Element contents
A Chinese Bureaucracy for Innovation-Driven Development?
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 August 2023
Summary
This Element scrutinizes the attempts by the Chinese party-state bureaucracy since the 2000s to advance innovation and technological upgrading. It examines insights from the developmental state debate – the need for a bureaucracy to achieve internal coherence and the capacity of that bureaucracy both to forge coalitions between bureaucrats, businessmen, and scientists and to discipline domestic companies. Moreover, it assesses efforts to foster technological upgrading in the semiconductor and electric vehicle industries. While there are significant differences between China and earlier successful developmental states, with the former facing problems such as the legacies of short-termism, limited monitoring capabilities, and flawed discipline over business, the authors find that, compared with other emerging capitalist economies, the Chinese bureaucracy has developed strong capabilities to advance 'innovation-driven development.' This Element seeks to provide avenues for comparing China with other late developers.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108975902Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 21 September 2023
References
Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty, New York: Crown Publishers.Google Scholar
Amsden, A. H. (1989). Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialisation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Andreas, J. (2009). Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China’s New Class, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Ang, Y. Y. (2017a). Beyond Weber: Conceptualizing an Alternative Ideal-Type of Bureaucracy in Developing Contexts. Regulation & Governance, 11(3), 282–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ang, Y. Y. (2017b). Do Weberian Bureaucracies Lead to Markets or Vice-Versa? A Coevolutionary Approach to Development. In Kohli, A., Yashar, D., & Centeno, M., eds., States in the Developing World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 280–306.Google Scholar
Ang, Y. Y. (2020). China’s Gilded Age: The Paradox of Economic Boom and Vast Corruption, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Appelbaum, R., Cao, C., Han, X., Parker, R., & Simon, D. (2018). Innovation in China: Challenging the Global Science and Technology System, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Appelbaum, R., Gebbie, M., Han, X., Stocking, G., & Kay., L (2016). Will China’s Quest for Indigenous Innovation Succeed? Some Lessons from Nanotechnology. Technology in Society, 46, 149–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armanios, D. E. & Eesley, C. E. (2021). How Do Institutional Carriers Alleviate Normative and Cognitive Barriers to Regulatory Change? Organization Science, 32(6), 1415–38. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/orsc.2021.1434.Google Scholar
Bachman, D. M. (1985). Chen Yun and the Chinese Political System, Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.Google Scholar
Baek, S. (2005). Does China Follow “the East Asian Development Model”? Journal of Contemporary Asia, 35(4), 485–98.Google Scholar
Baum, R. & Shevchenko, A. (1999). The State of the State. In Goldman, M. & MacFarquhar, R., eds., The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms, London: Harvard University Press, 333–62.Google Scholar
Beeson, M. (2009). Developmental States in East Asia: A Comparison of the Japanese and Chinese Experiences. Asian Perspective, 33(2), 5–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blecher, M. & Shue, V. (2001). Into Leather: State-Led Development and the Private Sector in Xinji. China Quarterly, 166, 368–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloomberg (2021). China Vows to Consolidate the Bloated Electric Vehicle Industry. Bloomberg News, September 13. https://bit.ly/3nT4wW6. Last accessed: August 13, 2022.Google Scholar
Boeing, P., Eberle, J., & Howell, A. (2022). The Impact of China’s R&D Subsidies on R&D Investment, Technological Upgrading and Economic Growth. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121212.Google Scholar
Breznitz, D. & Murphree, M. (2011). The Run of the Red Queen: Government, Innovation, Globalization, and Economic Growth in China, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Burns, J. (1994). Strengthening Central CCP Control of Leadership Selection: The 1990 Nomenklatura. China Quarterly, 138, 458–91.Google Scholar
Burns, J. (1999). The People’s Republic of China at 50: National Political Reform. China Quarterly, 159, 580–94.Google Scholar
Burns, J. & Wang, X. (2010). Civil Service Reform in China: Impacts on Civil Servants’ Behaviour. China Quarterly, 201, 58–78.Google Scholar
Butollo, F. & ten Brink, T. (2018). Domestic Market Growth and Local State Support in the Upgrading of China’s LED Lighting Industry. Global Networks, 18(2), 285–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cao, C. & Suttmeier, R. P. (2017). Challenges of S&T System Reform in China. Science, 355(6329), 1019–21.Google Scholar
Cartier, C. (2001). “Zone Fever”, the Arable Land Debate, and Real Estate Speculation: China’s Evolving Land Use Regime and Its Geographical Contradictions. Journal of Contemporary China, 10(28), 445–69.Google Scholar
Centeno, M., Kohli, A., Yashar, D. J. & Mistree, D. (eds.) (2017). States in the Developing World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chan, H. & Li, S. (2007). Civil Service Law in the People’s Republic of China: A Return to Cadre Personnel Management. Public Administration Review, 67(3), 383–98.Google Scholar
Chang, H. J. (2002). Breaking the Mould: An Institutionalist Political Economy Alternative to the Neo-Liberal Theory of the Market and the State. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 26(5), 539–59.Google Scholar
Chang, H. J. (2006). The East Asian Development Experience: The Miracle, the Crisis and the Future, New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Chen, H. & Rithmire, M. (2020). The Rise of the Investor State: State Capital in the Chinese Economy. Studies in Comparative International Development, 55(3), 257–77.Google Scholar
Chen, J., Yin, X., Fu, X., & McKern, B. (2021). Beyond Catch-Up: Could China Become the Global Innovation Powerhouse? China’s Innovation Progress and Challenges from a Holistic Innovation Perspective. Industrial and Corporate Change, 30(4), 1037–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, L. (2017). Grounded Globalization: Foreign Capital and Local Bureaucrats in China’s Economic Transformation. World Development, 98, 381–99.Google Scholar
Chen, L. (2018). Manipulating Globalization: The Influence of Bureaucrats on Business in China, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, L. & Yang, W. (2019). R&D Tax Credits and Firm Innovation: Evidence from China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146(September), 233–41.Google Scholar
