Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8bljj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-28T03:47:18.819Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Ancient Egypt in its African Context

Economic Networks, Social and Cultural Interactions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2022

Andrea Manzo
Affiliation:
Università degli Studi di Napoli 'L'Orientale'

Summary

This Element is aimed at discussing the relations between Egypt and its African neighbours. In the first section, the history of studies, the different kind of sources available on the issue, and a short outline of the environmental setting is provided. In the second section the relations between Egypt and its African neighbours from the late Prehistory to Late Antique times are summarized. In the third section the different kinds of interactions are described, as well as their effects on the lives of individuals and groups, and the related cultural dynamics, such as selection, adoption, entanglement and identity building. Finally, the possible future perspective of research on the issue is outlined, both in terms of methods, strategies, themes and specific topics, and of regions and sites whose exploration promises to provide a crucial contribution to the study of the relations between Egypt and Africa.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009070638
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 07 April 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, W. Y. (1977). Nubia: Corridor to Africa. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R., and Welsby, D. A., eds. (2004). Sudan Ancient Treasures. London: The British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Andrews, C. (1990). Ancient Egyptian Jewellery. London: The British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Bard, K. A., and Fattovich, R. (2018). Seafaring Expeditions to Punt in the Middle Kingdom. Excavations at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis. Egypt. Leiden/Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bárta, M. (2018). The Birth of Supernatural. On the Genesis of Some Later Ancient Egyptian Concepts. In Kabaciński, J., Chłodnicki, M., Kobusiewicz, M. and Winiarska-Kabacińska, M., eds. Desert and the Nile. Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara Papers in Honour of Fred Wendorf. Poznań: Poznań Archaeological Museum, 669–85.Google Scholar
Binder, S. (2008). The Gold of Honour in the New Kingdom Egypt. Oxford: Aris and Phillips Ltd.Google Scholar
Blackman, A. M. (1914). The Rock Tombs of Meir, vol. 1, The Tomb-Chapel of Ueh-hotp’s Son Senbi. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.Google Scholar
Bonnet, Ch. (2000). Édifices et rites funéraires à Kerma. Paris: Errance.Google Scholar
Bonnet, Ch. (2004). Le temple principal de la ville de Kerma et son quartier religieux. Paris: Errance.Google Scholar
Bonnet, Ch. (2008). L’occupation égyptienne du Nouvel Empire à Doukki Gel. L’apport de l’archéologie. In Godlewski, W. and Łajtar, A., eds. Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th Conference of Nubian Studies, vol. 1. Warsaw: Warsaw University Press, 7584.Google Scholar
Bonnet, Ch. (2014). La ville de Kerma. Une capitale nubienne au sud de l’Égypte. Paris: Favre.Google Scholar
Bonnet, Ch. , and Valbelle, D. (2003). Un dépôt de statues royales du début du VIe siècle av. J.-C. à Kerma. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 747–69.Google Scholar
Brass, M. (2018). Early North African Cattle Domestication and Its Ecological Setting: A Reassessment. Journal of World Prehistory, 31, 81115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breyer, F. (2016). Punt: die Suche nach dem ‘Gottesland’. Leiden/Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burstein, S. M., ed., tr. (1989). Agatharchides of Cnidus, On the Erythrean Sea. London: Hakluyt Society.Google Scholar
Casson, L., ed., tr. (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Casson, L. (1993). Ptolemy II and the Hunting of African Elephants. Transactions of the American Philological Association, 123, 247–60.Google Scholar
Cervelló Autori, J. (1996). Egipto y Africa. Origen de la civilización y la monarqía faraónicas en su contexto africano. Barcelona: AUSA.Google Scholar
Červiček, P. (1986). Rock Pictures of Upper Egypt and Nubia. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale.Google Scholar
