week, January 18, p. 48. Available at: http://aviationweek.com/defense/assisting-human-central-pentagon-s-third-offset (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Wayne, L.. (1998a) “The shrinking military complex; after the Cold War, the Pentagon is just another customer,” The New York Times, February 27. Available at: www.nytimes.com/1998/02/27/business/shrinking-military-complex-after-cold-war-pentagon-just-another-customer.html (accessed: November 9, 2020).Google Scholar
Wayne, L. (1998b) “Lockheed cancels Northrop merger, citing U.S. stand,” The New York Times, July 12. Available at: www.nytimes.com/1998/07/17/business/lockheed-cancels-northrop-merger-citing-us-stand.html (accessed: November 7, 2020).Google Scholar
Wayne, L. (2006) “British arms merchant with passport to the Pentagon,” The New York Times, August 16. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2006/08/16/business/worldbusiness/16defense.html (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Weisgerber, M. (2019) “$85B nuclear missile competition gets messier as Feds investigate Northrop,” Defense One. Available at: www.defenseone.com/business/2019/10/usaf-puts-its-icbm-chips-northrop-feds-launch-investigation/160888/ (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Weisgerber, Marcus (2020) We Don’t Have Enough Cash to Build New Nuclear Weapons, Says Air Force Chief, Defense One, https://www.defenseone.com/politics/2020/07/we-dont-have-enough-cash-build-new-nuclear-weapons-says-air-force-chief/166598/Google Scholar
WikiMili (2020) “Tracor.” Available at: https://wikimili.com/en/Tracor (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Wikipedia (2020) “Sanders Associates,” last edited July 20. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanders_Associates (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Wilkers, R. (2020) “Already two years behind schedule, JEDI fight to continue into 2021,” Washington Technology. Available at: https://washingtontechnology.com/articles/2020/09/16/jedi-case-whats-next.aspx (accessed: September 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1996) The Mechanisms of Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wood, Dakota (2018), Rebuilding America’s Military: Thinking About the Future, https://www.heritage.org/sites/default/files/2018-07/SR-203_web_0.pdfGoogle Scholar
Woolf, A. F. (2019) U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces: Background, Developments, and Issues. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Available at: www.everycrsreport.com/files/20190903_RL33640_608307c9acdc9069c7dfcc02a5209304c5815d34.pdf (accessed: December 3, 2020).Google Scholar
WorldECR (2020) “US to ease export restrictions on armed drone exports,” WorldECR. Available at: www.worldecr.com/news/us-to-ease-export-restrictions-on-armed-drone-exports/ (accessed: December 1, 2020).Google Scholar
Yoon-Hendricks, A. (2018) “Congress strengthens reviews of Chinese and other foreign investments,” The New York Times, August 2. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2018/08/01/business/foreign-investment-united-states.html (accessed: November 6, 2020).Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

The US Defense Economy
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

The US Defense Economy
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

The US Defense Economy
Available formats
×