Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-gvh9x Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T23:48:32.610Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology Studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 June 2022

Donald A. Westbrook
Affiliation:
San Jose State University

Summary

This Element surveys the history and practice of Scientology studies over the past sixty years and offers resources for scholars and students moving forward. Section 1 reviews the history of academic research on the subject from 1958 to the present day. Section 2 draws on the author's fieldwork with the Church of Scientology to illuminate how founder L. Ron Hubbard (1911–86) is viewed among contemporary members. Section 3 considers Hubbard's influence and legacy in terms of the church sites and institutions that exist today in connection with the soteriological 'Bridge to Total Freedom.' Section 4 introduces English-language archival resources and their strengths. Section 5 proposes some open areas for Scientology researchers. Finally, glossaries of terms and appendices are included with major dates in Hubbard's life and Scientology research and bibliographical information for major archival collections in North America.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009032001
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 14 July 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Bainbridge, W. (1987). Science and Religion: The Case of Scientology. In Bromley, D. G. & Hammond, P. E. (eds.), The Future of New Religious Movements (5979). Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.Google Scholar
Bainbridge, W., & Stark, R. (1980). Scientology: To Be Perfectly Clear. Sociological Analysis, 41(2), 128–36.Google Scholar
Bigliardi, S. (2017). Earth as Battlefield and Mission: Knowledge, Technology, and Power in LR Hubbard’s Late Novels. In Kent, S. A. & Raine, S. (eds.), Scientology in Popular Culture: Influences and Struggles for Legitimacy (5380). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
Camacho, I. C. (2020). Degrees of “Truthiness”: A Response to Stephen A. Kent. Journal of CESNUR. Supplement to 3(1). https://doi.org/10.26338/tjoc.2020.suppbis.3.1Google Scholar
Chagnon, R. (1985). La Scientologie: une nouvelle religion de la puissance. Villa de LaSalle, Québec: Hurtubise HMH.Google Scholar
Christensen, D. R. (1999). Rethinking Scientology: Cognition and Representation in Religion, Therapy and Soteriology (PhD dissertation). University of Aarhus.Google Scholar
Christensen, D. R. (2005). Inventing L. Ron Hubbard: On the Construction and Maintenance of the Hagiographic Mythology of Scientology’s Founder. In Lewis, J. R. (ed.), Controversial New Religions (227–58). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Christensen, D. R. (2009). Sources for the Study of Scientology: Presentations and Reflections. In Lewis, J. R. (ed.), Scientology (411–31). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Christensen, D. R. (2017). Rethinking Scientology: An Analysis of L. Ron Hubbard’s Formulation of Therapy and Religion in Dianetics and Scientology, 1950–1986. In Lewis, J. R. & Hellesøy, K. (eds.), Handbook of Scientology (47103). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization (2010). 10,000 on SOLO NOTs: An OT Boom of Unimaginable Proportions. Pamphlet.Google Scholar
Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization (2021). Be One of the First 10,000 on SOLO NOTs. FSM Newsletter, Issue 67.Google Scholar
Church of Scientology International (1982). The Flow Up the Bridge: The US Mission Holders Conference, San Francisco 1982. Sea Organization Executive Directive Number 2104, November 7.Google Scholar
Church of Scientology International (1988). The Command Channels of Scientology. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Church of Scientology International (1998). What Is Scientology? Los Angeles: Bridge. www.whatisscientology.org/html/Part02/Chp06/pg0181_1.htmlGoogle Scholar
Church of Scientology International (1999). Scientology: Theology and Practice of a Contemporary Religion. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Church of Scientology International (2011). Defrocked Apostates: The Road to Redemption. Freedom. www.freedommag.org/special-reports/sources/defrocked-apostates-the-road-to-redemption.htmlGoogle Scholar
Church of Scientology International (2014). Walk in Ron’s Footsteps: L. Ron Hubbard Landmark Sites. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Church of Scientology International (2019). Winds of Change: Scientology Headquarters for Africa Springs to Life at Majestic Castle Kyalami. www.scientology.org/scientology-today/church-openings/grand-opening-advanced-org-saint-hill-africa.htmlGoogle Scholar