Chen, M. (2015). From Economic Elites to Political Elites: Private Entrepreneurs in the People’s Political Consultative Conference. Journal of Contemporary China, 24(94), 613–27.Google Scholar
Chen, M. & Huang, D. (2019). The Institutional Origin of Private Entrepreneurs’ Policy Influence in China: An Analysis of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce. Journal of Chinese Governance, 4(3), 267–91.Google Scholar
Chen, T. J. (2016). The Development of China’s Solar Photovoltaic Industry: Why Industrial Policy Failed. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 40, 755–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, T. J. & Ku, Y. H. (2014). Indigenous Innovation vs. Teng-long Huan-niao: Policy Conflicts in the Development of China’s Flat Panel Industry. Industrial and Corporate Change, 23(6), 1445–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chibber, V. (1999). Building a Developmental State: The Korean Case Reconsidered. Politics & Society, 27(3), 309–46.Google Scholar
Chibber, V. (2003). Locked in Place: State-Building and Late Industrialization in India, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chin, G. (2018). The Evolution of Government–MNC Relations in China: The Case of the Automotive Sector. In Zhang, X. & Zhu, T., eds., Business, Government and Economic Institutions in China, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 81–104.Google Scholar
Cho, H. (2005). Chinas langer Marsch in den Kapitalismus, Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot.Google Scholar
Christmann-Budian, S. (2012). Chinesische Wissenschaftspolitik seit den 1990er Jahren: Eine empirische Untersuchung zur praxispolitischen und ideologischen Funktionalisierung von Wissenschaft in einer transformativen Gesellschaft der Globalisierungsära. PhD thesis, Freie Universität Berlin.Google Scholar
Chung, J. H. (2000). Central Control and Local Discretion in China: Leadership and Implementation during Post-Mao Decollectivization, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chung, J. H. (2015). China’s Local Governance in Perspective: Instruments of Central Government Control, China Journal, 75, 38–60.Google Scholar
Cohen, W., Nelson, R., & Walsh, J. (2000). Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or Not). NBER Working Paper No. 7552, February 19.Google Scholar
Conlé, M., Kroll, H., Storz, C., & ten Brink, T. (2023). University Satellite Institutes as Exogenous Facilitators of Technology Transfer Ecosystem Development. Journal of Technology Transfer, 48(1), 147–80.Google Scholar
Conlé, M., Zhao, W., & ten Brink, T. (2021). Technology Transfer Models for Knowledge-Based Regional Development: New R&D Institutes in Guangdong, China. Science and Public Policy, 48(1), 132–44.Google Scholar
Cortese, A. (2022). China’s Tech Pivot (Part I): From Behemoth Platforms to Little Giants. MacroPolo, March 22. https://macropolo.org/chinas-tech-pivot-behemoth-platforms-little-giants/. Last accessed: July 20, 2022.Google Scholar
Cui, H. (2017). Subsidy Fraud Leads to Reforms for China’s EV Market. International Council on Clean Transportation, May 30. https://theicct.org/subsidy-fraud-leads-to-reforms-for-chinas-ev-market/. Last accessed: July 21, 2022.Google Scholar
Cui, H. & He, H. (2019). Liuzhou: A New Model for the Transition to Electric Vehicles? International Council on Clean Transportation, December 18. https://theicct.org/liuzhou-a-new-model-for-the-transition-to-electric-vehicles/. Last accessed: July 21, 2022.Google Scholar
de Graaff, N., ten Brink, T., & Parmar, I. (2020). China’s Rise in a Liberal World Order in Transition. Review of International Political Economy, 27(2), 191–207.Google Scholar
Deng, G. & Kennedy, S. (2010). Big Business and Industry Association Lobbying in China: The Paradox of Contrasting Styles. China Journal, 63(January), 101–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickson, B. (2008). Wealth into Power: The Communist Party’s Embrace of China’s Private Sector, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dominguez Lacasa, I., Jindra, B., Radosevic, S., & Shubbak, M. (2019). Paths of Technology Upgrading in the BRICS Economies. Research Policy, 48 (1), 262–80.Google Scholar
Donaldson, J. A. (2017). China’s Administrative Hierarchy: The Balance of Power and Winners and Losers within China’s Levels of Government. In Donaldson, J. A., ed., Assessing the Balance of Power in Central–Local Relations in China, Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 105–37.Google Scholar
Doner, R. F. (1992). Limits of State Strength: Toward an Institutionalist View of Economic Development. World Politics, 44(3), 398–431.Google Scholar
Doner, R. F. & Schneider, B. R. (2000). Business Associations and Economic Development: Why Some Associations Contribute More Than Others. Business and Politics, 2(3), 261–88.Google Scholar
Doner, R. F. & Schneider, B. R. (2016). The Middle-Income Trap: More Politics Than Economics. World Politics, 68(4), 1–37.Google Scholar
Doner, R. F., Ritchie, B. K., & Slater, D. (2005). Systemic Vulnerability and the Origins of Developmental States: Northeast and Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective. International Organization, 59(2), 327–61.Google Scholar
Drummond, C. (2022). A produção local de semicondutores volta a ser debatida. Carta Capital, December 31. www.cartacapital.com.br/economia/a-producao-local-de-semicondutores-volta-a-ser-debatida/. Last accessed: February 8, 2023.Google Scholar
Duchâtel, M. (2021). The Weak Links in China’s Drive for Semiconductors. Institut Montaigne Policy Paper.Google Scholar
Duckett, J. (2001). Bureaucrats in Business, Chinese-Style: The Lessons of Market Reform and State Entrepreneurialism in the People’s Republic of China. World Development, 29(1), 23–37.Google Scholar
Edin, M. (2003). State Capacity and Local Agent Control in China: CCP Cadre Management from a Township Perspective. China Quarterly, 173, 35–52.Google Scholar
Edler, J. & Fagerberg, J. (2017). Innovation Policy: What, Why, and How. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 33(1), 2–23.Google Scholar
EV days (2015). 2016-2020 Xin nengyuan qiche butie zhengce quan jiedu [2016–2020 New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Policy Full Interpretation], April 30. www.evdays.com/html/2015/0430/zc49387.html. Last accessed: August 14, 2022.Google Scholar
Evans, P. (1995). Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ezell, S. (2021). Moore’s Law under Attack: The Impact of China’s Policies on Global Semiconductor Innovation, Information Technology & Innovation Foundation. https://itif.org/publications/2021/02/18/moores-law-under-attack-impact-chinas-policies-global-semiconductor/.Google Scholar