Clayton, J., de Trafford, A., and Borda, M. (2008). A Hieroglyphic Inscription Found at Jebel Uweinat Mentioning Yam and Tekhebet. Sahara, 19, 129–34.Google Scholar
Cooper, J. (2012). Reconsidering the Location of Yam. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 48, 121.Google Scholar
Darnell, J. C. (2003). The Rock Inscriptions of Tjehemau at Abisko. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache, 130, 3148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darnell, J. C. (2006). The Inscription of Queen Katimala at Semna: Textual Evidence for the Origins of the Napatan State. New Haven: Yale University.Google Scholar
Darnell, J. C. (2007). The Deserts. In Wilkinson, T. (ed.), The Egyptian World. London and New York: Routledge, 2948.Google Scholar
Davies, V. W. (2003). Kush in Egypt: A New Historical Inscription. Sudan & Nubia, 7, 52–4.Google Scholar
Davies, V. W. (2014). Recording Egyptian Inscriptions in the Desert and Elsewhere. Sudan & Nubia, 18, 3044.Google Scholar
Davies, V. W. (2017). Nubia in the New Kingdom: The Egyptians at Kurgus. In Spencer, N., Stevens, A. and Binder, M., eds. Nubia in the New Kingdom. Lived Experience, Pharaonic Control and Indigenous Traditions. Leuven/Paris/Bristol: Peeters, 65105.Google Scholar
Davies, N., and Gardiner, A. (1926). The Tomb of Huy, Viceroy of Nubia in the Reign of Tutankhamun (No. 40). London: Egypt Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Deichmann, F. W. (1966). Eine alabasterne Largitionsschale aus Nubien. In Schumacher, W. N., ed. Tortulae. Studien zu altchristlichen und byzantinischen Monumenten. Rom-Freiburg-Wien: Herder, 6576.Google Scholar
de Souza, A. (2018). New Horizons: The Pan-Grave Ceramic Tradition in Context. London: Golden House Publications.Google Scholar
de Souza, A. (2020). Melting Pots: Entanglement, Appropriation, Hybridity, and Assertive Objects between the Pan-Grave and Egyptian Ceramic Traditions. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 27, 123.Google Scholar
Dumont, H. J. (2009). A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources. In Dumont, H. J., ed. The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Heidelberg: Springer, 121.Google Scholar
Edwards, D. N. (1996). The Archaeology of the Meroitic State. New Perspectives on Its Social and Political Organisation. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, D. N. (2003). Ancient Egypt in the Sudanese Middle Nile: A Case of Mistaken Identity?. In O’Connor, D. and Reid, A., eds. Ancient Egypt in Africa. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press, 137–50.Google Scholar
Edwards, D. N. (2004). The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Eide, T., Hägg, T., Pierce, R. H., and Török, L., eds. (1994). Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, vol. 1, From the Eighth to the mid-Fifth Century BC. Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen.Google Scholar
Eide, T., Hägg, T., Pierce, R. H., and Török, L., eds. (1998). Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, vol. 3, From the First to the Sixth Century AD. Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen.Google Scholar
Ejsmond, W. (2019). Some Thoughts on Nubians in Gebelein Region during First Intermediate Period. In Peterková Hlouchová, M., Belohoubková, D., Honzl, J. and Nováková, V., eds. Current Research in Egyptology 2018. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2341.Google Scholar
Emberling, G., and Williams, B. (2010). The Kingdom of Kush in the 4th Cataract: Archaeological Salvage of the Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition 2007 Season. Part I. Preliminary Report on the Sites of Hosh el-Guruf and El-Widay. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports, 7, 1738.Google Scholar
Emery, W. B., Smith, H. S., and Millard, A. (1979). The Fortress of Buhen 1. The Archaeological Report. London: Egypt Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Espinel, A. D. (2011). Abriendo los caminos de Punt. Contactos entre Egipto y el ámbito afroárabe durante la Edad del Bronce [ca. 3000 a.C.–1065 a.C.]. Barcelona: Bellaterra arquelogía.Google Scholar
Firth, C. M. (1927). The Archaeological Survey of Nubia. Report for 1910–1911. Cairo: Government Press.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. (1961). The Nubian Mercenaries of Gebelein during the First Intermediate Period. Kush, 9, 4481.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. (1963). Varia Aegyptiaca. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 2, 1551.Google Scholar
