Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T11:43:31.838Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Ecological Models

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 December 2019

Jay Odenbaugh
Affiliation:
Lewis and Clark College, Portland

Summary

In this book, we consider three questions. What are ecological models? How are they tested? How do ecological models inform environmental policy and politics? Through several case studies, we see how these representations which idealize and abstract can be used to explain and predict complicated ecological systems. Additionally, we see how they bear on environmental policy and politics.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108685283
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 10 October 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Allesina, S. and Tang, S. (2012). Stability criteria for complex ecosystems. Nature 483(7388), 205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrewartha, H. G. (1954). The Distribution and Abundance of Animals. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Axelsen, J. B., Roll, U., Stone, L., and Solow, A. R. (2013). Species–area relationships always overestimate extinction rates from habitat loss: comment. Ecology 94(3), 761763.Google Scholar
Bailer-Jones, D. M. (2009). Scientific Models in Philosophy of Science. University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. (1980). Optimal-design models and the strategy of model building in evolutionary biology. Philosophy of science 47(4), 532561.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. (1982). What’s wrong with the received view of evolutionary theory? In PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Volume 1982, pp. 397426. Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. (1997). Why do biologists argue like they do? Philosophy of Science 64, S432S443.Google Scholar
Beissinger, S. R. and McCullough, D. R. (2002). Population Viability Analysis. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bender, E. A. (1978). An Introduction to Mathematical Modeling. Dover Publications.Google Scholar
Bernstein, R. (2003). Population Ecology: An Introduction to Computer Simulations. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Berryman, A. A. (2003). On principles, laws and theory in population ecology. Oikos 103(3), 695701.Google Scholar
Bodenheimer, F. S. (1928). Welche faktoren regulieren die individuenzahl einer insektenart in der natur. Biologisches Zentralblatt 48, 714739.Google Scholar
Bogen, J. and Woodward, J. (1988). Saving the phenomena. The Philosophical Review 97(3), 303352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1997). Does biology have laws? The experimental evidence. Philosophy of Science 64, S444S457.Google Scholar
Brooks, T. (2011). Extinctions: Consider all species. Nature 474(7351), 284.Google Scholar
Brown, D., and Rothery, P. (1993). Models in Biology: Mathematics, Statistics and Computing. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. R. (2003). Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. Springer Science & Business Media.Google Scholar
Callender, C. and Cohen, J. (2006). There is no special problem about scientific representation. Theoria 21(1), 6785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardinale, B. J., Matulich, K. L., Hooper, D. U., et al. (2011). The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems. American Journal of Botany 98(3), 572592.Google Scholar
Cardinale, B. J., Wright, J. P., Cadotte, M. W., et al. (2007). Impacts of plant diversity on biomass production increase through time because of species complementarity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(46), 1812318128.Google Scholar
Carlson, A. (2000). The effect of habitat loss on a deciduous forest specialist species: The white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos). Forest Ecology and Management 131(1–3), 215221.Google Scholar
Cartwright, N. (1983). How the Laws of Physics Lie. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cartwright, N. (1994). Nature’s Capacities and Their Measurement. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Case, T. J. (2000). An Illustrated Guide to Theoretical Ecology. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Castle, D. G. (2001). A semantic view of ecological theories. Dialectica 55(1), 5166.Google Scholar
Chang, C.-W., Ushio, M., and Hsieh, C.-h. (2017). Empirical dynamic modeling for beginners. Ecological Research 32(6), 785796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colyvan, M. and Ginzburg, L. R. (2003). Laws of nature and laws of ecology. Oikos 101(3), 649653.Google Scholar
Connor, E. F. and McCoy, E. D. (1979). The statistics and biology of the species–area relationship. The American Naturalist 113(6), 791833.Google Scholar
