Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T06:41:13.888Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Hazards of Great Leadership

Detrimental Consequences of Leader Exceptionalism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 April 2023

James K. Beggan
Affiliation:
University of Louisville
Scott T. Allison
Affiliation:
University of Richmond
George R. Goethals
Affiliation:
University of Richmond

Summary

The value of great leaders seems to be an unquestioned assumption. The goal of this Element is to explore the counterintuitive idea that great leaders can pose a hazard to themselves and their followers. Great leadership, which accomplishes morally commendable and difficult objectives by leaders and followers, requires competence, morality, and charisma. A hazard is a condition or event that leads to human loss, such as injury, death, or economic misfortune. A leader can become a hazard through social psychological processes, which operate through the metaphor of Seven Deadly Sins, to create negative consequences. Great leaders can undermine their own success and accomplishments, as well as their followers. They can become a threat to the organization in which they are employed. Finally, great leaders can become a danger to the larger society. The damage great leaders can create can be reduced by applying the corresponding virtue.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009398589
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 11 May 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acton, J. E. E. D. (1949). Acton–Creighton correspondence. In Himmelfarb, G. (Ed.), Essays on freedom and power (pp. 357373). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Adler, M. (1985). Stardom and talent. The American Economic Review, 75(1), 208212.Google Scholar
Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Alalade (2022). Self-control: The basis of all virtues. [Online]. www.abuad.edu.ng/self-control-the-basis-of-all-virtues/.Google Scholar
Ali, M. (2015). The greatest: My own story. Los Angeles, CA: Graymalkin Media.Google Scholar
Alighieri, D. (1320/2009). The divine comedy (trans. H. F. Cary). Ware: Wordsworth Editions.Google Scholar
Allison, S. T., & Cecilione, J. L. (2016). Paradoxical truths in heroic leadership: Implications for leadership development and effectiveness. In Bolden, R., Witzel, M., & Linacre, N. (Eds.), Leadership paradoxes (pp. 7392). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Allison, S. T., & Goethals, G. R. (2011). Heroes: What they do and why we need them. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Allison, S. T., & Goethals, G. R. (2016). Hero worship: The elevation of the human spirit. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 46(2), 187210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, S. T., Goethals, G. R., & Spyrou, S. P. (2020). Donald Trump as the archetypal puer aeternus: The psychology of mature and immature leadership. In Bezio, K. & Goethals, G. R. (Eds.), Leadership, populism, and resistance (pp. 160175). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Al-Nasour, J., & Najm, N. A. (2020). Leadership capital: Concept and roles. Economics and Management, 17(1), 120126.Google Scholar
Alvesson, M. (2019). Waiting for Godot: Eight major problems in the odd field of leadership studies. Leadership, 15(1), 2743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, A. A., Yeo, S. K., Brossard, D., Scheufele, D. A., & Xenos, M. A. (2018). Toxic talk: How online incivility can undermine perceptions of media. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 30(1), 156168.Google Scholar
Antonakis, J. (2017). On doing better science: From thrill of discovery to policy implications. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 521.Google Scholar
Antonakis, J., Bastardoz, N., Jacquart, P., & Shamir, B. (2016). Charisma: An ill-defined and ill-measured gift. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 293319.Google Scholar
Antonakis, J., House, R. J., & Simonton, D. K. (2017). Can super smart leaders suffer from too much of a good thing? The curvilinear effect of intelligence on perceived leadership behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(7), 10031021.Google Scholar
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2007). Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 150166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, R., & Benner, K. (2022). Jan. 6 committee appears to lay out road map for prosecuting Trump. New York Times, June 11. www.nytimes.com/2022/06/11/us/politics/jan-6-prosecute-trump.html.Google Scholar
Barnes, D. F. (1978). Charisma and religious leadership: An historical analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 17(1), 118.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. (2012). Human evil: The myth of pure evil and the true causes of violence. In Mikulincer, M. & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.), The social psychology of morality (pp. 367–380). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323370.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 144.Google Scholar
Beggan, J. K. (2019a). On the downside of heroism: Grey zone limitations on the value of social and physical risk heroism. Heroism Science, 4, 135.Google Scholar
Beggan, J. K. (2019b). Sexual harassment, the abuse of power and the crisis of leadership: “Superstar” harassers and how to stop them. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Black, S. (2016). Opinion: Saints or sinnners: Where to for whistleblowers? LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal, 19(February), 2425.Google Scholar