Förster, F. (2013). Beyond Dakhla: The Abu Ballas Trail in the Libyan Desert (SW Egypt). In Förster, F. and Reimer, H., eds. Desert Road Archaeology in Ancient Egypt and Beyond. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, 297333.Google Scholar
Frankfort, H. (1948). Kingship and the Gods. A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as Integration of Society and Nature. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, R. (2001). Nubians at Hierakonpolis. Excavations in the Nubian Cemeteries. Sudan & Nubia, 5, 2938.Google Scholar
Friedman, R., and Hobbs, J. J. (2002). A ‘Tasian’ Tomb in Egypt’s Eastern Desert. In Friedman, R., ed. Egypt and Nubia. Gifts of the Desert. London: The British Museum Press, 178–91.Google Scholar
Gabolde, L. (2003). La stele de Thoutmosis II à Assouan, témoin historique et archetype littéraire. Orientalia Monspeliensa, 14, 129–48.Google Scholar
Gatto, M. C. (2006). The Nubian A-Group: A Reassessment. Archéo-Nil, 16, 6176.Google Scholar
Gatto, M. C. (2009). Egypt and Nubia in the 5th–4th Millennia BCE: A View from the First Cataract and Its Surroundings. British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan, 13, 125–45.Google Scholar
Gatto, M. C. (2011). The Nubian Pastoral Culture as Link between Egypt and Africa: A View from the Archaeological Record. In Exell, K. (ed.), Egypt in Its African Context: Proceedings of the Conference Held at the Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, 2–4 October 2009. Oxford: Archaeopress, 21–9.Google Scholar
Gatto, M. C., and Zerboni, A. (2015). Holocene Supra-Regional Environmental Changes as Trigger for Major Socio-Cultural Processes in Northeastern Africa and the Sahara. African Archaeological Review, 32, 301–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giuliani, S. (2001). Pottery from the Nubian Cemeteries. Sudan & Nubia, 5, 40–5.Google Scholar
Gratien, B. (1978). Les cultures Kerma. Essai de classification. Lille: Publications de l’Université de Lille III.Google Scholar
Hasfaas, H. (2005). Cattle Pastoralists in a Multicultural Setting. The C-Group People in Lower Nubia. Bergen: Center for Development Studies–Bergen University.Google Scholar
Hatke, G. (2013). Aksum and Nubia. Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. New York: New York University Press–Institute for the Study of the Ancient World.Google Scholar
Heidorn, Lisa A. (1994). Historical Implications of the Pottery from the Earliest Tombs at El Kurru. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 31, 115–31.Google Scholar
Hintze, F. (1959). Preliminary Report of the Butana Expedition. Kush, 7, 171–96.Google Scholar
Honegger, M. (2014). Aux origins des pharaons noirs. 10.000 ans d’archéologie en Nubie. Hauterive: Laténium–Fondation Kerma.Google Scholar
Honegger, M. (2018). La plus ancienne tombe royale du royaume de Kerma en Nubie. Bulletin de la Société neuchâteloise des sciences naturelles, 138, 185–98.Google Scholar
Hope, C. (2002). Early and Mid-Holocene Ceramics from the Dakhleh Oasis: Traditions and Influences. In Friedman, R. (ed.), Egypt and Nubia. Gifts of the Desert. London: The British Museum Press, 3961.Google Scholar
Jesse, F. (2013). Far from the Nile – The Gala Abu Ahmed Fortress in the Lower Wadi Howar (Northern Sudan). In Jesse, F. and Vogel, C., eds. The Power of Walls: Fortifications in Ancient Northeastern Africa. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, 321–2.Google Scholar
Jesse, F., Kröpelin, S., Lange, M., Pöllath, N., and Berke, H. (2004). On the periphery of Kerma: The Handessi Horizon in the Wadi Hariq, Northwestern Sudan. Journal of African Archaeology, 2, 123–64.Google Scholar
Jiménez-Serrano, A. (2006). Two Different Names of Nubia before the Fifth Dynasty. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 35, 141–5.Google Scholar
Kanawati, N. (2017). Ritual Marriage Alliances and Consolidation of Power in Middle Egypt during the Middle Kingdom. Études et Travaux, 30, 267–88.Google Scholar
Kaper, O. E., and Willems, H. (2002). Policing the Desert: Old Kingdom Activity around the Dakhleh Oasis. In Friedman, R., ed. Egypt and Nubia. Gifts of the Desert. London: The British Museum Press, 7994.Google Scholar
Kemp, B. J. (1972). Fortified Towns in Nubia. In Ucko, P. J., Tringham, R. and Dimbleby, G. W., eds. Man, Settlement and Urbanism. London: Duckworth, 651–6.Google Scholar