Connor, E. F. and McCoy, E. D. (2001). Species–area relationships. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 5, 397411.Google Scholar
Cooper, G. (1998). Generalizations in ecology: A philosophical taxonomy. Biology and Philosophy 13(4), 555586.Google Scholar
Cooper, G. J. (2003). The Science of the Struggle for Existence: On the Foundations of Ecology. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costantino, R., Desharnais, R., Cushing, J., and Dennis, B. (1997). Chaotic dynamics in an insect population. Science 275(5298), 389391.Google Scholar
Cummins, R. (1989). Meaning and Mental Representation. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Currie, A. (2018). Bottled understanding: The role of lab-work in ecology. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, axy047.Google Scholar
Cushing, J. M., Costantino, R. F., Dennis, B., Desharnais, R., and Henson, S. M. (2002). Chaos in Ecology: Experimental Nonlinear Dynamics, Volume 1. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Davidson, J. and Andrewartha, H. (1948). Annual trends in a natural population of Thrips imaginis (Thysanoptera). The Journal of Animal Ecology 17(2), 193199.Google Scholar
De Angelis, D. L. (1975). Stability and connectance in food web models. Ecology 56(1), 238243.Google Scholar
DeAngelis, D. L. and Yurek, S. (2015). Equation-free modeling unravels the behavior of complex ecological systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(13), 38563857.Google Scholar
DeLaplante, K. and Picasso, V. (2011). The biodiversity-ecosystem function debate in ecology. In deLaplante, K., Brown, B., and Peacock, K. A. (Eds.), Philosophy of Ecology, pp. 169200. North-Holland.Google Scholar
Douglas, H. (2000). Inductive risk and values in science. Philosophy of Science 67(4), 559579.Google Scholar
Douglas, H. (2009). Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal. University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Downes, S. M. (1992). The importance of models in theorizing: A deflationary semantic view. In PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Volume 1992, pp. 142153. Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Dretske, F. (1997). Naturalizing the Mind. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Durbin, K. (1996). Tree Huggers: Victory, Defeat & Renewal in the Northwest Ancient Forest Campaign. Mountaineers.Google Scholar
Earman, J. (1992). Bayes or Bust? A Critical Examination of Bayesian Confirmation Theory. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Egerton, F. N. (1973). Changing concepts of the balance of nature. The Quarterly Review of Biology 48(2), 322350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1981). Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species. Random House.Google Scholar
Elgin, C. Z. (2004). True enough. Philosophical issues 14(1), 113131.Google Scholar
Elgin, C. Z. (2017). True Enough. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Erwin, T. L. (1982). Tropical forests: Their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species. The Coleopterists Bulletin 36(1), 7475.Google Scholar
Etienne, R. S. (2002). A scrutiny of the levins metapopulation model. Comments on Theoretical Biology 7, 257281.Google Scholar
Evans, M., Possingham, H., and Wilson, K. (2011). Extinctions: Conserve not collate. Nature 474(7351), 284.Google Scholar
Fisch, F. (2012). Who’s going to speak up for nature? Lab Times (1), 225.Google Scholar
Foley, P. (1994). Predicting extinction times from environmental stochasticity and carrying capacity. Conservation Biology 8(1), 124137.Google Scholar
Foley, P. (1997). Extinction models for local populations. In Hanski, I. A. and Gilpin, M. E. (Eds.), Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution, pp. 215246. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Forster, M. and Sober, E. (1994). How to tell when simpler, more unified, or less ad hoc theories will provide more accurate predictions. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 45(1), 135.Google Scholar
Forster, M. R. (2000). Key concepts in model selection: Performance and generalizability. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 44(1), 205231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forster, M. R. (2002). Predictive accuracy as an achievable goal of science. Philosophy of Science 69(S3), S124S134.Google Scholar
Gardner, M. R. and Ashby, W. R. (1970). Connectance of large dynamic (cybernetic) systems: Critical values for stability. Nature 228(5273), 784.Google Scholar
Giere, R. N. (1988). Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Giere, R. N. (1999). Science without Laws. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Giere, R. N. (2010). Scientific Perspectivism. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Goodman, N. (1968). Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols. Hackett Publishing.Google Scholar