Bligh, M. C., Kohles, J. C., & Pillai, R. (2011). Romancing leadership: Past, present, and future. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(6), 10581077.Google Scholar
Block, S. R. (2004). Why nonprofits fail: Overcoming founder’s syndrome, fundphobia, and other obstacles to success. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Block, S. R., & Rosenberg, S. (2002). Toward an understanding of founder’s syndrome: An assessment of power and privilege among founders of nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 12(4), 353368.Google Scholar
Bok, D. (1993). The cost of talent: How executives and professionals are paid and how it affects America. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Bolden, R., Witzel, M., & Linacre, N. (2016). Leadership paradoxes: Rethinking leadership for an uncertain world. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bostock, B. (2020). Michael Cohen says Trump hates Obama because he’s jealous. Insider, September 9. www.businessinsider.com/michael-cohen-trump-jealous-obama-rachel-maddow-2020-9.Google Scholar
Boyatzis, R. E. (2011). Managerial and leadership competencies: A behavioral approach to emotional, social and cognitive intelligence. Vision, 15(2), 91100.Google Scholar
Brandes, L., Franck, E., & Nüesch, S. (2008). Local heroes and superstars: An empirical analysis of star attraction in German soccer. Journal of Sports Economics, 9(3), 266286.Google Scholar
Brienes, J. (2013). Five ways to ease your envy. Greater Good, August 1. https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/five_ways_to_ease_your_envy.Google Scholar
Brookhiser, R. (1996). A man on horseback. Atlantic Monthly, 277(1), 5064.Google Scholar
Brown, J. D., & Marshall, M. A. (2001). Great expectations: Optimism and pessimism in achievement settings. In Chang, E. C. (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 239255). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Brown, L. (2022). Hidden secrets of Buddhism. Miami, FL: Buddha’s Heart Press.Google Scholar
Bruine de Bruin, W., Parker, A. M., & Fischhoff, B. (2020). Decision-making competence: More than intelligence? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(2), 186192.Google Scholar
Bruschke, J., & Divine, L. (2017). Debunking Nixon’s radio victory in the 1960 election: Re-analyzing the historical record and considering currently unexamined polling data. The Social Science Journal, 54(1), 6775.Google Scholar
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Buyl, T., Boone, C., & Wade, J. B. (2019). CEO narcissism, risk-taking, and resilience: An empirical analysis in US commercial banks. Journal of Management, 45(4), 13721400.Google Scholar
Callan, S. (2003). Charismatic leadership in contemporary management debates. Journal of General Management, 29(1), 114.Google Scholar
Campbell, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83(1), 2945.Google Scholar
Carlyle, T. (1841). On heroes, hero-worship and the heroic in history. London: James Fraser.Google Scholar
Chait, J. (2021). Trump wanted to erase Obama’s legacy: He failed. Intelligencer, January 18. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/01/trump-wanted-to-erase-obamas-legacy-he-failed.html.Google Scholar
Chan, H. F., Mixon, F. G., & Torgler, B. (2019). Fame in the sciences: A culturomics approach. Scientometrics, 118(2), 605615.Google Scholar
Cillizza, C. (2022). Why you should hit pause on the “Mike Pence is a hero” storyline. CNN, June 17. www.cnn.com/2022/06/17/politics/mike-pence-january-6-hearing-dan-quayle.Google Scholar
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1987). Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational settings. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 637647.Google Scholar
Coombs, C. H., & Avrunin, G. S. (1977). Single-peaked functions and the theory of preference. Psychological Review, 84(2), 216230.Google Scholar
Corbett, M. (2015). From law to folklore: Work stress and the Yerkes–Dodson Law. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(6), 741752.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coughenour, C., Abelar, J., Pharr, J., Lung-Chang, C., & Singh, A. (2020). Estimated car cost as a predictor of driver yielding behaviors for pedestrians. Journal of Transport and Health, 16, 100831.Google Scholar
Cowen, A. P., King, A. W., & Marcel, J. J. (2016). CEO severance agreements: A theoretical examination and research agenda. Academy of Management Review, 41(1), 151169.Google Scholar
Cowen, T. (2000). What price fame? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
de Cremer, D., & van Dijk, E. (2005). When and why leaders put themselves first: Leader behaviour in resource allocations as a function of feeling entitled. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(4), 553563.Google Scholar
de Cremer, D., & van Knippenberg, D. (2002). How do leaders promote cooperation? The effects of charisma and procedural fairness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(5), 858866.Google Scholar
Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(3), 285290.Google Scholar
Druckman, J. N. (2003). The power of television images: The first Kennedy–Nixon debate revisited. Journal of Politics, 65(2), 559571.Google Scholar
Duque, R. B., Rivera, R., & LeBlanc, E. J. (2021). The Active Shooter paradox: Why the rise of Cancel Culture, “Me Too”, ANTIFA and Black Lives Matter … matters. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 60, 101544.Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good, but … : A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 109128.Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., & Chin, J. L. (2010). Diversity and leadership in a changing world. American Psychologist, 65(3), 216224.Google Scholar