Kendall, T. (1997). Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush 2500–1500 BC. The Archaeological Discovery of an Ancient Nubian Empire. Washington, DC: National Museum of African Art.Google Scholar
Kendall, T. (1999). The Origin of the Napatan State: El Kurru and the Evidence for the Royal Ancestors. In Wenig, S., ed. Studien zum antiken Sudan. Akten der 7. Internationalen Tagung für meroitische Forschungen. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 3117.Google Scholar
Klotz, D. (2015). Darius I and the Sabaeans: Ancient Partners in Red Sea Navigation. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 74, 267–80.Google Scholar
Kuper, R. (2002). Routes and Roots in Egypt’s Western Desert: The Early Holocene Resettlement of the Eastern Sahara. In Friedman, R., ed. Egypt and Nubia. Gifts of the Desert. London: The British Museum Press, 112.Google Scholar
Łajtar, A., and van der Vliet, J. (2006). The Southernmost Latin Inscription Rediscovered (‘CIL’ III 83). Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 157, 193–8.Google Scholar
Lepsius, K. R. (1849). Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen, Friedrich Wilhelm IV., nach diesen Ländern gesendeten, und in den Jahren 1842–1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition auf Befehl Seiner Majestät. Berlin: Nicolaische Buchhandlung.Google Scholar
Lichtheim, M. (1988). Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom. Freiburg: Universität Verlag.Google Scholar
Liszka, K., and de Souza, A. (2020). Pan-Grave and Medjay. At the Intersection of Archaeology and History. In Emberling, G. and Williams, B. B., eds. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 227–49.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. (1990). Prestige and Interest. International Relations in the Near East ca. 1600–1100 B.C. Padova: Sargon.Google Scholar
Lloyd, A. B. (1977). Necho and the Red Sea: Some Considerations. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 63, 142–55.Google Scholar
Loprieno, A. (1988). Topos und Mimesis: zum Ausländer in der ägyptischen Literatur. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Lowhasser, A. (2001). Queenship in Kush: Status, Role and Ideology of Royal Women. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 38, 6176.Google Scholar
Macadam, L. M. F. (1949). The Temples of Kawa. The Inscriptions. Oxford: The Griffith Institute-Ashmolean Museum.Google Scholar
Manzo, A. (1998). The Dynamics of External Contacts of Northern Ethiopia and Eritrea from Proto-Historical to Aksumite Times, Late 2nd Millennium BC-Late 1st Millennium AD. In Orbis Aethiopicus. Ethiopia and Its Neighbours. Frankfurt: Muzeum Archeologiczne w Gdańsku-Orbis Aethiopicus, 3552.Google Scholar
Manzo, A. (1999). Échanges et contacts le long du Nil et de la Mer Rouge dans l’époque protohistorique (IIIe et IIe millénaires avant J.-C.). Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Manzo, A. (2003). Skeuomorphism in Aksumite Pottery? Remarks on the Origins and Meanings of Some Ceramic Types. Æthiopica, 6, 746.Google Scholar
Manzo, A. (2005). Aksumite Trade and the Red Sea Exchange Network: A View from Bieta Giyorgis (Aksum). In Starkey, J., ed. People of the Red Sea: Proceedings of Red Sea Project 2 Held in the British Museum, October 2004. Oxford: Archaeopress, 5166.Google Scholar
Manzo, A. (2006). Apedemak and Dionysos. Further Remarks on the ‘Cult of Wine’ in Kush. Sudan & Nubia, 10, 8294.Google Scholar
Manzo, A. (2010). Exotic Ceramic Materials from Mersa Gawasis, Red Sea, Egypt. In Godlewski, W. and Łajtar, A., eds. Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th Conference of Nubian Studies, vol. 2.2. Warsaw: Warsaw University Press, 439–53.Google Scholar
Manzo, A. (2012). From the Sea to the Deserts and Back: New Research in Eastern Sudan. British Museum Studies on Ancient Egypt and Sudan, 18, 75106.Google Scholar
Manzo, A. (2013). Skeuomorphism in Meroitic Pottery. A Tentative Interpretative Approach. Rivista degli Studi Orientali, 85, 339–72.Google Scholar
Manzo, A. (2016). Weapons, Ideology and Identity at Kerma (Upper Nubia, 2500–1500 BC). Annali Istituto Universitario Orientale Napoli, 76, 329.Google Scholar
Manzo, A. (2020a). Back to Mahal Teglinos: New Pharaonic Evidence from Eastern Sudan. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 106, 116.Google Scholar