Gotelli, N. J. (1991). Metapopulation models: The rescue effect, the propagule rain, and the core-satellite hypothesis. The American Naturalist 138(3), 768776.Google Scholar
Gotelli, N. J. (1995). A Primer of Ecology. Sinauer Associates, Inc.Google Scholar
Gotelli, N. J. and Ellison, A. M. (2012). A Primer of Ecological Statistics. Sinauer Associates, Inc.Google Scholar
Gotelli, N. J. and Kelley, W. G. (1993). A general model of metapopulation dynamics. Oikos 68(1), 3644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grice, H. P. (1991). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Griesemer, J. R. (1990a). Material models in biology. In PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Volume 1990, pp. 7993. Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Griesemer, J. R. (1990b). Modeling in the museum: On the role of remnant models in the work of Joseph Grinnell. Biology and Philosophy 5(1), 336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurney, W., Blythe, S., and Nisbet, R. (1980). Nicholson’s blowflies revisited. Nature 287, 1721.Google Scholar
Hacking, I. (2016). Logic of Statistical Inference. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, S., Murphy, D. D., and Ehrlich, P. R. (1988). Distribution of the bay checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha bayensis: Evidence for a metapopulation model. The American Naturalist 132(3), 360382.Google Scholar
Hastings, A. (1997). Population Biology: Concepts and Models. Springer Science & Business Media.Google Scholar
Hastings, A., Hom, C. L., Ellner, S., Turchin, P., and Godfray, H. C. J. (1993). Chaos in ecology: Is mother nature a strange attractor? Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24(1), 133.Google Scholar
Hastings, A., McCann, K. S., and de Ruiter, P. C. (2016). Introduction to the special issue: Theory of food webs. Theoretical Ecology 9(1), 12.Google Scholar
He, F. and Hubbell, S. (2013). Estimating extinction from species–area relationships: Why the numbers do not add up. Ecology 94(9), 19051912.Google Scholar
He, F. and Hubbell, S. P. (2011). Species–area relationships always overestimate extinction rates from habitat loss. Nature 473(7347), 368.Google Scholar
He, F. and Hubbell, S. P. (2012). He and Hubbell reply. Nature 482(7386), E5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hector, A., Schmid, B., Beierkuhnlein, C., et al. (1999). Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286(5442), 11231127.Google Scholar
Hempel, C. (1965a). Aspects of Scientific Explanation. Free Press.Google Scholar
Hempel, C. (1965b). Science and human values. In Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science, pp. 8196. The Free Press.Google Scholar
Hesse, M. (1966). Models and Analogies in Science. University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Hilborn, R. and Mangel, M. (1997). The Ecological Detective: Confronting Models with Data, Volume 28. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, C. and Sober, E. (2004). Prediction versus accommodation and the risk of overfitting. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 55(1), 134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4(1), 123.Google Scholar
Hooper, D. U., Adair, E. C., Cardinale, B. J., et al. (2012). A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change. Nature 486(7401), 105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, H. S. and MacArthur, R. H. (1972). Competition among fugitive species in a harlequin environment. Ecology 53(4), 749752.Google Scholar
Horwich, P. (1991). On the nature and norms of theoretical commitment. Philosophy of Science 58(1), 114.Google Scholar
Horwich, P. (2016). Probability and Evidence. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Howard, L. O. L. O. and Fiske, W. F. (1911). The Importation into the United States of the Parasites of the Gipsy Moth and the Brown-Tail Moth: A Report of Progress, with Some Consideration of Previous and Concurrent Efforts of this Kind no. 91. U.S. Deptartment of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/65198.Google Scholar
Howson, C. and Urbach, P. (2006). Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach. Open Court Publishing.Google Scholar
Hughes, R. I. (1997). Models and representation. Philosophy of Science 64, S325S336.Google Scholar
Isbell, F., Calcagno, V., Hector, A., et al. (2011). High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services. Nature 477(7363), 199.Google Scholar