Church of Scientology International (2021a). Meet a Scientologist. www.scientologynews.org/press-releases/meet-scientologistsGoogle Scholar
Church of Scientology International (2021b). The Technology of Study. Online Course. www.scientology.org/courses/study/overview.htmlGoogle Scholar
Church of Scientology International (2021c). L. Ron Hubbard Landmark Sites. www.lronhubbard.org/landmark-sitesGoogle Scholar
Church of Scientology International (2021d). Find Your Nearest Scientology Organization. www.scientology.org/churches/locator.htmlGoogle Scholar
Church of Scientology International (2021e). Welcome to the Freewinds. www.freewinds.orgGoogle Scholar
Church of Scientology International (2021f). How We Help. www.scientology.org/how-we-helpGoogle Scholar
Church of Scientology International (2021g). Organizing Board. www.scientologycourses.org/tools-for-life/organizing/steps/organizing-board.htmlGoogle Scholar
Church of Scientology International (2021h). David Miscavige, Chairman of the Board, Religious Technology Center & Ecclesiastical Leader of the Scientology Religion. www.scientology.org/david-miscavigeGoogle Scholar
Church of Scientology International (2021i). Scientology TV. www.scientology.tvGoogle Scholar
Church of Scientology International (2022). David Miscavige: Chairman of the Board, Religious Technology Center, and Ecclesiastical Leader of the Scientology Religion. www.davidmiscavige.org/aboutGoogle Scholar
Church of Scientology Religious Trust (2021). L. Ron Hubbard Hall, Expansion Magazine Issue 26. Following Ron’s Adventures.Google Scholar
Citizens Commission on Human Rights (2021). What Is the Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR)? www.cchr.org/about-us/what-is-cchr.htmlGoogle Scholar
Cowan, D. E. (2009). Researching Scientology: Perceptions, Premises, Promises, and Problematics. In Lewis, J. R. (ed.), Scientology (5379). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cusack, C. M. (2017). “Squirrels” and Unauthorized Uses of Scientology: Werner Erhard and est, Ken Dyers and Kenja, and Harvey Jackins and Re-evaluation Counselling. In Lewis, J. R. & Hellesøy, K. (eds.), Handbook of Scientology (485506). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Cusack, C. M. (2020). Apostate Memoirs and the Study of Scientology in the Twenty-First Century. Implicit Religion, 23(2), 148–55.Google Scholar
Dallam, M. W. (2011). Ethical Problems in New Religion Field Research. Religion Compass, 5(9), 528–35.Google Scholar
Dericquebourg, R. (2010). Legitimizing Belief through the Authority of Science: The Case of the Church of Scientology. In Lewis, J. R. & Hammer, O. (eds.), Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science (741–62). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Dericquebourg, R. (2017a). Scientology: From the Edges to the Core. Nova Religio, 20(4), 512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dericquebourg, R. (2017b). Affinities between Scientology and Theosophy. Acta Comparanda, Subsidia IV: 81103.Google Scholar
Doherty, B. (2013). Sensational Scientology! The Church of Scientology and Australian Tabloid Television. Nova Religio, 17(3), 3863. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2014.17.3.38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doherty, B. (2017). The Anderson Inquiry and Its Australian aftermath. In Lewis, J. R. & Hellesøy, K. (eds.), Handbook of Scientology (249–78). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Doherty, B. (2019). New Directions in the Study of Scientology: A View from the Academy. The Religious Studies Podcast. www.religiousstudiesproject.com/response/new-directions-in-the-study-of-scientology-a-view-from-the-academyGoogle Scholar
Doherty, B. (2020). Handle with Care: Reflections on the Academic Study of Scientology. Implicit Religion, 23(2), 102–28.Google Scholar
Doherty, B., & Richardson, J. T. (2019). Litigation, Liberty, and Legitimation: The Experience of the Church of Scientology in Australian Law. St. Mark’s Review, 247, 6181.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. J. (1953). Dianetic Therapy: An Experimental Evaluation: A Statistical Analysis of the Effect of Dianetic Therapy as Measured by Group Tests of Intelligence, Mathematics and Personality. PhD dissertation. New York: New York University.Google Scholar
Flinn, F. K. (2009). Scientology as Technological Buddhism. In Lewis, J. R. (ed.), Scientology (209–24). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fox, J., Davis, A. E. & Lebovits, B. (1959). An Experimental Investigation of Hubbard’s Engram Hypothesis (Dianetics). Psychological Newsletter, 10, 131–34.Google Scholar