Fan, C. L. & Li, Z. (2022) Orientation and Role of National Scientific Research Institutions in National Strategic Scientific and Technological Strength. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 37(5), 642–51 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Fischer, D., Gohli, H., & Habich-Sobiegalla, S. (2021). Industrial Policies under Xi Jinping: A Steering Theory Perspective. Issues & Studies 57(4), 2150016. http://doi.org/10.1142/S1013251121500168.Google Scholar
Fu, X., McKern, B., & Chen, J. (2022). The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fuller, D. (2016). Paper Tiger, Hidden Dragons: Firms and the Political Economy of China’s Technological Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fuller, D. (2019). Growth, Upgrading and Limited Catch-Up in China’s Semiconductor Industry. In Brandt, L. & Rawski, T., eds., Policy, Regulation and Innovation in China’s Electricity and Telecom Industries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 262–303.Google Scholar
Fuller, D. (2021). China’s Counter-Strategy to American Export Controls in Integrated Circuits. China Leadership Monitor, 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3798291.Google Scholar
Gallagher, K. P. & Shafaeddin, M. (2010). Policies for Industrial Learning in China and Mexico. Technology in Society, 32(2), 81–99.Google Scholar
Gan, H. T. (2021). Semiconductor Fraud in China Highlights Lack of Accountability. Nikkei Times, February 12. http://bit.ly/3Wc2RaV. Last accessed: November 12, 2021.Google Scholar
Gang, F. & Woo, W. T. (2009). The Parallel Partial Progression (PPP) Approach to Institutional Transformation in Transition Economies: Optimize Economic Coherence, Not Policy Sequence. Modern China, 35(4), 352–69.Google Scholar
Gao, Y., Hu, Y., Liu, X., & Zhang, H. (2021). Can Public R&D Subsidy Facilitate Firms’ Exploratory Innovation? The Heterogeneous Effects between Central and Local Subsidy Programs. Research Policy, 50(4), 104221.Google Scholar
Gereffi, G. (2009). Development Models and Industrial Upgrading in China and Mexico. European Sociological Review, 25(1), 37–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Global Innovation Index. (2022). Global Innovation Index 2022: What Is the Future of Innovation Driven Growth? www.globalinnovationindex.org/home.Google Scholar
Göbel, C. & Heberer, T. (2017). The Policy Innovation Imperative: Changing Techniques for Governing China’s Local Governors. In Shue, V. & Thornton, P., eds., To Govern China: Evolving Practices of Power, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 279–304.Google Scholar
Gomes, A. P., Pauls, R., & ten Brink, T. (2023). Industrial Policy and the Creation of the Electric Vehicles Market in China: Demand Structure, Sectoral Complementarities and Policy Coordination. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 47(1), 45–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/beac056.Google Scholar
Gong, H., Wang, M. Q., & Wang, H. (2013). New Energy Vehicles in China: Policies, Demonstration, and Progress. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 18(2), 207–28.Google Scholar
Grimes, S. & Du, D. (2022). China’s Emerging Role in the Global Semiconductor Value Chain. Telecommunications Policy, 46(2), 101959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101959.Google Scholar
Grünberg, N. & Drinhausen, K. (2019). The Party Leads on Everything: China’s Changing Governance in Xi Jinping’s New Era. MERICS China Monitor, September 24. https://merics.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/The%20Party%20leads%20on%20everything_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Guangdong Department of Industry and Information Technology (GDIIT) (2016). Dongguan jicheng dianlu chanye fazhan baipishu [Dongguan IC Industry Development White Paper].Google Scholar
Hamadeh, N., van Rompaey, C., Metreau, E., & Eapen, S. G. (2022) New World Bank Country Classifications by Income Level: 2022–2023. https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-world-bank-country-classifications-income-level-2022-2023.Google Scholar
Han, X. & Appelbaum, R. P. (2018). China’s Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Research Environment: A Snapshot. PloS ONE, 13(4), e0195347. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195347.Google Scholar
He, H., Jin, L., Cui, H., & Zhou, H. (2018). Assessment of Electric Car Promotion Policies in Chinese Cities. International Council on Clean Transportation, October 18. https://theicct.org/publication/assessment-of-electric-car-promotion-policies-in-chinese-cities/. Last accessed: July 21, 2022.Google Scholar
Heberer, T. & Schubert, G. (2019). Weapons of the Rich: Strategic Behavior and Collective Action of Private Entrepreneurs in China. Modern China, 45(5), 471–503.Google Scholar
Heffer, A. & Schubert, G. (2023). Policy Experimentation under Pressure in Contemporary China. China Quarterly, 253, 35–56. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741022001801.Google Scholar
Heilmann, S. (2008). Policy Experimentation in China’s Economic Rise. Studies on Comparative International Development, 43, 1–26.Google Scholar
Heilmann, S. & Shih, L. (2013). The Rise of Industrial Policy in China, 1978–2012. Harvard-Yenching Institute Working Paper.Google Scholar
Heilmann, S., Shih, L., & Hofem, A. (2013). National Planning and Local Technology Zones: Experimental Governance in China’s Torch Programme. China Quarterly, 216, 896–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hille, K. & Yu, S. (2020). Chinese Groups Go from Fish to Chips in New Author’s “Great Leap Forward.” Financial Times, October 13. www.ft.com/content/46edd2b2-1734-47da-8e77-21854ca5b212. Last accessed: June 12, 2021.Google Scholar
Hove, A. & Sandalow, D. (2019). Electric Vehicle Charging in China and the United States, Columbia School of International and Public Affairs, Center of Global Energy Policy.Google Scholar
Howell, J. (2006). Reflections on the Chinese state. Development and Change, 37(2), 73–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsueh, R. (2022). Micro-Institutional Foundations of Capitalism: Sectoral Pathways to Globalization in China, India, and Russia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hu, A., Zhang, P., & Zhao, L. (2017). China as Number One? Evidence from China’s Most Recent Patenting Surge. Journal of Development Economics, 124, 107–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, H. (ed.) (2021). China’s Industrial Policy Transformation: Theory and Practice. Singapore: World Scientific.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Q. & Yang, H. (2022). Zhongguo zhizao ye bizhong “neiwai cha” xianxiang ji qi “qu gongyehua” hanyi. [The phenomenon of “internal and external difference” in the proportion of China’s manufacturing industry and its meaning for “de-industrialization”]. Zhongguo gongye jingji [China Industrial Economy], March. www.hybsl.cn/zonghe/zuixinshiliao/2022-03-31/74749.html.Google Scholar