Manzo, A. (2020b). Clash of Civilisations on the First Cataract? A Southern Point of View, from Old Assumptions to New Complexities. Ägypten und Levante, 30, 101–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, S. K. (1999). Pathways to Complexity: An African Perspective. In McIntosh, S. K., ed. Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 130.Google Scholar
Moreno García, J. C. (2018). Elusive ‘Libyans’: Identities, Lifestyles and Mobile Populations in NE Africa (late 4th-early 2nd millennium BCE). Journal of Egyptian History, 11, 147–84.Google Scholar
Morkot, R. (1991). Nubia and Achaemenid Persia: Sources and Problems. In Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. and Kuhrt, A., eds. Achaemenid History VI. Asia Minor and Egypt: Old Cultures in a New Empire. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 321–36.Google Scholar
Morkot, R. (2000). The Black Pharaohs: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers. London: The Rubicon.Google Scholar
Morkot, R. (2007). Tradition, Innovation and Researching the Past in Libyan, Kushite and Saïte Egypt. In Crawford, H., ed. Regime Change in Ancient Near East and Egypt: From Sargon of Agade to Saddam Hussein. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 141–64.Google Scholar
Morkot, R. (2013). From Conquered to Conqueror: The Organization of Nubia in the New Kingdom and the Kushite Administration of Egypt. In Moreno García, J. C., ed. Ancient Egyptian Administration. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 911–63.Google Scholar
Morkot, R. (2016a). Before Greeks and Romans. Eastern Libya and the Oases: A Brief Review of Interconnections in the Eastern Sahara. In Mugnai, N., Nikolaus, J. and Ray, N., eds. De Africa Romaque: Merging Cultures across North Africa. London: Society for Libyan Studies, 2738.Google Scholar
Morkot, R. (2016b). North-east Africa and Trade at the Crossroads of the Nile valley, the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. In Moreno García, J. C., ed. Dynamics of Production in the Ancient Near East 1300–500 BC. Oxford/Philadelphia: Oxbow, 257–74.Google Scholar
Obsomer, C. (2007). Les expeditions d’Herkouf (VIe dynastie) et la localisation de Iam. In Bruwier, M.-C., ed. Pharaons noirs. Sur la Piste des Quarante Jours. Mariemont: Musée Royal de Mariemont, 3952.Google Scholar
O’Connor, D. (1987). The Location of Irem. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 73, 99136.Google Scholar
O’Connor, D. (2014). The Old Kingdom Town at Buhen. London: Egypt Exploration Society.Google Scholar
O’Connor, D., and Reid, D. (2003). Introduction – Locating Ancient Egypt in Africa: Modern Theories, Past Realities. In O’Connor, D. and Reid, A., eds., Ancient Egypt in Africa. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press-UCL, 122.Google Scholar
Osing, J. (1976). Ächtungstexte aus dem Alten Reich (II). Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo, 32, 133–85.Google Scholar
Osman, A., and Edwards, D. N. (2012). The Archaeology of a Nubian Frontier. Survey on the Nile Third Cataract, Sudan. Bristol: Mauhaus.Google Scholar
Panagiotopoulos, D. (2006). Foreigners in Egypt in the Time of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III. In Cline, E. H. and O’Connor, D., eds., Thutmose III. A New Biography. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 370412.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. F. (1920). Prehistoric Egypt. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt-University College.Google Scholar
Phillipson, D. W. (2012). Foundations of an African Civilisation. Aksum & the Northern Horn 1000 BC–AD 1300. Woodbridge: James Currey.Google Scholar
Piacentini, P. (1990). L’autobiografia di Uni, Principe e Governatore dell’alto Egitto. Pisa: Giardini.Google Scholar
Raue, D. (2019). Elephantine und Nubien vom 4.-2. Jahrtausend v.Chr. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Reid, M. (2003). Ancient Egypt and the Source of the Nile. In O’Connor, D. and Reid, A., eds., Ancient Egypt in Africa. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press/UCL, 5576.Google Scholar
Reisner, G. A. (1923a). Excavations at Kerma. Parts I-III. Harvard, MA: Peabody Museum of Harvard University.Google Scholar
Reisner, G. A. (1923b). Excavations at Kerma. Parts IV-V, Harvard MA: Peabody Museum of Harvard University.Google Scholar