Frenschkowski, M. (2010). Researching Scientology: Some Observations on Recent Literature, English and German. Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review, 1(1), 544.Google Scholar
Frenschkowski, M. (2017). Images of Religions and Religious History in the Works of L. Ron Hubbard. In Lewis, J. R. & Hellesøy, K. (eds.), Handbook of Scientology (104–40). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Productions, Golden Era. (2006). Introduction to Scientology. Los Angeles, L. Ron Hubbard interview conducted by Scientologist Tony Hitchman, 1966.Google Scholar
Graham, R. (2014, November 5). Are Academics Afraid to Study Scientology? (originally published as The Scholarly Study of Scientology). JSTOR Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/scholars-on-scientologyGoogle Scholar
Television, Granada. (1968, August). The Shrinking World of L. Ron Hubbard. World in Action. https://youtu.be/L_w-YWwC1lIGoogle Scholar
Gregg, S. E. (2020). Researching and Teaching Scientology: Perception and Performance of a New Religion. Implicit Religion, 23(2), 129–39.Google Scholar
Gregg, S. E., & Thomas, A. J. L.. (2019). Scientology Inside Out: Complex Religious Belonging in the Church of Scientology and the Free Zone. In Chryssides, G. D. and Gregg, S. E. (eds.), The Insider/Outsider Debate: New Perspectives in the Study of Religion (350–70). Sheffield: Equinox.Google Scholar
Grünschloß, A. (2009). Scientology, a “New Age” Religion? In Lewis, J. R. (ed.), Scientology (225–43). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Guinness World Records. (2022). Most Published Works by One Author [L. Ron Hubbard]. www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-published-works-by-one-authorGoogle Scholar
Hellesøy, K. (2015). Independent Scientology: How Ron’s Org and Dror Center Schismed out of the Church of Scientology (MA thesis). Arctic University of Norway. https://munin.uit.no/handle/10037/8353Google Scholar
Hubbard College of Administration International. (2020). Pattern of the Organization. https://web.archive.org/web/20200512090707/https://hubbardcollege.org/administrative-technology.phpGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1950a). Dianetics: The Evolution of a Science. Astounding Science Fiction. May issue.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1950b). Terra Incognita: The Mind. The Explorers Journal. Winter–Spring issue.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1958). Signs of Success. Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter. May 1.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1959a). HCO WW Changes Quarters and Address. Hubbard Communications Office. June 26.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1959b). Special Information for Mission Holders. Hubbard Communications Office Bulletin. July 14.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1959c). News Bulletin. Hubbard Communications Office Bulletin. September 14.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1961). Personal Integrity. Ability, Issue 125. [Republished in Scientology: A New Slant on Life, 19. Los Angeles: Bridge, 2007].Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1965). Keeping Scientology Working Series 1. Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter, February 7.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1971a). Opinion Leaders. Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter. May 11.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1971b.) Welcome to the Flag Intern Course. Lecture given on June 12, 1971.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1972). How to Handle Black Propaganda. Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter. November 21.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1974). Hymn of Asia. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1975). Dianetics and Scientology Technical Dictionary. Los Angeles: Publications Organization.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1982a). The Safe Point. Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter. April 1.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1982b). Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000. New York: St. Martin’s.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1982c). Revision of the Birthday Game 1982/83. Executive Directive 339 R, March 13, 1982, revised July 30, 1982.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1985–87). Mission Earth. 10 volumes (“dekalogy”). Republished by Los Angeles: Galaxy Press.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1989). Have You Lived Before This Life? Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1990). Clear Body, Clear Mind. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (1997). The Role of Earth. Lecture delivered November 1952 [transcript]. Research and Discovery Series, vol. 12. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2005). Ron’s Journal 67. Los Angeles: Golden Era Productions.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2007a). Policies on Physical Healing: Insanity and ‘Sources of Trouble.’ In Hubbard, L. R., Introduction to Scientology Ethics (216–22). Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2007b). Self Analysis. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2007c). Scientology: The Fundamentals of Thought. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2007d). Dianetics: The Evolution of a Science. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2007e). Dianetics: The Original Thesis. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2007f). Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2007g). From Clear to Eternity. In Hubbard, L. Ron, Scientology 0–8: The Book of Basics (430–33). Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2007h). The Phoenix Lectures. Los Angeles: Golden Era Productions.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2007i). The Creation of Human Ability: A Handbook for Scientologists. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2007j). The Way to Happiness: A Common Sense Guide to Better Living. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2007k). Scientology: A History of Man. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2008). Classification and Gradation. Lecture given on September 9, 1965. Los Angeles: Golden Era Productions.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2009a). The Free Being. Los Angeles: Golden Era Productions.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2009b). State of Man Congress. Los Angeles: Golden Era Productions.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2009c). Radiation and Scientology. Lecture given on April 13, 1957. London Congress on Nuclear Radiation, Control, and Health. Los Angeles: Golden Era Productions.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2009d). The Goals Problem Mass. Lecture given on December 31, 1961. Clean Hands Congress. Los Angeles: Golden Era Productions.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2010). Philadelphia Doctorate Course. Los Angeles: Golden Era Productions.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2012a). L. Ron Hubbard Discusses the Development of His Philosophy. Interview with J. Stillson Judah. In Philosopher and Founder: Rediscovery of the Human Soul (8791). Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2012b). My Only Defense for Having Lived. In Philosopher and Founder: Rediscovery of the Human Soul (137–45). Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2012c). Dianetics: Letters and Journals. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Hubbard, L. R. (2012d). My Philosophy. In Philosopher and Founder: Rediscovery of the Human Soul. Los Angeles: Bridge.Google Scholar
Ibanez, D., Southon, G., Southon, P. & Benton, P. (1951). Dianetic Processing: A Brief Survey of Research Projects and Preliminary Results. Elizabeth, NJ: Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation.Google Scholar
Introvigne, M. (2017a). The Aesthetic Theory of L. Ron Hubbard and the Freewinds as a Mobile Holy Land. Center for Studies on New Religions (CESNUR). www.cesnur.org/2017/jer_mi_scientology.pdfGoogle Scholar
Introvigne, M. (2017b). Reza Aslan on Scientology: Much Ado about Not Very Much? Center for Studies on New Religions (CESNUR). www.cesnur.org/2017/reza_aslan.htmGoogle Scholar
Introvigne, M. (2017c). Did L. Ron Hubbard Believe in Brainwashing? The Strange Story of the “Brain-Washing Manual” of 1955. Nova Religio, 20(4), 6279. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2017.20.4.62Google Scholar
Introvigne, M. (2017d). Scientology: Genesis, Exodus, and Numbers: Fake News about Scientology Statistics. Center for Studies on New Religions (CESNUR). www.cesnur.org/2017/scientology_numbers.htmGoogle Scholar
Introvigne, M. (2018a, November 18). Even Scientology Can Be Studied: Gordon Melton and the Wisdom of Diversity. American Academy of Religion Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado. www.cesnur.org/2018/melton_scientology_denver.pdfGoogle Scholar
Introvigne, M. (2018b). “The Most Misunderstood Human Endeavor”: L. Ron Hubbard, Scientology, and the Fine Arts. Journal of CESNUR, 2(2), 6092. https://doi.org/10.26338/tjoc.2018.2.2.4Google Scholar