James, W. (1979). The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy, Volume 6. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Justus, J. (2008a). Complexity, diversity, and stability. In Sahotra, S. and Plutynski, A. (Eds.), A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology, 321350. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Justus, J. (2008b). Ecological and Lyapunov stability. Philosophy of Science 75(4), 421436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Justus, J. (2011). A case study in concept determination: Ecological diversity. Handbook of the Philosophy of Ecology, pp. 147168. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Kellert, S. H. (1994). In the Wake of Chaos: Unpredictable Order in Dynamical Systems. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kendall, B. E., Briggs, C. J., Murdoch, W. W., et al. (1999). Why do populations cycle? A synthesis of statistical and mechanistic modeling approaches. Ecology 80(6), 17891805.Google Scholar
Kingsland, S. E. (1995). Modeling Nature. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1989). Explanatory unification and the causal structure of the world. In Kitcher, P. and Salmon, W. (Eds.), Scientific Explanation, pp. 410505. University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1995). The Advancement of Science: Science without Legend, Objectivity without Illusions. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kricher, J. (2009). The Balance of Nature: Ecology’s Enduring Myth. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1977). The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Teadition and Change. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kulvicki, J. V. (2013). Images. Routledge.Google Scholar
Lande, R. (1987). Extinction thresholds in demographic models of territorial populations. The American Naturalist 130(4), 624635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lande, R. (1988a). Demographic models of the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). Oecologia 75(4), 601607.Google Scholar
Lande, R. (1988b). Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science 241(4872), 14551460.Google Scholar
Lange, M. (2005). Ecological laws: What would they be and why would they matter? Oikos 110(2), 394403.Google Scholar
Lasersohn, P. (1999). Pragmatic halos. Language 75(3), 522551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laudan, L. (1986). Science and Values: The Aims of Science and Their Role in Scientific Debate. Univ of California Press.Google Scholar
Lawlor, L. (1978). A comment on randomly constructed model ecosystems. The American Naturalist 112(984), 445447.Google Scholar
Lawton, J. H. (1999). Are there general laws in ecology? Oikos 84(2), 177192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levi, I. (1967). Gambling with Truth: An Essay on Induction and the Aims of Science MIT Press.Google Scholar
Levins, R. (1966). The strategy of model building in population biology. American Scientist 54(4), 421431.Google Scholar
Levins, R. (1969). Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control. American Entomologist 15(3), 237240.Google Scholar
Levins, R. and Culver, D. (1971). Regional coexistence of species and competition between rare species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 68(6), 12461248.Google Scholar
Linquist, S., Gregory, T. R., Elliott, T. A., et al. (2016). Yes! There are resilient generalizations (or “laws”) in ecology. The Quarterly Review of Biology 91(2), 119131.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1994). The Structure and Confirmation of Evolutionary Theory. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Inchausti, P., et al. (2001). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294(5543), 804808.Google Scholar
MacArthur, R. H. and Wilson, E. O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Maher, P. (1993). Betting on Theories. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Marquard, E., Weigelt, A., Temperton, V. M., et al. (2009). Plant species richness and functional composition drive overyielding in a six-year grassland experiment. Ecology 90(12), 32903302.Google Scholar
Matthewson, J. (2011). Trade-offs in model-building: A more target-oriented approach. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 42(2), 324333.Google Scholar
Matthewson, J. and Weisberg, M. (2009). The structure of tradeoffs in model building. Synthese 170(1), 169190.Google Scholar
May, R. (1973a). Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. Monographs in Population Biology 6, 1.Google Scholar
May, R., Lawton, J., and Stork, N. (1995). Assessing extinction rates. In May, R. and Lawton, J. (Eds.), Extinction Rates, Chapter 1, pp. 124. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
May, R. M. (1973b). Qualitative stability in model ecosystems. Ecology 54(3), 638641.Google Scholar
May, R. M. (1974). Biological populations with nonoverlapping generations: Stable points, stable cycles, and chaos. Science 186(4164), 645647.Google Scholar