Riemer, H., and Kindermann, K. (2019). Eastern Saharan Prehistory during the 9th to 5th Millennium BC. The View from the ‘Libyan Desert’. In Raue, D., ed., Handbook of Ancient Nubia, vol. 1. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 195216.Google Scholar
Rilly, C. (2007). La langue du royaume de Méroé. Un panorama de la plus ancienne culture écrite d’Afrique subsaharienne. Paris: Honoré Champion Éditeur.Google Scholar
Roehrig, C. H. (ed.) (2005). Hatshepsut from Queen to Pharaoh. New York/New Haven, CT/London: The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Rowley-Conwy, P. (1988). The Camel in the Nile Valley: New Radiocarbon Accelerator (AMS) Dates from Qaṣr Ibrim. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 74, 245–8.Google Scholar
Ryholt, K. (2018). Seals and History of the 14th and 15th Dynasties. In Forstner-Müller, I. and Moeller, N., eds., The Hyksos Ruler Khyan and the Early Second Intermediate Period in Egypt: Problems and Priorities of Current Research. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 235–76.Google Scholar
Rzeuska, T. (2010). Zigzag, Triangle and Fish Fin. On the Relations of Egypt and C-Group during the Middle Kingdom. In Godlewski, W. and Łajtar, A., eds., Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th Conference of Nubian Studies, vol. 2.2. Warsaw: Warsaw University Press, 397419.Google Scholar
Sadr, K. (1997). The Wadi Elei Finds: Nubian Desert Gold Mining in the 5th and 4th Millennia BC?. Cahier de Recherches de l’Institut de Papyrologie et d’Égyptologie de Lille, 17/2, 6776.Google Scholar
Salvatori, S., and Usai, D. (2019). The Neolithic and ‘Pastoralism’ Along the Nile: A Dissenting View. Journal of World Prehistory, 32, 251–85.Google Scholar
Scullard, H. H. (1974). The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Seidlmayer, S. H. (2002). Nubier im ägyptischen Kontext im Alten und Mittleren Reich. In Leder, S. and Streck, B., eds., Akkulturation und Selbstbehauptung. Halle: OWZ Martin-Luther-Universität, 89113.Google Scholar
Sidebotham, S. E. (1986). Roman Economic Policy in the Erythra Thalassa, 30 BC–AD 217. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Smith, H. S., and Smith, A. (1976). A Reconsideration of the Kamose Texts. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 103, 4876.Google Scholar
Smith, S. T. (2003). Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypt’s Nubian Empire. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Smith, S. T. (2014). Editorial Essay: Nubia, Coming Out of the Shadow of Egypt. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 6, 14.Google Scholar
Smith, S. T. (2018). Gift of the Nile? Climate Change, the Origins of Egyptian Civilization and Its Interactions within Northeast Africa. In Bács, T.A., Bollók, Á and Vida, T., eds., Across the Mediterranean – Along the Nile. Studies in Egyptology, Nubiology and Late Antiquity Dedicated to László Török on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday, vol. 1. Budapest: Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences/Museum of Fine Arts Budapest, 325–45.Google Scholar
Smither, P. C. (1945). The Semnah Despatches. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 31, 310.Google Scholar
Snape, S. (2013). A Stroll along the Corniche? Coastal Routes between the Nile Delta and Cyrenaica in the Late Bronze Age. In Förster, F. and Reimer, H., eds., Desert Road Archaeology in Ancient Egypt and Beyond. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, 439–54.Google Scholar
Takamiya, I. H. (2004). Egyptian Pottery Distribution in A-Group Cemeteries, Lower Nubia: Towards an Understanding of Exchange Systems between the Naqada Culture and the A-Group. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 90, 3562.Google Scholar
Torcia, M. (2020). Creatulae: A Basic Class of Objects in the Archaeological Research (Pre- Early-Dynastic/Old Kingdom periods). Baeau Bassin: Lap Lambert Academic Publishing.Google Scholar
Török, L. (1988). Late Antique Nubia. Budapest: Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Török, L. (1989). Kush and the External World. In Donadoni, S. and Wenig, S., eds., Studia Meroitica 1984: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference for Meroitic Studies. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 49215.Google Scholar
Török, L. (1989–1990). Augustus and Meroe. Orientalia Suecana, 38–9, 171–90.Google Scholar
Török, L. (1997). The Kingdom of Kush. Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Török, L. (2002). The Image of the Ordered World in Ancient Nubian Art. The Construction of the Kushite Mind (800 BC-300 AD). Leiden/Boston/Cologne: Brill.Google Scholar