Eavis, P. & Krauss, C. (2021). What’s really behind corporate promises on climate change. New York Times, February 22. www.nytimes.com/2021/02/22/business/energy-environment/corporations-climate-change.html.Google Scholar
Ehrhart, M. G., & Klein, K. J. (2001). Predicting followers’ preferences for charismatic leadership: The influence of follower values and personality. The Leadership Quarterly, 12(2), 153179.Google Scholar
Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S., & Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 207216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einola, K., & Alvesson, M. (2021). When “good” leadership backfires: Dynamics of the leader/follower relation. Organization Studies, 42(6), 845865.Google Scholar
Emrich, C. G. (1999). Context effects in leadership perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 9911006.Google Scholar
Eskow, R. (2013). Six signs our culture is sick with greed. Travel Impact Newswire, December 5. www.travel-impact-newswire.com/2013/12/6-signs-our-culture-is-sick-with-greed-alternet/.Google Scholar
Ewers, J. B. (2020). Donald Trump will always envy President Barack Obama. Amsterdam News, February 27. https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2020/02/27/donald-trump-will-always-envy-president-barack-oba/.Google Scholar
Farley, R., & Robertson, L. (2017). The facts on crowd size. Factcheck.org. www.factcheck.org/2017/01/the-facts-on-crowd-size/Google Scholar
Fast, N. J., & Tiedens, L. Z. (2010). Blame contagion: The automatic transmission of self-serving attributions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 97106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fein, S., Goethals, G. R., & Kugler, M. B. (2007). Social influence on political judgments: The case of presidential debates. Political Psychology, 28(2), 165192.Google Scholar
Felfe, J., & Petersen, L. E. (2007). Romance of leadership and management decision making. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(1), 124.Google Scholar
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117140.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, J. H., & Wilde, J. A. (2017). Does your president have a platinum parachute? Inside Higher Ed, June 1. www.insidehighered.com/advice/2017/06/01/examination-college-presidents-platinum-parachutes-essay.Google Scholar
Fiske, S. T. (1993). Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist, 48(6), 621628.Google Scholar
Franco, Z. E. (2017). Heroism in times of crisis: Understanding leadership during extreme events. In Allison, S. T., Goethals, G. R., & Kramer, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of heroism and heroic leadership. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Franco, Z. E., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2006). The banality of heroism. The Greater Good, 3, 3035.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1922). Group psychology and the analysis of the ego. New York: Norton & Co.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fromm, E. (1992). The anatomy of human destructiveness. New York: Holt Paperbacks.Google Scholar
Fuchs, S. (2001). Against essentialism: A theory of culture and society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Fuller, S. R., & Aldag, R. J. (1998). Organizational Tonypandy: Lessons from a quarter century of the groupthink phenomenon. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 73(2–3), 163184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuqua, D. R., & Newman, J. L. (2004). Moving beyond the great leader model. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 56(3), 146153.Google Scholar
Galinsky, A. D., Magee, J. C., Inesi, M. E., & Gruenfeld, D. H. (2006). Power and perspectives not taken. Psychological Science, 17(12), 10681074.Google Scholar
Gander, F., Wagner, L., Amann, L. & Ruch, W. (2022). What are character strengths good for? A daily diary study on character strengths enactment. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(22), 718728.Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: New horizons. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Gert, B., & Gert, J. (2020). The definition of morality. In Zalta, E. N. (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/morality-definition/.Google Scholar
Gilbert, D. T., & Malone, P. S. (1995). The correspondence bias. Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 2138.Google Scholar
Gino, F., Ayal, S., & Ariely, D. (2009). Contagion and differentiation in unethical behavior: The effect of one bad apple on the barrel. Psychological Science, 20(3), 393398.Google Scholar
Gladwell, M. (2005). Blink: The power of thinking without thinking. New York: Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Goethals, G. R. (2005). Nonverbal behavior and political leadership. In Riggio, R. E. & Feldman, R. S. (Eds.), Applications of nonverbal communication (pp. 95115). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Goethals, G. R., & Allison, S. T. (2012). Making heroes: The construction of courage, competence, and virtue. In Olson, J. M. & Zanna, M. P. (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 46, pp. 183235). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Goethals, G. R., & Allison, S. T. (2019). The romance of heroism and heroic leadership: Ambiguity, attribution, and apotheosis. Bingley: Emerald.Google Scholar
Goethals, G. R., & Allison, S. T. (in press). The construction and presentation of heroes and heroines. In Lee, K. (Ed.), A cultural history of fame in the modern age. London: Bloomsbury Press.Google Scholar