Huang, T. & Lardy, N. (2021). Is the Sky Really Falling for Private Firms in China? Peterson Institute for International Economics, October 14. www.piie.com/blogs/china-economic-watch/sky-really-falling-private-firms-china. Last accessed: July 21, 2022.Google Scholar
Huang, Y. (1996). Central–Local Relations in China during the Reform Era: The Economic and Institutional Dimensions. World Development, 24(4), 655–72.Google Scholar
Huang, Y. (2002). Between Two Coordination Failures: Automotive Industrial Policy in China with a Comparison to Korea. Review of International Political Economy, 9(3), 538–73.Google Scholar
Hui, M. (2022). China Has Big Economic Plans for Its “Little Giant” Companies. Quartz, March 16. https://qz.com/2142761/china-has-big-economic-plans-for-little-giant-companies/. Last accessed: July 20, 2022.Google Scholar
Hung, H. F. (2015). The China Boom: Why China Will Not Rule the World, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
ICCT. (2017). Adjustment to Subsidies for New Energy Vehicles in China. International Council on Clean Transportation, May. https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/China-NEV_ICCT_policy-update_17052017_vF.pdf. Last accessed: July 21, 2022.Google Scholar
Jiang, R., Shi, H., & Jefferson, G. (2020). Measuring China’s International Technology Catchup. Journal of Contemporary China, 29(124), 519–34.Google Scholar
Jin, L., He, H., Cui, H., et al. (2021). Driving a Green Future: A Retrospective Review of China’s Electric Vehicle Development and Outlook for the Future, International Council on Clean Transportation, Washington, DC. https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/China-green-future-ev-jan2021.pdf. Last accessed: May 19, 2023.Google Scholar
Johnson, C. (1982). MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, C. (1999). The Developmental State: Odyssey of a Concept. In Woo-Cumings, M., ed., The Developmental State, London: Cornell University Press, 32–60.Google Scholar
Johnson, C., Kennedy, S., & Qiu, M. (2017). Xi’s Signature Governance Innovation: The Rise of Leading Small Groups. Center for Strategic and International Studies, October 17. www.csis.org/analysis/xis-signature-governance-innovation-rise-leading-small-groups. Last accessed: July 20, 2022.Google Scholar
Kang, D. C. (2002). Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kay, C. (2002). Why East Asia Overtook Latin America: Agrarian Reform, Industrialisation and Development. Third World Quarterly, 23(6), 1073–1102.Google Scholar
Kennedy, S. (2005). The Business of Lobbying in China, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, S. (2020). The Coming NEV War? Implications of China’s Advances in Electric Vehicles. Center for Strategic and International Studies, November 18. www.csis.org/analysis/coming-nev-war-implications-chinas-advances-electric-vehicles. Last accessed: July 21, 2022.Google Scholar
Khan, M. H. (2010). Political Settlements and the Governance of Growth-Enhancing Institutions. Unpublished manuscript. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/9968/1/Political_Settlements_internet.pdf.Google Scholar
Khan, M. H. (2012). Beyond Good Governance: An Agenda for Developmental Governance. In Jomo, K. S. & Chowdhury, A., eds., Is Good Governance Good for Development?, London: Bloomsbury Academic, 151–82.Google Scholar
Kim, S. Y. (2020). East Asia’s Developmental States in Evolution: The Challenge of Sustaining National Competitiveness at the Technological Frontier. In Vivares, E., eds., The Routledge Handbook to Global Political Economy: Conversations and Inquiries, London: Routledge, 511–27.Google Scholar
Kleinhans, J. P. & Baisakova, N. (2020). The Global Semiconductor Value Chain: A Technology Primer for Policy Makers, Stiftung Neue Verantwortung, Berlin. www.stiftung-nv.de/de/publikation/global-semiconductor-value-chain-technology-primer-policy-makers. Last accessed: May 19, 2023.Google Scholar
Klingler-Vidra, R. & Wade, R. (2020). Science and Technology Policies and the Middle-Income Trap: Lessons from Vietnam. Journal of Development Studies, 56(4), 717–31.Google Scholar
Knight, J. B. (2014). China as a Developmental State. The World Economy, 37(10), 1335–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohli, A. (2004). State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialisation in the Global Periphery, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostka, G. & Yu, X. (2015). Career Backgrounds of Municipal Party Secretaries in China: Why So Few Municipal Party Secretaries Rise from the County Level? Modern China, 41(5), 467–505.Google Scholar
Kroeber, A. (2016). China’s Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know, London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Krueger, A. O. (1990). Government Failures in Development. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(3), 9–23.Google Scholar
Lauer, J. & Liefner, I. (2019). State‐Led Innovation at the City Level: Policy Measures to Promote New Energy Vehicles in Shenzhen, China. Geographical Review, 109(3), 436–56.Google Scholar
Lee, J. & Kleinhans, J. P. (2021). Mapping China’s Semiconductor Ecosystem in Global Context: Strategic Dimensions and Conclusions. MERICS and Stiftung Neue Verantwortung, June 30, 2021. https://merics.org/en/report/mapping-chinas-semiconductor-ecosystem-global-context-strategic-dimensions-and-conclusions. Last accessed: May 19, 2023.Google Scholar
Lee, K. (2022). How Realistic Are China’s Semiconductor Ambitions? Project Syndicate, June 27. www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-semiconductor-industry-leapfrog-us-competition-by-keun-lee-2022-06. Last accessed: July 21, 2022.Google Scholar
Lee, K., Qu, D., & Mao, Z. (2021). Global Value Chains, Industrial Policy, and Industrial Upgrading: Automotive Sectors in Malaysia, Thailand, and China in Comparison with Korea. European Journal of Development Research, 33(2), 275–303.Google Scholar
Lee, S. (2017). An Institutional Analysis of Xi Jinping’s Centralization of Power. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(105), 325–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leftwich, A. (2010). Beyond Institutions: Rethinking the Role of Leaders, Elites and Coalitions in the Institutional Formation of Developmental States and Strategies. Forum for Development Studies, 37(1), 93–111.Google Scholar
Leslie, S. (2000). The Biggest “Angel” of Them All: The Military and the Making of Silicon Valley. In Kenney, M., ed., Understanding Silicon Valley: The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 48–67.Google Scholar
Leutert, W. & Eaton, S. (2021). Deepening Not Departure: Xi Jinping’s Governance of China’s State-owned Economy. China Quarterly, 248, 1–22.Google Scholar