May, R. M. (1975). Biological populations obeying difference equations: Stable points, stable cycles, and chaos. Journal of Theoretical Biology 51(2), 511524.Google Scholar
May, R. M. (1976). Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature 261(5560), 459.Google Scholar
May, R. M. (1990). How many species? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 330(1257), 293304.Google Scholar
May, R. M. (2002). The best possible time to be alive: The logistic map, In Farmelo, G. (Ed.), It Must Be Beautiful: Great Equations of modern Science, pp. 2845. Granta Books.Google Scholar
May, R. M. (2011). Why worry about how many species and their loss? PLoS Biology 9(8), e1001130.Google Scholar
May, R. M. and Oster, G. F. (1976). Bifurcations and dynamic complexity in simple ecological models. The American Naturalist 110(974), 573599.Google Scholar
McCann, K. (2005). Perspectives on diversity, structure, and stability. In Cuddington, K. and Beisner, B. (Eds.), Ecological Paradigms Lost: Routes of Theory Change, pp. 183200. Elsevier Academic Press.Google Scholar
McMullin, E. (1985). Galilean idealization. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 16(3), 247273.Google Scholar
Mikkelson, G. M. (1997). Methods and metaphors in community ecology: The problem of defining stability. Perspectives on Science 5, 481498.Google Scholar
Mikkelson, G. M. (2003). Ecological kinds and ecological laws. Philosophy of Science 70(5), 13901400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moll, R. J., Steel, D., and Montgomery, R. A. (2016). Aic and the challenge of complexity: A case study from ecology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 60, 3543.Google Scholar
Mora, C., Tittensor, D. P., Adl, S., Simpson, A. G., and Worm, B. (2011). How many species are there on earth and in the ocean? PLoS Biology 9(8), e1001127.Google Scholar
Morrison, M. (2015). Reconstructing Reality: Models, Mathematics, and Simulations. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, N. (1979). The Sinking Ark: A New Look at the Problem of Disappearing Species. Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Nicholson, A. J. (1954). An outline of the dynamics of animal populations. Australian Journal of Zoology 2(1), 965.Google Scholar
Nicholson, A. J. (1957). The self-adjustment of populations to change. In Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Volume 22, pp. 153173. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.Google Scholar
Nicholson, A. J. and Bailey, V. A. (1935). The balance of animal populations – Part I. Journal of Zoology 105(3), 551598.Google Scholar
Norse, E. A. (1989). Ancient Forests of the Pacific Northwest. Island Press.Google Scholar
Odenbaugh, J. (2001). Ecological stability, model building, and environmental policy: A reply to some of the pessimism. Philosophy of Science 68(S3), S493S505.Google Scholar
Odenbaugh, J. (2003). Complex systems, trade-offs, and theoretical population biology: Richard Levin’s “strategy of model building in population biology” revisited. Philosophy of Science 70(5), 14961507.Google Scholar
Odenbaugh, J. (2005). Idealized, inaccurate but successful: A pragmatic approach to evaluating models in theoretical ecology. Biology and Philosophy 20(2–3), 231255.Google Scholar
Odenbaugh, J. (2006b). Message in the bottle: The constraints of experimentation on model building. Philosophy of Science 73(5), 720729.Google Scholar
Odenbaugh, J. (2006a). The strategy of “the strategy of model building in population biology.” Biology and Philosophy 21(5), 607621.Google Scholar
Odenbaugh, J. (2006c). Struggling with the science of ecology. Biology & Philosophy 21(3), 395.Google Scholar
Odenbaugh, J. (2010). Models. In Sarkar, S. and Plutynski, A. (Eds.), A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology, pp. 506524. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Odenbaugh, J. (2011a). Complex ecological systems. In Philosophy of Complex Systems, pp. 421439. Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odenbaugh, J. (2011b). True lies: Realism, robustness, and models. Philosophy of Science 78(5), 11771188.Google Scholar
Odenbaugh, J. (2015). Semblance or similarity? Reflections on simulation and similarity. Biology & Philosophy 30(2), 277291.Google Scholar
Odenbaugh, J. (2018). Models, models, models: A deflationary view. Synthese, 116.Google Scholar
Odenbaugh, J. and Alexandrova, A. (2011). Buyer beware: Robustness analyses in economics and biology. Biology & Philosophy 26(5), 757771.Google Scholar
Orians, G. H. (1975). Diversity, stability and maturity in natural ecosystems. In Unifying Concepts in Ecology, pp. 139150. Springer.Google Scholar