Goethals, G. R., & Darley, J. M. (1987). Social comparison theory: Self-evaluation and group life. In Mullen, B. & Goethals, G. R. (Eds.), Theories of group behavior (pp. 2147). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Goffee, R., & Jones, G. (2005). Managing authenticity: The paradox of great leadership. Harvard Business Review, 83(12), 8694.Google Scholar
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S. et al. (2013). Moral foundations theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. Advances in experimental social psychology, 47, 55130.Google Scholar
Grant, A. M., & Schwartz, B. (2011). Too much of a good thing: The challenge and opportunity of the inverted U. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 6176.Google Scholar
Grant, C. (2002). Whistle blowers: Saints of secular culture. Journal of Business Ethics, 39(4), 391399.Google Scholar
Gravley, D. (2001). Risk, hazard, and disaster. [Online]. https://homepages.uc.edu/~huffwd/Volcanic_HazardRisk/Gravley.pdf.Google Scholar
Greenberg, J., Kosloff, S., Solomon, S., Cohen, F., & Landau, M. (2010). Toward understanding the fame game: The effect of mortality salience on the appeal of fame. Self and Identity, 9(1), 118.Google Scholar
Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. New York: Paulist Press.Google Scholar
Grover, C. A., Leftwich, M. J., Backhaus, A. L., Fairchild, J. A., & Weaver, K. A. (2006). Qualities of superstar graduate students. Teaching of Psychology, 33(4), 271273.Google Scholar
Gulati, M., & Sanchez, V. (2002). Giants in world of pygmies? Testing the superstar hypothesis with judicial opinions in casebooks. Iowa Law Review, 87(4), 11411212.Google Scholar
Han, D. E., & Laurent, S. M. (2023). Beautiful seems good, but perhaps not in every way: Linking attractiveness to moral evaluation through perceived vanity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 124(2), 264286.Google Scholar
Harper, J. D. (2017). How great leaders defuse the destructive power of greed to build lasting success. Linkedin. www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-great-leaders-defuse-destructive-power-greed-harper-jr-chfc/.Google Scholar
Harrington, C. (2021). What is “toxic masculinity” and why does it matter? Men and Masculinities, 24(2), 345352.Google Scholar
Harvin, O., & Killey, M. (2021). Do “superstar” CEOs impair auditors’ judgement and reduce fraud detection opportunities? Journal of Forensic and Investigative Accounting, 13(3), 500514.Google Scholar
Hausman, J. A., & Leonard, G. K. (1997). Superstars in the National Basketball Association: Economic value and policy. Journal of Labor Economics, 15(4), 586624.Google Scholar
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinlein, R. A. (1961). Stranger in a strange land. New York: Berkley Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Hickman, G. R., & Knouse, L. E. (2020). When leaders face personal crisis: The human side of leadership. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hocking, J. E., Walker, B. A., & Fink, E. L. (1982). Physical attractiveness and judgments of morality following an “immoral” act. Psychological Reports, 51(1), 111116.Google Scholar
Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1966). Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 57(5), 253270.Google Scholar
Horner, M. (1997). Leadership theory: past, present and future. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 3(4), 270287.Google Scholar
House, R. J., & Baetz, M. L. (1979). Leadership: Some empirical generalizations and new research directions. In Staw, B. M. (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 1, pp. 399401). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
House, R. J., & Howell, J. M. (1992). Personality and charismatic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 3(2), 81108.Google Scholar
Housman, M., & Minor, D. (2015). Toxic workers. Harvard Business School Working Paper (16057).Google Scholar
Hutchins, R. (in press). Incorruptibility. In Allison, S. T., Beggan, J. K., & Goethals, G. R. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of heroism studies. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Ingersoll, Robert G. (1915). The Great Infidels. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, in twelve volumes, volume III. New York: The Dresden Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. D. P. (2005). God’s punishment and public goods: A test of the supernatural punishment hypothesis in 186 world cultures. Human Nature, 16(4), 410446.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. D. P. (2009). The error of God: Error management theory, religion, and the evolution of cooperation. In Levin, S. A. (Ed.), Games, groups, and the global good (pp. 169180). Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. D. P., & Krüger, O. (2004). The good of wrath: Supernatural punishment and the evolution of cooperation. Political Theology, 5(2), 159176.Google Scholar
Ju, A. (2008). Courage is the most important virtue, says writer and civil rights activist Maya Angelou at Convocation. Cornell Chronicle, May 24. https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2008/05/courage-most-important-virtue-maya-angelou-tells-seniors.Google Scholar
Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D. N., & De Hoogh, A. H. B. (2011). Ethical leader behavior and big five factors of personality. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(2), 349366.Google Scholar
Kaplan, S., & Garrick, B. J. (1981). On the quantitative definition of risk. Risk Analysis, 1(1), 1127.Google Scholar
Karau, S. J. (2020). Preface. In Karau, S. J. (Ed.), Individual motivation within groups: Social loafing and motivation gains in work, academic, and sports teams (pp. xixiv). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681706.Google Scholar