Introvigne, M. (2019). The Gnostic L. Ron Hubbard: Was He Influenced by Aleister Crowley? Journal of CESNUR, 3(3), 5381. https://doi.org/10.26338/tjoc.2019.3.3.3Google Scholar
Introvigne, M. (2020). Scientology Studies 2.0, Utopia or Opportunity? Implicit Religion, 23(2), 156–66.Google Scholar
Johnson, C. J. (1984). Cancer Incidence in an Area of Radioactive Fallout Downwind from the Nevada Test Site. Journal of the American Medical Association, 251(2), 230–36.Google Scholar
Jones, J. M. (2008, April 15). Americans have Net-Positive view of US Catholics. Gallup. www.gallup.com/poll/106516/Americans-NetPositive-View-US-Catholics.aspxGoogle Scholar
Judah, J. S. (1975). Garden Conversation with the Chairman of the Religion Dept. of USC, and Dr. Stillson Judah, and Others. June 24. https://vanisource.org/wiki/750624_-_Conversation_-_Los_AngelesGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, J. (2006). New Religious Movements and Globalization. In Gallagher, E. V. & Ashcraft, W. M. (eds.), Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America, vol. 1 (84125). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Kent, S. A. (1996). Scientology’s Relationship with Eastern Religious Traditions. Journal of Contemporary Religion 11(1), 2136.Google Scholar
Kent, S. A. (1999). The Creation of “Religious” Scientology. Religious Studies and Theology, 18, 97126. https://doi.org/10.1558/rsth.v18i2.97Google Scholar
Kent, S. A. (2020). Degrees of Embellishment: Scientology, L. Ron Hubbard, and His Civil Engineering Credentials Fraud. Journal of CESNUR. Supplement to 3(1), vilx. https://doi.org/10.26338/tjoc.2020.supp.3.1Google Scholar
Kent, S. A., & Raine, S. (eds.) (2017). Scientology in Popular Culture: Influences and Struggles for Legitimacy. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. R. (1999). Let the Scholar Who is Without Sin Cast the First Stone. Skeptic, 7(1), 1821. www.skeptic.com/magazine/archives/7.1/Google Scholar
Lewis, J. R. (ed.). (2009). Scientology. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. R. (2010). The Science Canopy: Religion, Legitimacy, and the Charisma of Science. Temenos: Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion, 46(1), 729.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. R. (2013). Free Zone Scientology and Other Movement Milieus: A Preliminary Characterization. Temenos, 49, 255–76.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. R. (2015). Scientology: Sect, Science, or Scam? Numen, 62, 226–42.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. R., & Hellesøy, K. (eds.). (2017). Handbook of Scientology. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lord, P. (2019). Scientology’s Legal System. Marburg Journal of Religion, 21(1), 134.Google Scholar
Melton, J. G. (1999). Mea Culpa! Mea Culpa! Skeptic, 7(1), 1417. www.skeptic.com/magazine/archives/7.1Google Scholar
Melton, J. G. (2000). The Church of Scientology. Salt Lake City: Signature Books.Google Scholar
Melton, J. G. (2009). Birth of a Religion. In Lewis, J. R. (ed.), Scientology (1733). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Melton, J. G. (2017). On Doing Research on Scientology: Prospects and Pitfalls. Acta Comparanda, Subsidia IV, 1120.Google Scholar
Melton, J. G. (2018). A Contemporary Ordered Religious Community: The Sea Organization. Journal of CESNUR, 2(2), 2159.Google Scholar
Miller, R. (2014). Bare-Faced Messiah: The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard. [Originally published in 1987 by Penguin.] London: Silvertail Books.Google Scholar
Miscavige, D. (2001, September 11). Wake-Up Call: The Urgency of Planetary Clearing. Inspector General Network Bulletin, 44. Religious Technology Center.Google Scholar
Muhammad, L. (2017). Leo Muhammad: Auditing, Dianetics & Scientology. YouTube. February 28. www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNM1azd4UEwGoogle Scholar
Muhammad, A. M. (2013, February 28). Nation of Islam Auditors Graduation Held for Third Saviours’ Day in a Row. Final Call. www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/National_News_2/article_9651.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Nevala-Lee, A. (2018). Astounding: John W. Campbell, Isaac Asimov, Robert A. Heinlein, L. Ron Hubbard, and the Golden Age of Science Fiction. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
O’Brien, H. (1966). Dianetics in Limbo: A Documentary about Immortality. Philadelphia: Whitmore.Google Scholar
Old Timers Network. (2000). LRH Stories and More LRH Stories. Two-DVD Set. Self-published, 1997–2000. https://web.archive.org/web/20200130205638/http://lrhstories.orgGoogle Scholar