Li, C. & Yang, Z. (2015). What Causes the Local Fiscal Crisis in China: The Role of Intermediaries. Journal of Contemporary China, 24(94), 573–93.Google Scholar
Li, H. & Zhou, L. A. (2005). Political Turnover and Economic Performance: The Incentive Role of Personnel Control in China. Journal of Public Economics, 89(9–10), 1743–62.Google Scholar
Lieberthal, K. & Lampton, D. M. (1992). Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lin, K.-C. (2007). With Strings Attached? Improving the Administration of Central State Financed Investment Projects in the PRC. Asian Journal of Political Science, 15(3), 319–43.Google Scholar
Liu, M. & Tsai, K. (2021). Structural Power, Hegemony, and State Capitalism: Limits to China’s Global Economic Power. Politics & Society, 49(2), 235–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, X., Schwaag Serger, S., Tagscherer, U., & Chang, A. Y. (2017). Beyond Catch-Up – Can a New Innovation Policy Help China Overcome the Middle Income Trap? Science and Public Policy, 44(5), 656–69.Google Scholar
Liu, Y. & Kokko, A. (2013). Who Does What in China’s New Energy Vehicle Industry? Energy Policy, 57, 21–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Z. (2008). Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Spillovers: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 85, 176–93.Google Scholar
Lu, X. (2000). Booty Socialism, Bureau-Preneurs, and the State in Transition: Organizational Corruption in China. Comparative Politics, 32(3), 273–94.Google Scholar
Maggor, E. (2021). The Politics of Innovation Policy: Building Israel’s “Neo-developmental” State. Politics & Society, 49(4), 451–87.Google Scholar
Mao, J., Tang, S., Xiao, Z., & Zhi, Q. (2021). Industrial Policy Intensity, Technological Change, and Productivity Growth: Evidence from China. Research Policy, 50(7), 104287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104287.Google Scholar
May, C., Nölke, A., & ten Brink, T. (2019). Public–Private Coordination in Large Emerging Economies: The Case of Brazil, India and China. Contemporary Politics, 25(3), 276–91.Google Scholar
Mazzucato, M. (2016). From Market Fixing to Market-Creating: A New Framework for Innovation Policy. Industry and Innovation, 23(2), 140–56.Google Scholar
Mei, C. & Pearson, M. M. (2014). Killing a Chicken to Scare the Monkeys? Deterrence Failure and Local Defiance in China. China Journal, 72, 75–97.Google Scholar
Mertha, A. (2005). China’s “Soft” Centralization: Shifting Tiao/Kuai Authority Relations. China Quarterly, 184, 791–810.Google Scholar
Migdal, J. (1988). Strong Societies and Weak States: State Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, A. L. (2014). More Already on the Central Committee’s Leading Small Groups. China Leadership Monitor, 44. www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm44am.pdf. Last accessed: August 4, 2022.Google Scholar
Miller, A. L. (2020). Xi Jinping and the Evolution of Chinese Leadership Politics. In Fingar, T. & Oi, J. C., eds., Fateful Decisions: Choices That Will Shape China’s Future, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 33–50.Google Scholar
Mims, C. (2021). What’s Missing in the Electric-Vehicle Revolution: Enough Places to Plug In. Wall Street Journal, February 27. https://bit.ly/3pSQJj5. Last accessed: May 19, 2023.Google Scholar
Minzner, C. (2018). End of an Era: How China’s Authoritarian Revival Is Undermining Its Rise. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
MOF (2013). Guanyu jixu kaizhan xin nengyuan qiche tuiguang yingyong gongzuo de tongzhi [Notice on Continuing the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles], September 13.Google Scholar
MOF (2015). Guanyu wanshan yanjiu kaifa feiyong shui qian jia ji kouchu zhengce de tongzhi [Notice on Improving the Pre-tax Deduction Policy for Research and Development Expenses], November 2. www.chinatax.gov.cn/n810341/n810755/c1878881/content.html. Last accessed: August 14, 2022.Google Scholar
MOF (2016). Guanyu tiaozheng xin nengyuan qi chetui guang ying yong caizheng butie zhengce de tongzhi [Notice on Adjusting the Financial Subsidy Policy for the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles], December 29.Google Scholar
MOF (2019). Guanyu jinyibu wanshan xin nengyuan qiche tuiguang yingyong caizheng butie zhengce de tongzhi [Notice on Further Improving the Financial Subsidy Policy for the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles], March 26.Google Scholar
MOF (2020a). Guanyu wanshan xin nengyuan qiche tuiguang yingyong caizheng butie zhengce de tongzhi [Notice on Improving the Financial Subsidy Policy for the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles], April 23.Google Scholar
MOF (2020b). Guanyu jinyibu wanshan xin nengyuan qiche tuiguang yingyong caizheng butie zhengce de tongzhi [Notice on Further Improving the Financial Subsidy Policy for the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles], December 31.Google Scholar
MOF (2021). Guanyu 2022 nian xin nengyuan qiche tuiguang yingyong caizheng butie zhengce de tongzhi [Notice on the Promotion and Application of Financial Subsidy Policies for New Energy Vehicles in 2022], December 31.Google Scholar
Montero, A. P. (2001). Delegative Dilemmas and Horizontal Logics: Subnational Industrial Policy in Spain and Brazil. Studies in Comparative International Development, 36(3), 58–89.Google Scholar
Moore, M. & Schmitz, H. (2008). Idealism, Realism and the Investment Climate in Developing Countries. IDS Working Paper 307.Google Scholar
Moore, S. (2014). Hydropolitics and Inter-Jurisdictional Relationships in China: The Pursuit of Localized Preferences in a Centralized System. China Quarterly, 219, 760–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, A. (2017). Cooperation of Vocational Colleges and Enterprises in China. Working Papers on East Asian Studies, Duisburg-Essen University.Google Scholar
Mungiu-Pippidi, A. (2020). The Rise and Fall of Good-Governance Promotion. Journal of Democracy, 31(1), 88–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nahm, J. (2017). Exploiting the Implementation Gap: Policy Divergence and Industrial Upgrading in China’s Wind and Solar Sectors. China Quarterly, 231, 705–27.Google Scholar
Naughton, B. (1995). Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform 1978–1993, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Naughton, B. (2018). The Chinese Economy: Adaptation and growth, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Naughton, B. (2020). Grand Steerage. In Fingar, T. & Oi, J. C., eds., Fateful Decisions. Choices That Will Shape China’s Future, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 51–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naughton, B. (2021). The Rise of China’s Industrial Policy, 1978 to 2020. National Autonomous University of Mexico. https://dusselpeters.com/CECHIMEX/Naughton2021_Industrial_Policy_in_China_CECHIMEX.pdf.Google Scholar