Keegan, J. (1987). The mask of command. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Kellerman, B. (2004). Bad leadership: What it is, how it happens, why it matters. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Kelley, B. (2019). Why Phil Mickelson was sometimes called “FIGJAM,” Liveabout.com, January 5. www.liveabout.com/phil-mickelson-a-hated-man-3971652.Google Scholar
Keltner, D. (2016). Don’t let power corrupt you. Harvard Business Review, 94(10), 112115. https://hbr.org/2016/10/dont-let-power-corrupt-you.Google Scholar
Kershaw, C., Rast, D. E., III, Hogg, M. A., & van Knippenberg, D. (2021). Battling ingroup bias with effective intergroup leadership. British Journal of Social Psychology, 60(3), 765785.Google Scholar
Khurana, R. (2002). The curse of the superstar CEO. Harvard Business Review, 80(9), 6066.Google Scholar
Klebl, C., Luo, Y., Tan, N. P. J., Ern, J. T. P., & Bastian, B. (2021). Beauty of the beast: Beauty as an important dimension in the moral standing of animals. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 75(June), 101624.Google Scholar
Klein, K. J., & House, R. J. (1995). On fire: Charismatic leadership and levels of analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 183198.Google Scholar
Knobe, J. (2017). Cognitive science suggests that Trump makes us more accepting of the morally outrageous. Vox, January 10. www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/1/10/14220790/normalization-trump-psychology-cognitive-science.Google Scholar
Koehn, N. F. (2014). Great men, great pay? Why CEO compensation is sky high. The Washington Post, June 12. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/great-men-great-pay-why-ceo-compensation-is-sky-high/2014/06/12/6e49d796-d227-11e3-9e25-188ebe1fa93b_story.html.Google Scholar
Koenig, A. M., Eagly, A. H., Mitchell, A. A., & Ristikari, T. (2011). Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 616642.Google Scholar
Koning, L. F., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2015). How leaders’ emotional displays shape followers’ organizational citizenship behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(4), 489501.Google Scholar
Kraus, S. (1996). Winners of the first 1960 televised presidential debate between Kennedy and Nixon. Journal of Communication, 46(4), 7896.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristof-Brown, A., Barrick, M. R., & Stevens, C. K. (2005). When opposites attract: A multi-sample demonstration of complementary person-team fit on extraversion. Journal of Personality, 73(4), 935958.Google Scholar
Kroll-Smith, J., Couch, J. S., & Couch, S. R. (1991). What is a disaster? An ecological-symbolic approach to resolving the definitional debate. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 9(3), 355366.Google Scholar
Langford, C. (2022). Texas truth and reconciliation panel dissects Winter Storm Uri one year after the disaster. Courthouse News Service, February 15. www.courthousenews.com/texas-truth-and-reconciliation-panel-dissects-winter-storm-uri-one-year-after-the-disaster/.Google Scholar
Last, J. V. (2022). Mike Pence is an American hero. The Atlantic, June 9. www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/06/january-6-hearings-mike-pence-service-democracy/661224/.Google Scholar
Lepper, M. P., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1973). Undermining children’s intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28(1), 129137.Google Scholar
Letiecq, B., & Wilde, J. (2020). The costs of secret presidential searches. GMU-AAUP (blog), April 2. https://aaupmason.org/blog/the-costs-of-secret-presidential-searches/.Google Scholar
Liu, C., & Yermack, D. (2012). Where are the shareholders’ mansions? CEOs’ home purchases, stock sales, and subsequent company performance. In Boubaker, S., Nguyen, B. D., & Nguyen, D. K. (Eds.), Corporate governance: Recent developments and new trends (pp. 328). Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Loomes, G., Starmer, C., & Sugden, R. (1992). Are preferences monotonic? Testing some predictions of regret theory. Economica, 59(233), 1733.Google Scholar
Lucifora, C., & Simmons, R. (2003). Superstar effects in sport: Evidence from Italian soccer. Journal of Sports Economics, 4(1), 3555.Google Scholar
Luco, A. (2014). The definition of morality: Threading the needle. Social Theory and Practice, 40(3), 361387.Google Scholar
Lurie, D. R. (2021). Jan. 6 was just the start of radicalizing Trump’s Republican party. Daily Beast, December 31. www.thedailybeast.com/jan-6-was-just-the-start-of-radicalizing-donald-trumps-republican-party.Google Scholar
Lyons, S. (2017). Wall Street at 30: Is greed still good? The Conversation, December 8. https://theconversation.com/wall-street-at-30-is-greed-still-good-87612.Google Scholar
Magee, J. C., Gruenfeld, D. H., Keltner, D. J., & Galinsky, A. D. (2005). Leadership and the psychology of power. In Messick, D. M. & Kramer, R. M. (Eds.), The psychology of leadership: New perspectives and research (pp. 275293). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Malmendier, U., & Tate, G. (2009). Superstar CEOs. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(4), 15931638.Google Scholar
Malti, T. (2021). Kindness: A perspective from developmental psychology. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18(5), 629657.Google Scholar
McCoy, J., & Somer, M. (2021). Overcoming polarization. Journal of Democracy, 32(1), 621.Google Scholar
McCullough, D. (2002). John Adams. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
McCurdy, C. C., & Thompson, R. P. (2011). The power of Posner: Study of prestige and influence in the federal judiciary. Idaho Law Review, 48(1), 4972.Google Scholar