Parenti, C. (2021, November 18). The First Privilege Walk. Nonsite.org. https://nonsite.org/the-first-privilege-walk/#Google Scholar
Possamai, A., & Possamai-Inesedy, A. (2012). Battlefield Earth and Scientology: A Cultural/Religious Industry à la Frankfurt School? In Cusack, C. & Norman, A. (eds.), Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production (583–98). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Raine, S. (2017). Colonizing Terra Incognita: L. Ron Hubbard, Scientology, and the Quest for Empire. In Kent, S. A. & Raine, S. (eds.), Scientology in Popular Culture: Influence and Struggles for Legitimacy (132). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.Google Scholar
Rathbun, M. (2013). Memoirs of a Scientology Warrior. Self-published: Amazon Books.Google Scholar
Reitman, J. (2011). Inside Scientology: The Story of America’s Most Secretive Religion. New York: Mariner Books.Google Scholar
Religious Studies Podcast. (2018). New Directions in the Study of Scientology. Podcast episode featuring Aled Thomas, Stephen Gregg, Carole Cusack, and David G. Robertson. www.religiousstudiesproject.com/podcast/new-directions-in-the-study-of-scientologyGoogle Scholar
Rigal-Cellard, B. (2009). Scientology Missions International (SMI): An Immutable Model of Technological Missionary Activity. In Lewis, J. R. (ed.), Scientology (325–34). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rigal-Cellard, B. (2019). The Visible Expansion of the Church of Scientology and Its Actors. Journal of CESNUR, 3(1), 8118.Google Scholar
Rigal-Cellard, B. (2020). “Do Not Dare Speak of Scientology in France!Implicit Religion, 23(2), 182–92.Google Scholar
Rothstein, M. (2014). Emblematic Architecture and the Routinization of Charisma in Scientology. International Journal for the Study of New Religions, 5(1), 5174.Google Scholar
Rothstein, M. (2017). Space, Place and Religious Hardware: L. Ron Hubbard’s Charismatic Authority in the Church of Scientology. In Lewis, J. R. & Hellesøy, K. (eds.), Handbook of Scientology (509–35). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Roux, E. (2017). Scientology: From Controversy to Global Expansion and Recognition. In Gallagher, E. V. (ed.), “Cult Wars” in Historical Perspective: New and Minority Religions (165–76). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Roux, E. (2018a). Scientology Auditing: Pastoral Counselling or a Religious Path to Total Spiritual Freedom. In Harvey, S., Steidinger, S. & Beckford, J. A. (eds.), New Religious Movements and Counselling: Academic, Professional and Personal Perspectives (130–42). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Roux, E. (2018b). Sur la Scientologie. Paris: Éditions Pierre-Guillaume de Roux.Google Scholar
Roux, E. (2020). Academic Study of Scientology: The Scientology Perspective. Implicit Religion, 23(2), 175–81.Google Scholar
Roux, E. (2021). Scientology behind the Scenes: The Law Changer. In Barker, E. & Richardson, J. T. (eds.), Reactions to the Law by Minority Religions (58–78). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Parent, Scientology. (2021). www.scientologyparent.comGoogle Scholar
Shugart, C. (2018). Fractured Journey: A Personal Account of 30 Outrageous Years in the Church of Scientology. Self-published: Shugart Media.Google Scholar
Šorytė, R. (2020). “We Can Lift This World While Quarantined”: Scientology and the 2020 Pandemic. Journal of CESNUR, 4(4), 324.Google Scholar
STAND League. (2019). Stephen Kent. Scientologists Taking Action Against Discrimination (STAND) League. www.standleague.org/bigotry-and-hate/exposed/stephen-kent.htmlGoogle Scholar
STAND League. (2021). The “Snow White” Program and the Church of Scientology: The True Story. Scientologists Taking Action Against Discrimination (STAND) League. www.standleague.org/resources/whitepapers/the-snow-white-program-and-the-church-of-scientology-the-true-story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Sterling, D. L. (1952). Sex in the Basic Personality. Wichita, KS: Hubbard Dianetic Foundation.Google Scholar
Stuckrad, K.von. (2014). The Scientification of Religion: An Historical Study of Discursive Change, 1800–2000. Boston: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Terrin, A. N. (2017a). Scientology: Libertà e immortalità. Brescia: Morcelliana.Google Scholar
Terrin, A. N. (2017b). Scientology and Its Contiguity with Gnostic Religion and Eastern Religions. Acta Comparanda, Subsidia IV, 185203.Google Scholar
Thomas, A. (2019). Auditing in Contemporary Scientologies: The Self, Authenticity, and Material Culture (PhD thesis). Open University. http://oro.open.ac.uk/61691Google Scholar
