Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-m42fx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-17T04:24:21.091Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Causation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 June 2021

Luke Fenton-Glynn
Affiliation:
University College London

Summary

This Element provides an accessible introduction to the contemporary philosophy of causation. It introduces the reader to central concepts and distinctions (type vs token causation, probabilistic vs deterministic causation, difference-making, interventions, overdetermination, pre-emption) and to key tools (structural equations, graphs, probabilistic causal models) drawn upon in the contemporary debate. The aim is to fuel the reader's interest in causation, and to equip them with the resources to contribute to the debate themselves. The discussion is historically informed and outward-looking. 'Historically informed' in that concise accounts of key historical contributions to the understanding of causation set the stage for an examination of the latest research. 'Outward looking' in that illustrations are provided of how the philosophy of causation relates to issues in the sciences, law, and elsewhere. The aim is to show why the study of causation is of critical importance, besides being fascinating in its own right.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108588300
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 15 July 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albert, D. Z. (2000). Time and Chance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anscombe, G. E. M. (1971). Causality and Determination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. M. (1983). What Is a Law of Nature? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, M. (2013). A regularity theoretic approach to actual causation. Erkenntnis 78, 85109.Google Scholar
Beebee, H. (2004). Causing and nothingness. In Collins, J., Hall, N., and Paul, L.A. (eds): Causation and Counterfactuals, pp. 291308. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, S. (2017). Causal proportions and moral responsibility. In Shoemaker, D. (ed.), Oxford Studies in Agency and Responsibility: vol. 4, pp. 165–82. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bigaj, T. (2012). Causation without influence. Erkenntnis 76, 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, T. and Schaffer, J. (2015). Cause without default. In Beebee, H., Hitchcock, C., and Price, H. (Eds.), Making a Difference. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Callender, C. and Cohen, J. (2010). Special sciences, conspiracy and the better best system account of lawhood. Erkenntnis 73, 427–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, G. and Pelletier, F. (Eds.) (1995). The Generic Book, Chicago, IL. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Carroll, J. (1991). Property-level causation? Philosophical Studies 63, 245–70.Google Scholar
Cartwright, N. (1979). Causal laws and effective strategies. Noûs 13, 419–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cartwright, N. (2002). Against modularity, the causal markov condition, and any link between the two: Comments on Hausman and Woodward. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 53, 411–53.Google Scholar
Cartwright, N. (2004). Causation: One word, many things. Philosophy of Science 71, 805–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cat, J. (2017). The unity of science, In Zalta, E. (ed.): Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/scientific-unity/Google Scholar
Choi, S. (2002). Causation and gerrymandered world lines: A critique of Salmon. Philosophy of Science 69, 105–17.Google Scholar
Collins, J. (2000). Preemptive prevention. Journal of Philosophy 97, 223–34.Google Scholar
Craver, C. and Tabery, J. (2019). Mechanisms in science. In Zalta, E. (ed.): Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/science-mechanisms/Google Scholar
Davidson, D. (1967). Causal relations. Journal of Philosophy 64, 691703.Google Scholar
Dowe, P. (1992). Wesley Salmon’s process theory of causality and the conserved quantity theory. Philosophy of Science 59, 195216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowe, P. (2000). Physical Causation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, J. (2011). Fried eggs, thermodynamics, and the special sciences. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 62(1), 7198.Google Scholar
Eagle, A. (2015). Generic causation. Unpublished Manuscript; http://philpapers.org/rec/EAGGC.Google Scholar
Earman, J. (1986). A Primer on Determinism. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edgington, D. (1997). Mellor on chance and causation. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 48, 411–33.Google Scholar
Eells, E. (1991). Probabilistic Causality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Elga, A. (2001). Statistical mechanics and the asymmetry of counterfactual dependence. Philosophy of Science 68 (Supplement), S313S324.Google Scholar
Emery, N. (2015). Chance, possibility, and explanation. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 66, 95120.Google Scholar
Evans, R. (2013). Altered Pasts: Counterfactuals in History. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.Google Scholar
Fenton-Glynn, L. (2017). A proposed probabilistic extension of the Halpern and Pearl definition of ‘actual cause’. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 68, 1061–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feynman, R. (1965). The Character of Physical Law. London: BBC.Google Scholar
Glennan, S. (1996). Mechanisms and the nature of causation. Erkenntnis 44, 4971.Google Scholar