NBS (2020a). Zhongguo tongji nianjian [China Statistical Yearbook], Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe [China Statistics Press].Google Scholar
NBS (2020b). Zhongguo keji tongji nianjian [China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology], Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe [China Statistics Press].Google Scholar
NBS (various years). Zhongguo tongji nianjian [China Statistical Yearbook], Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe [China Statistics Press].Google Scholar
Nölke, A., ten Brink, T., Claar, S., & May, C. (2020). State-Permeated Capitalism in Large Emerging Economies, Basingstoke: Routledge.Google Scholar
O’Brien, K. J. & Li, L. (1999). Selective Policy Implementation in Rural China. Comparative Politics, 31(2), 167–86.Google Scholar
OECD. (2005). Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd ed., The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://bit.ly/3OLvM3Z.Google Scholar
Oi, J. (1995). The Role of the Local State in China’s Transitional Economy. China Quarterly, 144, 1132–49.Google Scholar
Oi, J. (2020). Future of Central–Local Relations. In Fingar, T. & Oi, J. C., eds., Fateful Decisions. Choices That Will Shape China’s Future, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 107–27.Google Scholar
Oliveira, F. (2020). Governo encaminha extinção da CEITEC em seu melhor momento [Government Conducts the Closure of CEITEC at Its Best Moment]. A Revolução Industrial Brasileira, November 23. https://rib.ind.br/governo-encaminha-extincao-da-ceitec-em-seu-melhor-momento/. Last accessed: February 8, 2023.Google Scholar
Ong, L. (2012). Between Developmental and Clientelist States: Local State–Business Relationships in China. Comparative Politics, 44(2), 191–209.Google Scholar
Pack, H. & Saggi, K. (2006). Is There a Case for Industrial Policy? A Critical Survey. World Bank Research Observer, 21(2), 267–97.Google Scholar
Painter, M. (2012) “Poor Governance” for Development in China and Vietnam. In Jomo, K. S. and Chowdhury, A., eds., Is Good Governance Good for Development?, London: Bloomsbury, 135–50.Google Scholar
Pan, F., Zhang, F., & Wu, F. (2021). State-Led Financialization in China: The Case of the Government-Guided Investment Fund. China Quarterly, 247, 749–72.Google Scholar
Paus, E. (2020). Innovation Strategies Matter: Latin America’s Middle-Income Trap Meets China and Globalisation. Journal of Development Studies, 56(4), 657–79.Google Scholar
Pei, M. (2016). China’s Crony Capitalism: The Dynamics of Regime Decay, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pirie, I. (2013). Globalization and the Decline of the Developmental State. In Fine, B., Saraswati, J., & Tavasci, D., eds., Beyond the Developmental State: Industrial Policy into the Twenty-first Century, London: Pluto Press, 146–68.Google Scholar
Polanyi, K. (2001). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Postiglione, G. A. (2020). Expanding Higher Education: China’s Precarious Balance. China Quarterly, 244, 920–41.Google Scholar
Qu, T. (2021). US–China Tech War: AI, Semiconductors Get Quasi-Military Commanders as “Supply Chain Chiefs” to Boost Self-Sufficiency. South China Morning Post, June 26. www.scmp.com/tech/tech-war/article/3138785/us-china-tech-war-ai-semiconductors-get-quasi-military-commanders. Last accessed: November 12, 2021.Google Scholar
Rithmire, M. & Chen, H. (2021). The Emergence of Mafia-Like Business Systems in China. China Quarterly, 248(1), 1037–58.Google Scholar
Rodrik, D. (2014). Green Industrial Policy. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 30(3), 469–91.Google Scholar
Rodrik, D. (2016). Premature Deindustrialization. Journal of Economic Growth, 21, 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sagild, R. & Ahlers, A. (2019). Working for Harmony and Innovation? Political Inclusion of Diversified Elites via the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference. Forum Internationale Wissenschaft, Working Paper No. 10/2019.Google Scholar
SBIIT. (2021). 2020 nian Suzhou Shi jicheng dianlu chanye fazhan baipishu [2020 Suzhou IC Industry Development White Paper]. Suzhou Bureau of Industry and Information Technology.Google Scholar
Schmid, J. & Wang, F. (2017). Beyond National Innovation Systems: Incentives and China’s Innovation Performance. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(104), 280–96.Google Scholar
Schneider, B. R. & Maxfield, S. (1997). Business, the State, and Economic Performance in Developing Countries. In Maxfield, S. & Schneider, B. R., eds., Business and the State in Developing Countries, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 3–35.Google Scholar
Schneider, R. (1998). Review: Elusive Synergy: Business–Government Relations and Development. Comparative Politics, 31(1), 101–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sebastian, G. & Chimits, F. (2022) “Made in China” Electric Vehicles Could Turn Sino–EU Trade on Its Head. MERICS, May 30. https://merics.org/en/comment/made-china-electric-vehicles-could-turn-sino-eu-trade-its-head.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, D. L. (2008). China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shen, C., Jin, J., & Zou, H. F. (2012). Fiscal Decentralization in China: History, Impact, Challenges and Next Steps. Annals of Economics and Finance, 13(1), 1–51.Google Scholar
Shen, Y., Yu, J., & Zhou, J. (2020). The Administration’s Retreat and the Party’s Advance in the New Era of Xi Jinping: the Politics of the Ruling Party, the Government, and Associations in China. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 25, 71–88.Google Scholar
Shih, V., Adolph, C., & Liu, M. (2012). Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members in China. American Political Science Review, 106(1), 166–87.Google Scholar
Shirk, S. (1993). The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shue, V. (1994). State Power and Social Organization in China. In Migdal, J., Kohli, A., & Shue, V., eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World, New York: Cambridge University Press, 65–88.Google Scholar
Sinha, A. (2003). Rethinking the Developmental State Model: Divided Leviathan and Subnational Comparisons in India. Comparative Politics, 35(4), 459–76.Google Scholar
Slodkowski, A. (2022). Chip Supplier Says China Will Struggle to Develop Advanced Technology. Financial Times, May 22. www.ft.com/content/a3e2c685-2f1f-46cf-892b-c44cdda88919. Last accessed: July 20, 2022.Google Scholar
SMIC (various years). SMIC Annual Report. https://www.smics.com/en/site/company_financialSummaryGoogle Scholar
Smith, G. (2015). Getting Ahead in Rural China: The Elite Cadre Divide and Its Implications for Rural Governance. Journal of Contemporary China, 24(94), 594–612.Google Scholar