Thomas, A. (2020). Engaging with the Church of Scientology and the Free Zone in the Field: Challenges, Barriers, and Methods. International Journal for the Study of New Religions, published online November 25, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.41396Google Scholar
Thomas, A. (2021). Free Zone Scientology: Contesting the Boundaries of a New Religion. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Tilden, F. (2008). Interpreting Our Heritage. 4th rev. ed. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Urban, H. B. (2010, March 18). The Rundown Truth: Scientology Changes Strategy in War with Media. Religion Dispatches. http://religiondispatches.org/the-rundown-truth-scientology-changes-strategy-in-war-with-mediaGoogle Scholar
Urban, H. B. (2011). The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Urban, H. B. (2012). The Occult Roots of Scientology? L. Ron Hubbard, Aleister Crowley, and the Origins of a Controversial Religion. Nova Religio, 15(3), 91116.Google Scholar
Urban, H. B. (2017). “The Third Wall of Fire”: Scientology and the Study of Religious Secrecy. Nova Religio, 20(4), 1336.Google Scholar
Urban, H. B. (2019). The Knowing of Knowing: Neo-Gnosticism from the O.T.O. to Scientology. Gnosis: Journal of Gnostic Studies, 4, 99116.Google Scholar
van Vogt, A. E. (1964). Reflections of A.E. van Vogt. Transcript based on 1961 interview conducted by Elizabeth I. Dixon. UCLA Library Special Collections, Oral History Program.Google Scholar
Wallis, R. (1975). Scientology: Therapeutic Cult to Religious Sect. Sociology, 9(1), 89100. https://doi.org/10.1177/003803857500900105Google Scholar
Wallis, R. (1976). The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology. London: Heinemann. Republished in 1977 by New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Wallis, R. (1977). The Moral Career of a Research Project. In Bell, C. & Newby, H. (eds.), Doing Sociological Research. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Ward, D. J. (2014). Fair Sailing. Freedom. December 2014 Special Edition. Retrieved from www.freedommag.org/issue/201412-expansion/fair-sailing.htmlGoogle Scholar
Westbrook, D. A. (2015). Saint Hill and the Development of Systematic Theology in the Church of Scientology, 1959-1967. Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review, 6(1), 111–55.Google Scholar
Westbrook, D. A. (2016). Walking in Ron’s Footsteps: “Pilgrimage” Sites of the Church of Scientology. Numen, 63, 7194.Google Scholar
Westbrook, D. A. (2017a). Researching Scientology and Scientologists in the United States: Methods and Conclusions. In Lewis, J. R. & Hellesøy, K. (eds.), Handbook of Scientology (1946). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Westbrook, D. A. (2017b). The L. Ron Hubbard Heritage Site in Bay Head, New Jersey As a Case Study of Scientology’s Intellectual History. Acta Comparanda, Subsidia IV, 225–42.Google Scholar
Westbrook, D. A. (2017c). “The Enemy of My Enemy Is My Friend”: Thomas Szasz, the Citizens Commission on Human Rights, and Scientology’s Anti-Psychiatric Theology. Nova Religio, 20(4), 3761.Google Scholar
Westbrook, D. A. (2018). The Art of PR War: Scientology, the Media, and Legitimation Strategies for the 21st Century. Studies in Religion/Sciences Religeuses, 47, 373–95.Google Scholar
Westbrook, D. A. (2019). Among the Scientologists: History, Theology, and Praxis. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Westbrook, D. A. (2020). Scientology Studies 2.0: Lessons Learned and Paths Forward. Religion Compass, 14(2), 111.Google Scholar
Westbrook, D. A., & Lewis, J. R. (2019). Scientology and Gnosticism: L. Ron Hubbard’s “The Factors.” In Trompf, G. W., Mikkelsen, G. B., & Johnston, J. (eds.), The Gnostic World (632–37). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Whitehead, H. (1975). What Does Scientology Auditing do? (PhD dissertation). University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Whitehead, H. (1987). Renunciation and Reformulation: A Study of Conversion in an American Sect. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Winter, J. A. (1951). A Doctor’s Report on Dianetics. New York: Julian Press.Google Scholar
Wolfe, J. H. (2017). Common Sense Scientology. Humanistic Psychologist, 45, 8497.Google Scholar
Wolfe, J. H. (2021). Personality Testing in the Church of Scientology: Implications for Outcome Research. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2980160.Google Scholar
Wright, L. (2013). Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood, and the Prison of Belief. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology Studies
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology Studies
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology Studies
Available formats
×