McGuire, W. J. (1973). The yin and yang of progress in social psychology: Seven koan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26(3), 446456.Google Scholar
McWilliams, M. (2016). The one weird trait that predicts whether you’re a Trump supporter. Politico, January 17. www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/01/donald-trump-2016-authoritarian-213533/.Google Scholar
Meindl, J. R. (1995). The romance of leadership as a follower-centric theory: A social constructionist approach. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(3), 329341.Google Scholar
Meindl, J. R., Ehrlich, S. B., & Dukerich, J. M. (1985). The romance of leadership. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30(1), 78102.Google Scholar
Merryman, A. (2018). President Trump’s worst behaviors can infect us all just like the flu, according to science. The Washington Post, March 28. www.washingtonpost.com/news/inspired-life/wp/2018/03/29/president-trumps-worst-behavior-can-spread-among-us-just-like-the-flu-according-to-science/.Google Scholar
Milburn, T. W., & Billings, R. S. (1976). Decision-making perspectives from psychology: Dealing with risk and uncertainty. American Behavioral Scientist, 20(1), 111126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, B. (2018). Fallibility and mourning in the analytic encounter. Salmagundi, 197, 182189.Google Scholar
Mulcahy, K. V. (1995). Rethinking groupthink: Walt Rostow and the national security advisory process in the Johnson administration. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 25(2), 237250.Google Scholar
Mullin, C. J., & Dunn, L. F. (2002). Using baseball card prices to measure star quality and monopsony. Economic Inquiry, 40(4), 620632.Google Scholar
Naumann, S. E., Minsky, B. D., & Sturman, M. C. (2002). The use of the concept “entitlement” in management literature: A historical review, synthesis, and discussion of compensation policy implications. Human Resource Management Review, 12(1), 145166.Google Scholar
Neiwert, (2017). Alt-America: The rise of the radical right in the age of Trump. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
New York Times. (2008). Crashing banks and golden parachutes. New York Times, September 19. www.nytimes.com/2008/09/19/opinion/19iht-edbankers.1.16308239.html.Google Scholar
Ni, P. (2014). How to successfully handle narcissists. N.p.: Preston Ni Publishing.Google Scholar
Nicolaou, E., & Smith, C. E. (2019). A #metoo timeline to show how far we’ve come – & how far we need to go. Refinery29, October 16. www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/10/212801/me-too-movement-history-timeline-year-weinstein.Google Scholar
Niebuhr, O., Voße, J., & Brem, A. (2016). What makes a charismatic speaker? A computer-based acoustic-prosodic analysis of Steve Jobs tone of voice. Computers in Human Behavior, 64(November), 366382.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(4), 250256.Google Scholar
Noelle-Neumann, E. (1991). The theory of public opinion: The concept of the spiral of silence. Annals of the International Communication Association, 14(1), 256287.Google Scholar
Norris, P. (2023). Cancel culture: Myth or reality? Political Studies, 71(1), 145174.Google Scholar
Notelovitz, G. (2021). The ugly history that will forever hurt golf’s most hated man. Foxsports, February 1. www.foxsports.com.au/golf/golf-2021-patrick-reed-cheating-history-farmers-insurance-open/news-story/269388b71b9e4562f5081129a78cf0c0.Google Scholar
Obama, M. (2016). Address at the Democratic National Convention. Monday, July 25. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Osnos, E. (2017). Is political hubris an illness? The New Yorker, May 5. www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/is-political-hubris-an-illness.Google Scholar
Owen, D., & Davidson, J. (2009). Hubris syndrome: An acquired personality disorder? A study of US presidents and UK prime ministers over the last 100 years. Brain, 132(5), 1396–1406.Google Scholar
Park, W. W. (2000). A comprehensive empirical investigation of the relationships among variables of the groupthink model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(8), 873887.Google Scholar
Parrott, W. G., & Smith, R. H. (1993). Distinguishing the experiences of envy and jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(6), 906920.Google Scholar
Paul, O. (1999). You can’t make me angry. Torrance, CA: Capizon Publishing.Google Scholar
Peters, C. (2010). Lyndon B. Johnson: The American Presidents Series. New York: Times Series.Google Scholar
Peters, L. H., Hartke, D. D., & Pohlmann, J. T. (1985). Fiedler’s Contingency Theory of Leadership: An application of the meta-analysis procedures of Schmidt and Hunter. Psychological Bulletin, 97(2), 274285.Google Scholar
Pfeffer, J. (1977). The ambiguity of leadership. Academy of Management Review, 2(1), 104112.Google Scholar
Porath, C. L., & Erez, A. (2007). Does rudeness really matter? The effects of rudeness on task performance and helpfulness. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 11811197.Google Scholar
Porath, C. L., & Gerbasi, A. (2015). Does civility pay? Organizational Dynamics, 44(4), 281286.Google Scholar
Reeves, A. (2005). Emotional intelligence: Recognizing and regulating emotions. AAOHN Journal, 53(4), 172176.Google Scholar
Reyes, A. (2020). I, Trump: The cult of personality, anti-intellectualism and the post-truth era. Journal of Language and Politics, 19(6), 869892.Google Scholar
Riggio, R. E. (1998). Charisma. In Friedman, H. S. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of mental health (pp. 387396). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ritz, M. (2022). Golf’s grinch Greg Norman. mikeritzgolf.com (blog), March 6. https://mikeritzgolf.com/f/golfs-grinch-greg-norman.Google Scholar
Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15(2), 150163.Google Scholar
Robinson, E. (2019). Trump’s Obama envy is getting even worse. The Washington Post, August 26. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trumps-obama-envy-is-getting-even-worse/2019/08/26/5dadc7d0-c83a-11e9-be05-f76ac4ec618c_story.html.Google Scholar
Rosen, S. (1981). The economics of superstars. The American Economic Review, 71(5), 845858.Google Scholar
Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 173220). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Rozell, M. J., Pederson, W. D., & Williams, F. J. (2000). George Washington and the origins of the American Presidency. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar
Rubin, J. (2021). Texas shows that when you cannot govern, you lie. A lot. The Washington Post, February 17. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/02/17/texas-shows-that-when-you-cannot-govern-you-lie-lot/.Google Scholar
Rudic, B., Hubner, S., & Baum, M. (2021). Hustlers, hipsters and hackers: Potential employees’ stereotypes of entrepreneurial leaders. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 15(June), e00220.Google Scholar
Rudman, L. A., Feinberg, J., & Fairchild, K. (2002). Minority members’ implicit attitudes: Automatic ingroup bias as a function of group status. Social Cognition, 20(4), 294320.Google Scholar
Rus, D., van Knippenberg, D., & Wisse, B. (2010). Leader self-definition and leader self-serving behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(3), 509529.Google Scholar
Saleem, F., Malik, M. I., & Malik, M. K. (2021). Toxic leadership and safety performance: Does organizational commitment act as stress moderator? Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1960246.Google Scholar
Salovey, P., & Grewal, D. (2005). The science of emotional intelligence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(6), 281285.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Hucles, J. V., & Davis, D. D. (2010). Women and women of color in leadership: Complexity, identity, and intersectionality. American Psychologist, 65(3), 171181.Google Scholar
Schilpzand, P., De Pater, I. E., & Erez, A. (2016). Workplace incivility: A review of the literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(S1), 5788.Google Scholar
Schueller-Weidekamm, C., & Kautzky-Willer, A. (2012). Challenges of work–life balance for women physicians/mothers working in leadership positions. Gender Medicine, 9(4), 244250.Google Scholar
Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 138158.Google Scholar
Sedikides, C., & Strube, M. J. (1997). To thine own self be good, sure, true and better. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 209269). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Shafer, J. (2022). The tragedy of Mike Pence. Politico, June 21. www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/21/mike-pence-hero-00041003.Google Scholar
Shamir, B. (1992). Attribution of influence and charisma to the leader: The romance of leadership revisited. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(5), 386407.Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1985). Intelligence and personal influence in groups: Four nonlinear models. Psychological Review, 92(4), 532547.Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1987). Why presidents succeed: A political psychology of leadership. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, D. (2020). “It eats him alive inside”: Trump’s latest attack shows endless obsession with Obama. The Guardian, May 16. www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/16/trump-obama-obsession-coronavirus-president.Google Scholar
Smith, K. (2013). Environmental hazards: Assessing risk and reducing disaster, 6th ed. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Spector, B. A. (2016). Carlyle, Freud, and the great man theory more fully considered. Leadership, 12(2), 250260.Google Scholar
Staw, B. M., McKechnie, P. I., & Puffer, S. M. (1983). The justification of organizational performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(4), 582600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stouten, J., & Liden, R. C. (2020). Social loafing in organizational work groups: The mitigating effect of servant leadership. In Karau, S. J. (Ed.), Individual motivation within groups: Social loafing and motivation gains in work, academic, and sports teams (pp. 5580). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Strong, C., & Killingsworth, M. (2011). Stalin the charismatic leader? Explaining the “cult of personality” as a legitimation technique. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 12(4), 391411.Google Scholar
Sturm, R. E., Vera, D., & Crossan, M. (2017). The entanglement of leader character and leader competence and its impact on performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(3), 349366.Google Scholar
Taddonio, P. (2020). Trump the “bully”: How childhood and military school shaped the future president. Frontline, September 22. www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/trump-the-bully-how-childhood-military-school-shaped-the-future-president/.Google Scholar
Tams, C. J., Berster, L., & Schiffbauer, B. (2014). Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide. Oxford: Beck, Hart, Nomos Publishing.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. (2018). White House doctors says Trump is in “excellent” physical, cognitive health. NPR News, January 16. www.npr.org/2018/01/16/578424523/white-house-doctor-says-trump-is-in-excellent-physical-cognitive-health.Google Scholar
Taylor, S. E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 6785.Google Scholar