State Council (2000). Guowuyuan guanyu yinfa guli ruanjian chanye he jicheng dianlu chanye fazhan ruogan zhengce de tongzhi [Circular of the State Council on Issuing Several Policies for Encouraging the Development of the Software Industry and Integrated Circuit Industry], June 24.Google Scholar
State Council (2011). Guowuyuan guanyu yinfa jinyibu guli ruanjian chanye he jicheng dianlu chanye fazhan ruogan zhengce de tongzhi [Circular of the State Council on Issuing Several Policies for Further Encouraging the Development of the Software Industry and the Integrated Circuit Industry], February 9.Google Scholar
State Council (2012). Guowuyuan guanyu yinfa jieneng yu xin nengyuan qiche chanye fazhan guihua [State Council’s Notice on Energy-Saving and New Energy Vehicles Industry Development Plan (2012–2020)], July 9. www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-07/09/content_2179032.htm. Last accessed: August 14, 2022.Google Scholar
State Council (2016a). Guojia chuangxin qudong fazhan zhanlüe gangyao [Outline of the National Innovation-Driven Development Strategy], May 19. www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-05/19/c_1118898033.htm. Last accessed: August 14, 2022Google Scholar
State Council (2016b). Guowuyuan guanyu yinfa ‘shisanwu’ guojia zhanlüe xing xinxing chanye fazhan guihua de tongzhi [Notice of the State Council on Issuing the National Strategic Emerging Industry Development Plan for the 13th Five-Year Plan], November 29, www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-12/19/content_5150090.htm. Last accessed: August 14, 2022.Google Scholar
State Council (2019). Guanyu zai zhiding xingzheng fagui guizhang xingzheng guifanxing wenjian guocheng zhong chongfen xiqu qiye he hangye xiehui shanghui yijian de tongzhi [Notification about Comprehensively Seeking the Opinion of Sectoral and Entrepreneurial Associations When Specifying Administrative and Regulatory Documents and Decrees], March 1. www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2019-03/13/content_5373423.htm. Last accessed: November 12, 2021.Google Scholar
State Council (2020a). Guowuyuan guanyu yinfa xin shiqi cujin jicheng dianlu chanye he ruanjian chanye gao zhiliang fazhan ruogan zhengce de tongzhi [Circular of the State Council on Issuing Several Policies for Promoting the High-quality Development of the Integrated Circuit Industry and the Software Industry in the New Era], July 27.Google Scholar
State Council (2020b). Guowuyuan bangong ting guanyu yinfa xin nengyuan qiche chanye fazhan guihua (2021–2035) de tongzhi [Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan (2021–2035)], October 20.Google Scholar
State Intellectual Property Office (2022). Guojia zhishi chanquan ju:2025 Nian yiqian quanbu quxiao dui zhuanli shouquan de ge lei caizheng xing zizhu [State Intellectual Property Office: Before 2025, All Kinds of Financial Subsidies for Patent Authorization Will Be Cancelled], January 27. www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-01/27/content_5670755.htm. Last accessed: July 20, 2022.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, J. (1996). Some Lessons from the East Asian Miracle. World Bank Researcher Observer, 11(2), 151–77.Google Scholar
Storz, C., ten Brink, T., & Zou, N. (2021). Innovation in Emerging Economies: How Do University–Industry Linkages and Public Procurement Matter for Small Businesses? Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 39, 1439–80.Google Scholar
Su, F. & Tao, R. (2017). The China Model Withering? Institutional Roots of China’s Local Developmentalism. Urban Studies, 54(1), 230–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, P. (2007). Is the State-Led Industrial Restructuring Effective in Transition China? Evidence from The Steel Sector. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 31, 601–24.Google Scholar
Sun, X., Zhu, J., & Wu, Y. (2014). Organizational Clientelism: An Analysis of Private Entrepreneurs in Chinese Local Legislatures. Journal of East Asian Studies, 14(1), 1–29.Google Scholar
Sun, Y. & Cao, C. (2021). Planning for Science: China’s “Grand Experiment” and Global Implications. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutherland, D. & Ning, L. (2015). The Emergence and Evolution of Chinese Business Groups: Are Pyramidal Groups Forming? In Naughton, B. & Tsai, K., eds., State Capitalism, Institutional Adaptation, and the Chinese Miracle, New York: Cambridge University Press, 102–53.Google Scholar
Sutter, K. (2021). China’s New Semiconductor Policies: Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, R46767, April 20.Google Scholar
Suttmeier, R. P. (2020). Chinese Science Policy at a Crossroads. Issues in Science and Technology, 36(2), 58–63.Google Scholar
SZICC [National IC Design Shenzhen Industrial Centre] (2012). Shenzhen–Hong Kong Cooperation. www.szicc.net/xmgl/sghz/. Last accessed: November 12, 2021.Google Scholar
Taalbi, J. & Nielsen, H. (2021). The Role of Energy Infrastructure in Shaping Early Adoption of Electric and Gasoline Cars. Nature Energy, 6(10), 970–76.Google Scholar
Teets, J. C. (2013). Let Many Civil Societies Bloom: The Rise of Consultative Authoritarianism in China. China Quarterly, 213, 19–38.Google Scholar
Teets, J. C. (2015). The Politics of Policy Innovation in China: Local Officials as Policy Entrepreneurs. Issues and Studies, 51(2), 79–109.Google Scholar
ten Brink, T. (2019). China’s Capitalism: A Paradoxical Route to Economic Prosperity, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
The Economist (2020). How ASML Became Chipmaking’s Biggest Monopoly, February 29. www.economist.com/business/2020/02/29/how-asml-became-chipmakings-biggest-monopoly. Last accessed: July 21, 2022.Google Scholar
The Economist (2021). IMEC Offers Neutral Ground amid Chip Rivalries, September 23. http://bit.ly/45hTF8Q. Last accessed: May 19, 2023.Google Scholar
Thun, E. (2018). Innovation at the Middle of the Pyramid: State Policy, Market Segmentation, and the Chinese Automotive Sector. Technovation, 70–71, 7–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsai, K. (2006). Adaptive Informal Institutions and Endogenous Institutional Change in China. World Politics, 59(1), 116–41.Google Scholar
Tsai, K. & Cook, S. (2005). Developmental Dilemmas in China: Socialist Transition and Late Liberalization. In Pekkanen, S. & Tsai, K., eds., Japan and China in the World Political Economy, London: Routledge, 45–66.Google Scholar
Tsang, S. (2009). Consultative Leninism: China’s New Political Framework. Journal of Contemporary China, 18(62), 865–80.Google Scholar
TSMC (2020). TSMC Annual Report 2020. https://investor.tsmc.com/sites/ir/annual-report/2020/2020Annual%20Report_E_%20.pdf.Google Scholar
TSMC (various years). TSMC Annual Reports. https://investor.tsmc.com/english/annual-reports.Google Scholar
Tsui, K. Y. (2011). China’s Infrastructure Investment Boom and Local Debt Crisis. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 52(5), 686–711.Google Scholar