Glennan, S. (2017). The New Mechanical Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Glymour, C., Danks, D., Glymour, B. et al. (2010). Actual causation: A stone soup essay. Synthese 175, 169–92.Google Scholar
Glynn, L. (2013). Of miracles and interventions. Erkenntnis 78, 4364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldszmidt, M. and Pearl, J. (1992). Rank-based systems: A simple approach to belief revision, belief update, and reasoning about evidence and actions. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, San Mateo, CA, pp. 661–72. Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Hacking, I. (1965). The Logic of Statistical Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hájek, A. (2007). The reference class problem is your problem too. Synthese 156, 563–85.Google Scholar
Hall, N. (2000). Causation and the price of transitivity. Journal of Philosophy 97, 198222.Google Scholar
Hall, N. (2004). Two concepts of causation. In Causation and Counterfactuals, pp. 225–76. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Halpern, J. Y. (2015). Appropriate causal models and stability of causation. Unpublished manuscript, www.cs.cornell.edu/home/halpern/papers/causalmodeling.pdf.Google Scholar
Halpern, J. Y. (2016). Actual Causality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Halpern, J. Y. and Hitchcock, C. (2010). Actual causation and the art of modeling. In Dechter, R., Geffner, H., and Halpern, J. Y. (Eds.), Heuristics, Probability and Causality: A Tribute to Judea Pearl, pp. 383406. London: College Publications.Google Scholar
Halpern, J. Y. and Hitchcock, C. (2015). Graded causation and defaults. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 66, 413–57.Google Scholar
Halpern, J. Y. and Pearl, J. (2005). Causes and explanations: A structural-model approach. Part I: Causes. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 56, 843–87.Google Scholar
Hart, H. L. A. and Honoré, T. (1959). Causation in the Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hausman, D. and Woodward, J. (1999). Independence, invariance and the causal markov condition. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 50, 521–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesslow, G. (1976). Two notes on the probabilistic approach to causality. Philosophy of Science 43, 290–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hitchcock, C. (1995). Salmon on explanatory relevance. Philosophy of Science 62, 304–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hitchcock, C. (1996). Farewell to binary causation. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 26, 267–82.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, C. (2001a). The intransitivity of causation revealed in equations and graphs. Journal of Philosophy 98, 194202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hitchcock, C. (2001b). A tale of two effects. Philosophical Review 110, 361–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hitchcock, C. (2004). Do all and only causes raise the probabilities of effects? In Collins, J., Hall, N., and Paul, L. (eds.), Causation and Counterfactuals, pp. 403–17. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, C. (2007). Prevention, preemption, and the principle of sufficient reason. Philosophical Review 116, 495532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hitchcock, C. (2009). Problems for the conserved quantity theory: Counterexamples, circularity, and redundancy. Monist 92, 7293.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, C. and Knobe, J. (2009). Cause and norm. Journal of Philosophy 106, 587612.Google Scholar
Hoefer, C. (2007). The third way on objective probability: A sceptic’s guide to objective chance. Mind 116, 549–96.Google Scholar
Hume, D. (1739). A Treatise of Human Nature. London: J. Noon.Google Scholar
Hume, D. (1748). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. London: A. Millar.Google Scholar
Ismael, J. (2009). Probability in deterministic physics. Journal of Philosophy 106, 89108.Google Scholar
Kim, J. (1973a). Causation, nomic subsumption, and the concept of event. Journal of Philosophy 70, 217–36.Google Scholar
Kim, J. (1973b). Causes and counterfactuals. Journal of Philosophy 70, 570–72.Google Scholar
Kment, B. (2006). Counterfactuals and explanation. Mind 155, 261–10.Google Scholar
Kroedel, T. (2008). Mental causation as multiple causation. Philosophical Studies 139, 125–43.Google Scholar
Kvart, I. (2004). Causation: Probabilistic and counterfactual analyses. In Causation and Counterfactuals, pp. 359–86. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1973a). Causation. Journal of Philosophy 70, 556–67.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1973b). Counterfactuals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1979). Counterfactual dependence and time’s arrow. Noûs 13, 455–76.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1986a). Events. In Lewis, D. (Ed.), Philosophical Papers, vol. 2, pp. 241269. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1986b). Philosophical Papers, vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1994). Humean supervenience debugged. Mind 103(412), 473–90.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (2004a). Causation as influence. In Collins, J., Hall, N., and Paul, L. (eds.), Causation and Counterfactuals, pp. 75106. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (2004b). Void and object. In Collins, J., Hall, N., and Paul, L. (eds.), Causation and Counterfactuals, pp. 277290. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
List, C. and Pivato, M. (2015). Emergent chance. Philosophical Review 124, 119152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewer, B. (2001). Determinism and chance. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 32, 609–20.Google Scholar