Orzack, S. H. (2005). Discussion: What, if anything, is “the strategy of model building in population biology” A comment on Levins (1966) and Odenbaugh (2003). Philosophy of Science 72(3), 479485.Google Scholar
Orzack, S. H. and Sober, E. (1993). A critical assessment of Levins’s the strategy of model building in population biology (1966). The Quarterly Review of Biology 68(4), 533546.Google Scholar
Otto, S. P. and Day, T. (2011). A Biologist’s Guide to Mathematical Modeling in Ecology and Evolution. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Paine, R. T. (1988). Road maps of interactions or grist for theoretical development? Ecology 69(6), 16481654.Google Scholar
Parker, W. S. (2009). Ii?Confirmation and adequacy-for-purpose in climate modelling. In Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume, Volume 83, pp. 233249. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Pereira, H. M., Borda-de Água, L., and Martins, I. S. (2012). Geometry and scale in species–area relationships. Nature 482(7386), E3.Google Scholar
Perini, L. (2005a). The truth in pictures. Philosophy of Science 72(1), 262285.Google Scholar
Perini, L. (2005b). Visual representations and confirmation. Philosophy of Science 72(5), 913926.Google Scholar
Peters, R. H. (1991). A Critique for Ecology. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pimm, S. L. (1984). The complexity and stability of ecosystems. Nature 307(5949), 321.Google Scholar
Pimm, S. L. and Askins, R. A. (1995). Forest losses predict bird extinctions in eastern North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92(20), 93439347.Google Scholar
Pincock, C. (2011). Mathematics and Scientific Representation. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Popper, K. R. (1979). Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Potochnik, A. (2017). Idealization and the Aims of Science. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Provine, W. B. (2001). The Origins of Theoretical Population Genetics: With a New Afterword. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Reid, W. V. (1992). How many species will there be. Tropical Deforestation and Species Extinction 55, 5557.Google Scholar
Renshaw, E. (1993). Modelling Biological Populations in Space and Time, Volume 11. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ricker, W. E. (1954). Stock and recruitment. Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada 11(5), 559623.Google Scholar
Rockwood, L. L. (2015). Introduction to Population Ecology. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. L. (1995). Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. L. (2003). Reconciliation ecology and the future of species diversity. Oryx 37(2), 194205.Google Scholar
Royall, R. (1997). Statistical Evidence: A Likelihood Paradigm. Routledge.Google Scholar
Rudner, R. (1953). The scientist qua scientist makes value judgments. Philosophy of Science 20(1), 16.Google Scholar
Salmon, W. (1984). Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sarkar, S. (2005). Biodiversity and Environmental Philosophy: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shrader-Frechette, K. S. and McCoy, E. (1993). Method in Ecology: Strategies for Conservation. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Simberloff, D. (1981). The sick science of ecology: Symptoms, diagnosis, and prescription. Eidema 1, 4954.Google Scholar
Simberloff, D. (1992). Do species–area curves predict extinction in fragmented forest? In Whitmore, T. C. and Sayer, J. A. (Eds.). Deforestation and Species Extinction in Tropical Moist Forests, pp. 7589. Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Smart, J. J. C. (1963). Philosophy and Scientific Realism. Routledge.Google Scholar
Smith, F. E. (1961). Density dependence in the Australian thrips. Ecology 42(2), 403407.Google Scholar
Smith, H. S. (1935). Biotic factors in the determination of population densities. Journal of Economic Entomology 28(6), 873898Google Scholar
Smith, P. (1998). Explaining Chaos. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1985). Constructive empiricism and the problem of aboutness. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 36(1), 1118.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1997). Two outbreaks of lawlessness in recent philosophy of biology. Philosophy of Science 64, S458S467.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2002). Instrumentalism, parsimony, and the akaike framework. Philosophy of Science 69(S3), S112S123.Google Scholar
Sorensen, R. (2012). Veridical idealizations. Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Science, and the Arts 11, 30.Google Scholar
Steel, D. (2010). Epistemic values and the argument from inductive risk. Philosophy of Science 77(1), 1434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steel, D. (2013). Acceptance, values, and inductive risk. Philosophy of Science 80(5), 818828.Google Scholar