Thaler, R. H. (2017). Behavioral economics. Journal of Political Economy, 125(6), 17991805.Google Scholar
Thomasch, P., & Paul, F. (2008). False web report plays havoc with Apple stock. Reuters, October 3. www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-jobs/false-web-report-plays-havoc-with-apple-stock-idUSTRE49250A20081003.Google Scholar
Tilstra, D. A. (2010). Charismatic leaders as team leaders: An evaluation focused on pastoral leadership. Journal of Religious Leadership, 9(2), 2755.Google Scholar
Tsvetkova, M. & Macy, M. W. (2014). The social contagion of generosity. PLoS ONE, 9(2), 87275.Google Scholar
Turner, M. E., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1998). Twenty-five years of groupthink theory and research: Lessons from the evaluation of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 73(2–3), 105115.Google Scholar
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Birth cohort differences in the monitoring the future dataset and elsewhere: Further evidence for Generation Me – Commentary on Trzesniewski & Donnellan. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(1), 8188.Google Scholar
Useem, J. (2017). Power causes brain damage. The Atlantic, July–August. www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/07/power-causes-brain-damage/528711/.Google Scholar
Vancil, D. L., & Pendell, S. D. (1987). The myth of viewer–listener disagreement in the first Kennedy–Nixon debate. Central States Speech Journal, 38(1), 1627.Google Scholar
van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 37(4), 12281261.Google Scholar
van Vugt, M., & Ronay, R. (2014). The evolutionary psychology of leadership: Theory, review, and roadmap. Organizational Psychology Review, 4(1), 7495.Google Scholar
Vaughan, D. (1996). The Challenger launch decision: Risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Vergauwe, J., Wille, B., Hofmans, J., Kaiser, R. B., & De Fruyt, F. (2018). The double-edged sword of leader charisma: Understanding the curvilinear relationship between charismatic personality and leader effectiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(1), 110130.Google Scholar
von Hippel, W. (2018). The social leap. New York: Harperwave.Google Scholar
von Hippel, W., Ronay, R., Baker, E., Kjelsaas, K., & Murphy, S. C. (2016). Quick thinkers are smooth talkers: Mental speed facilitates charisma. Psychological Science, 27(1), 119122.Google Scholar
Waldman, P. (2021). Insane GOP lies about Texas offer a depressing preview of coming climate debates. The Washington Post, February 17. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/02/17/insane-gop-lies-about-texas-offer-depressing-preview-coming-climate-debates/?itid=lk_inline_manual_18.Google Scholar
Weidner, C. K., II, & Purohit, Y. S. (2009). When power has leaders: Some indicators of power-addiction among organizational leaders. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 13(1), 8399.Google Scholar
White, A. (2004). Environmental harms, causation, and act utilitarianism. Environmental Ethics, 26(2), 189203.Google Scholar
White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66(5), 297333.Google Scholar
Wicklund, R. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1981). Symbolic self-completion, attempted influence, and self-deprecation. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2(2), 89114.Google Scholar
Wicklund, R. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2013). Symbolic self-completion. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wilde, J. A., & Finkelstein, J. H. (2022). Disgraced presidents shouldn’t get tenure: Why enrich someone whose career ended in controversy? The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 13. www.chronicle.com/article/disgraced-presidents-shouldnt-get-tenure?cid=gen_sign_in.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. T. (2018). Honesty as a virtue. Metaphilosophy, 49(3), 262280.Google Scholar
Wilson, B. (1953). Twelve steps and twelve traditions. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous Press.Google Scholar
Wodak, R. (2017). The “Establishment,” the “Élites,” and the “People”: Who’s who? Journal of Language and Politics, 16(4), 551565.Google Scholar
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890905.Google Scholar
Worthington, E. L, & Allison, S. T. (2018). Heroic humility: What the science of humility can say to people raised on self-focus. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Worthington, E. L., Davis, D. E., & Hook, J. N. (2017). Handbook of humility. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wu, I. H., Williams, M., Crawford, E., & Chiao, Y. C. (2020). Exploring the daily relationship between envy and well-being through envy-coping behaviors at work. Academy of Management, 2020(1), 12427.Google Scholar
Xu, F., Xu, B., Anderson, V., & Caldwell, C. (2019). Humility as enlightened leadership: A Chinese perspective. Journal of Management Development, 38(3), 158174.Google Scholar
Yip, J., & Walker, D. O. H. (2022). Leaders mentoring others: The effects of implicit followership theory on leader integrity and mentoring. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(13), 26882718.Google Scholar
Zhang, X., Tian, G., Ma, C. et al. (2020). “Too much of a good thing?”: Exploring the dark side of empowering leadership by linking it with unethical pro-organizational behavior. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 42(1), 3246.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

The Hazards of Great Leadership
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

The Hazards of Great Leadership
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

The Hazards of Great Leadership
Available formats
×