Machamer, P., Darden, L., and Craver, C. (2000). Thinking about mechanisms. Philosophy of Science 67, 125.Google Scholar
Mackie, J. (1965). Causes and conditions. American Philosophical Quarterly 2, 245–64.Google Scholar
Mackie, J. (1980). The Cement of the Universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Malament, D. (2008). Norton’s slippery slope. Philosophy of Science 75, 799816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDermott, M. (2002). Causation: Influence versus sufficiency. Journal of Philosophy 99, 84101.Google Scholar
McGrath, S. (2005). Causation by omission: A dilemma. Philosophical Studies 123, 125–48.Google Scholar
Meek, C. and Glymour, C. (1994). Conditioning and intervening. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 45, 1001–21.Google Scholar
Mellor, D. H. (1971). The Matter of Chance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mellor, H. (1995). The Facts of Causation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Menzies, P. (1989). Probabilistic causation and causal processes: A critique of Lewis. Philosophy of Science 56, 642–63.Google Scholar
Menzies, P. (1996). Probabilistic causation and the pre-emption problem. Mind 105, 85117.Google Scholar
Mill, J. (1843). A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, Vol. 1. London: John W. Parker.Google Scholar
Moore, M. (2009). Causation and Responsibility: An Essay in Laws, Morals, and Metaphysics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Northcott, R. (2008). Causation and contrast classes. Philosophical Studies 139, 111–23.Google Scholar
Norton, J. (2008). The dome: An unexpectedly simple failure of determinism. Philosophy of Science 75, 786–98.Google Scholar
O’Connor, T. (2002). Persons and Causes: The Metaphysics of Free Will. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Paul, L. A. and Hall, N. (2013). Causation: A User’s Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popper, K. (1959). The propensity interpretation of probability. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 10, 2542.Google Scholar
Read, R. (ed.) (2014). The New Hume Debate: Revised Edition, Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Reichenbach, H. (1971). The Direction of Time. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. Reichenbach, M. (ed.). First published in 1956.Google Scholar
Reutlinger, A., Schurz, G., Hütteman, A. and Jaag, S. (2019). Ceteris paribus laws, In Zalta, E. (ed.): Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/ceteris-paribus/Google Scholar
Rosen, D. (1978). In defense of a probabilistic theory of causality. Philosophy of Science 45, 604–13.Google Scholar
Salmon, W. (1994). Causality without counterfactuals. Philosophy of Science 61, 297312.Google Scholar
Salmon, W. (1997). Causality and explanation: A reply to two critiques. Philosophy of Science 64, 461–77.Google Scholar
Salmon, W. C. (1980). Probabilistic causality. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 61, 5074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sartorio, C. (2005). Causes as difference-makers. Philosophical Studies 123, 7196.Google Scholar
Sartorio, C. (2020). More of a cause? Journal of Applied Philosophy 37, 346–63.Google Scholar
Schaffer, J. (2001). Causes as probability raisers of processes. Journal of Philosophy 98, 7592.Google Scholar
Schaffer, J. (2004). Trumping preemption. In Collins, J., Hall, N., and Paul, L. A. (eds.), Causation and Counterfactuals, pp. 5973. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Schaffer, J. (2005). Contrastive causation. Philosophical Review 114, 327–58.Google Scholar
Schaffer, J. (2013). Causal contextualisms. In Blaauw, M. (ed.), Contrastivism in Philosophy, pp. 3563. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Spirtes, P., Glymour, C., and Scheines, R. (2000). Causation, Prediction, and Search (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Strevens, M. (2007). Mackie remixed. In Campbell, J., O’Rourke, M., and Silverstein, H. (eds.) Causation and Explanation, pp. 93118. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Suppes, P. (1970). A Probabilistic Theory of Causality, Acta Philosophica Fennica, vol. 24. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Tucker, A. (1999). Historiographical counterfactuals and historical contingency. History and Theory 38, 264–76.Google Scholar
Venn, J. (1866). The Logic of Chance. London and Cambridge: Macmillan and Co.Google Scholar
Werndl, C. (2011). On choosing between deterministic and indeterministic models: Underdetermination and indirect evidence. Synthese 190, 2243–65.Google Scholar
Weslake, B. (2020). A partial theory of actual causation. Forthcoming in British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.Google Scholar
Williamson, T. (2000). Knowledge and its Limits. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Woodward, J. (2003). Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yablo, S. (2002). De facto dependence. Journal of Philosophy 99, 130148.Google Scholar
Yablo, S. (2004). Advertisement for a sketch of an outline of a prototheory of causation. In Collins, J., Hall, N., and Paul, L.A. (eds): Causation and Counterfactuals, pp. 119137. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Yang, H., Rivera, Z., Jube, S. et al. (2010). Programmed necrosis induced by asbestos in human mesothelial cells causes high-mobility group box 1 protein release and resultant inflammation. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences 107, 12611–16.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Causation
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Causation
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Causation
Available formats
×