van Aken, T. & Lewis, O. A. (2015). The Political Economy of Noncompliance in China: The Case of Industrial Energy Policy. Journal of Contemporary China, 24(95), 798–822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, R. (1990). Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wade, R. (2005). Bringing the State Back In: Lessons from East Asia’s Development Experience. IPG 2 (International Politics and Society). www.fes.de/ipg/IPG2_2005/ROBERTWADE.PDF.Google Scholar
Walter, A. & Zhang, X. (2012). East Asian Capitalism: Diversity, Continuity, and Change, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang., H. (2022). “Security Is a Prerequisite for Development”: Consensus-Building toward a New Top Priority in the Chinese Communist Party. Journal of Contemporary China. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2022.2108681.Google Scholar
Wang, J. & Mou, Y. (2021). The Paradigm Shift in the Disciplining of Village Cadres in China: From Mao to Xi. China Quarterly, 248(S1), 181–99.Google Scholar
Wang, Y. (2019). Policy Articulation and Paradigm Transformation: The Bureaucratic Origin of China’s Industrial Policy. Review of International Political Economy, 28(1),204–31.Google Scholar
Weber, I. M. (2021). How China Escaped Shock Therapy: The Market Reform Debate, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wedeman, A. (2020). Anticorruption Forever? In. Fingar, T. & Oi, J. C., eds., Fateful Decisions: Choices That Will Shape China’s Future, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 82–106.Google Scholar
Wei, Y. D. (2015). Zone Fever, Project Fever: Economic Transition, Development Policy, and Urban Expansion in China. Geographical Review, 105, 156–77.Google Scholar
White, G. (1993). Riding the Tiger: The Politics of Economic Reform in Post-Mao China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiting, S. (2001). Power and Wealth in Rural China: The Political Economy of Institutional Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Whiting, S. (2004). The Cadre Evaluation System at the Grassroots. In Naughton, B. J. & Yang, D. L., eds., Holding China Together: Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era, New York: Cambridge University Press, 101–19.Google Scholar
Wong, C. (2009). Rebuilding Government for the 21st Century: Can China Incrementally Reform the Public Sector? China Quarterly, 200, 929–52.Google Scholar
Wong, C. H. (2021). Xi Jinping’s Eager-to-Please Bureaucrats Snarl His China Plans. Wall Street Journal, March 7. www.wsj.com/articles/xi-jinpings-eager-to-please-minions-snarl-his-china-plans-11615141195. Last accessed: November 12, 2021.Google Scholar
Wong, J. (2011). Betting on Biotech: Innovation and the Limits of Asia’s Developmental State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Woo-Cumings, M. (1999). Introduction: Chalmers Johnson and the Politics of Nationalism and Development. In Woo-Cumings, M., ed., The Developmental State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1–31.Google Scholar
World Bank. (1994). Governance: The World Bank’s Experience. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Xu, J. (2021). Characteristics of Industry Policy on New Energy Vehicles and the Practice Research. In Huang, H., ed., China’s Industrial Policy Transformation: Theory and Practice, Singapore: World Scientific, 257–76.Google Scholar
Yang, C. H. & Lee, W.-C. (2021). Establishing Science Parks Everywhere? Misallocation in R&D and Its Determinants of Science Parks in China. China Economic Review, 67, 101605. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101605.Google Scholar
Yang, D. L. (2004). Remaking the Chinese Leviathan: Market Transition and the Politics of Governance in China, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Yang, X. & Yan, J. (2018). Top-Level Design, Reform Pressures, and Local Adaptations: An Interpretation of the Trajectory of Reform since the 18th CPC Party Congress. Journal of Chinese Governance, 3(1), 25–48.Google Scholar
Yeung, G. (2019). “Made in China 2025”: The Development of a New Energy Vehicle Industry in China. Area Development and Policy, 4(1), 39–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, J., Guan, K. X., Li, Z., & Chen, F. (2020). Focus on Key Technology Breakthroughs, and Strengthen National Scientific and Technological Innovation Systematization Capability. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 35(8), 1018–23 [in Chinese].Google Scholar
Zeng, D. Z. (2011). How Do Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters Drive China’s Rapid Development? Policy Research Working Paper No. WPS 5583, World Bank, Washington, DC. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/310891468018256346/pdf/WPS5583.pdf.Google Scholar
Zhang, C. (2019). Asymmetric Mutual Dependence between the State and Capitalists in China. Politics & Society, 47(2), 149–76.Google Scholar
Zhang, L. & Lan, T. (2023). The New Whole State System: Reinventing the Chinese State to Promote Innovation. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 55(1), 201–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, X. (2017). Implementation of Pollution Control Targets: Has a Centralized Enforcement Approach Worked? China Quarterly, 231, 749–74.Google Scholar
Zhang, X. (2018). Business–State-Interactions and Technology Development Regimes: A Comparative Analysis of Two Metropolises. In Zhang, X. & Zhu, T., eds., Business, Government and Economic Institutions in China, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 313–40.Google Scholar
Zhang, X. (2023). State Policy Regimes and Associational Roles in Technology Development: A Tale of Two Metropolises. Politics & Society, 51(1), 30–65.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Chen, K., & Fu, X. (2019). Scientific Effects of Triple Helix Interactions among Research Institutes, Industries and Universities. Technovation, 86–87, 33–47.Google Scholar
Zhao, W. & Lüthje, B. (2022). Value Chain Advantage from Below: A Study on How Chinese Electric Vehicle Battery Firms Build Core Competency. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Zhi, Q. & Pearson, M. M. (2017). China’s Hybrid Adaptive Bureaucracy: The Case of the 863 Program for Science and Technology. Governance, 30(3), 407–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, X. (2010). The Institutional Logic of Collusion among Local Governments in China. Modern China, 36(1), 47–78.Google Scholar
Zhou, X. (2020). Organizational Response to COVID-19 Crisis: Reflections on the Chinese Bureaucracy and Its Resilience. Management and Organization Review, 16(3), 473–84.Google Scholar
Zhou, Y. & Liu, X. (2016). Evolution of Chinese State Policies on Innovation. In Zhou, Y., Lazonick, W., & Sun, Y., eds., China as An Innovation Nation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 33–67.Google Scholar
- 4
- Cited by