Sterelny, K. (1990). The Representational Theory of Mind: An Introduction. Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Stork, N. E. (1993). How many species are there? Biodiversity and Conservation 2, 215232.Google Scholar
Stork, N. E. (2010). Re-assessing current extinction rates. Biodiversity and Conservation 19(2), 357371.Google Scholar
Strevens, M. (2003). The role of the priority rule in science. The Journal of Philosophy 100(2), 5579.Google Scholar
Strevens, M. (2008). Depth: An Account of Scientific Explanation. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Strevens, M. (2017). The structure of asymptotic idealization. Synthese, 119.Google Scholar
Suárez, M. (2010). Scientific representation. Philosophy Compass 5(1), 91101.Google Scholar
Suárez, M. (2015). Deflationary representation, inference, and practice. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 49, 3647.Google Scholar
Sugihara, G., May, R., Ye, H., et al. (2012). Detecting causality in complex ecosystems. Science, 1227079.Google Scholar
Suppe, F. (1989). The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism. University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Suppes, P. (1957). Introduction to Logic. Van Nostran Reinhold Company.Google Scholar
Suppes, P. (1966). Models of data. In Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, Volume 44, pp. 252261. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Taper, M. L. and Lele, S. R. (2010). The Nature of Scientific Evidence: Statistical, Philosophical, and Empirical Considerations. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Teller, P. (2012). Modeling, truth, and philosophy. Metaphilosophy 43(3), 257274.Google Scholar
Thomas, C. D. and Williamson, M. (2012). Extinction and climate change. Nature 482(7386), E4.Google Scholar
Thompson, P. (1989). The Structure of Biological Theories. State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Tilman, D. and Downing, J. A. (1994). Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367(6461), 363.Google Scholar
Tilman, D., May, R. M., Lehman, C. L., and Nowak, M. A. (1994). Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371(6492), 65.Google Scholar
Triantis, K. A., Guilhaumon, F., and Whittaker, R. J. (2012). The island species–area relationship: Biology and statistics. Journal of Biogeography 39(2), 215231.Google Scholar
Turchin, P. (2001). Does population ecology have general laws? Oikos 94(1), 1726.Google Scholar
van Fraassen, B. C. (1980). The Scientific Image. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
van Fraassen, B. C. (2010). Scientific Representation: Paradoxes of Perspective. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1999). The aim and structure of ecological theory. Philosophy of Science 66(1), 7193.Google Scholar
Weisberg, M. (2006). Robustness analysis. Philosophy of Science 73(5), 730742.Google Scholar
Weisberg, M. (2012). Simulation and Similarity: Using Models to Understand the World. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weisberg, M. and Reisman, K. (2008). The robust volterra principle. Philosophy of Science 75(1), 106131.Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1988). The current state of biological diversity. In Wilson, E. O. and Peter, F. M. (Eds.), Biodversity, pp. 320. National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1992). The Diversity of Life. W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Wimsatt, W. C. (2007). Re-engineering Philosophy for Limited Beings: Piecewise Approximations to Reality. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wojdak, J. M. and Mittelbach, G. G. (2007). Consequences of niche overlap for ecosystem functioning: An experimental test with pond grazers. Ecology 88(8), 20722083.Google Scholar
Woodward, J. (2003). Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yaffee, S. L. (1994). The Wisdom of the Spotted Owl: Policy Lessons for a New Century. Island Press.Google Scholar
Ye, H., Beamish, R. J., Glaser, S. M., et al. (2015). Equation-free mechanistic ecosystem forecasting using empirical dynamic modeling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(13), E1569E1576.Google Scholar
Yodzis, P. (1981). The stability of real ecosystems. Nature 289(5799), 674.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Ecological Models
  • Jay Odenbaugh, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
  • Online ISBN: 9781108685283
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Ecological Models
  • Jay Odenbaugh, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
  • Online ISBN: 9781108685283
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Ecological Models
  • Jay Odenbaugh, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
  • Online ISBN: 9781108685283
Available formats
×