Török, L. (2009). Between Two Worlds. The Frontier Region between Ancient Nubia and Egypt 3700 BC–AD 500. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Török, L. (2011). Hellenizing Art in Ancient Nubia 300 BC–AD 250. A Study in ‘Acculturation, Leiden/Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Török, L. (2018). Nubians Move from the Margins to the Center of Their History. In Steiner, P., Tsakos, A. and Heldaas Seland, E., eds., From the Fjords to the Nile. Essays in honour of Richard Holton Pierce on His 80th Birthday. Oxford: Archaeopress, 118.Google Scholar
Trigger, B. G. (1987). Egypt: A Fledgling Nation. Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities, 17, 5866.Google Scholar
Trigger, B. G. (1994). Paradigms in Sudan Archaeology. Journal of African History, 27, 323–45.Google Scholar
Valbelle, D. (2004). The Cultural Significance of Iconographic and Epigraphic Data Found in the Kingdom of Kerma. In Kendall, T., ed., Nubian Studies 1998. Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the International Society of Nubian Studies. Boston: Northeastern University, 176–83.Google Scholar
Valbelle, D. (2011). Les statues égyptiennes découvertes à Kerma et Doukki Gel. In Valbelle, D. and Yoyotte, J.-M., eds., Statues égyptiennes et kouchites démembrées et reconstituées. Paris: Presses de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne, 1320.Google Scholar
Vercoutter, J. (1962). Un Palais des ‘Candaces’ contemporain d’Auguste. (Fouilles de Wad-ban-Naga 1958–1960). Syria, 39, 263–99.Google Scholar
Vermeersch, P. M., Linseele, V., Marinova, E., van Neer, W., Moeyersons, J., and Rethemeyer, J. (2015). Early and Middle Holocene Human Occupation of the Egyptian Eastern Desert: Sodmein Cave. African Archaeological Review, 32, 465503.Google Scholar
Vincentelli, I. (2006). Hillat el-Arab: The Joint Sudanese–Italian Expedition in the Napatan Region, Sudan. Oxford: Archeopress.Google Scholar
Vincentelli, I. (2006–7). Some Clay Sealings from Sanam Abu Dom. In Gratien, B., ed., Mélanges offerts à Francis Geus. Lille: Université Charles-de-Gaulle-Lille 3, 371–8.Google Scholar
Vincentelli, I. (2011). The Treasury and Other Buildings at Sanam. In Rondot, V., Alpi, F. and Villeneuve, F., eds. La pioche et la plume. Autour du Soudan, du Liban et de la Jordanie. Hommages archéologiques à Patrice Lenoble. Paris: Presses de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne, 269–82.Google Scholar
Vogel, C. (2010). The Fortifications of Ancient Egypt 3000–1780 BC. Oxford: Osprey.Google Scholar
Voos, S. (2016). Wissenshintergründe … – Die Ägyptologie als ‘völkische’ Wissenschaft entlang des Nachlasses Georg Steindorffs von der Weimarer Republik über die NS- bis zur Nachkriegszeit. In Voos, S. and Raue, D., eds., Georg Steindorff und die deutsche Ägyptologie im 20. Jahrhundert: Wissenshintergründe und Forschungstransfers. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 105332.Google Scholar
Wegner, J. (2017–18). The Stela of Idudju-Iker: Foremost One of the Chiefs of Wawat. New Evidence on the Conquest of Thinis under Wahank Antef II. Revue d’Égytoplogie, 68, 153209.Google Scholar
Welsby, D. A. (2002). The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. London: The British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Wendorf, F., and Schild, R. (2002). Implications of Incipient Social Complexity in the Late Neolithic in the Egyptian Sahara. In Friedman, R., ed., Egypt and Nubia. Gifts of the Desert. London: The British Museum Press, 1320.Google Scholar
Wendrich, W., and Barnard, H. (2008). The Archaeology of Mobility: Definitions and Research Approaches. In Barnard, H. and Wendrich, W., eds., The Archaeology of Mobility. Old World and New World Nomadism. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology/University of California, 121.Google Scholar
Wendrich, W., Taylor, R. E., and Southon, J. (2010). Dating Stratified Settlement Sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth Millennium BCE Radiocarbon Ages for the Fayum Neolithic. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 268, 9991002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wengrow, D. (2003). Landscapes of Knowledge, Idioms of Power: The African Foundations of Ancient Egyptian Civilization Reconsidered. In O’Connor, D. and Reid, A., eds., Ancient Egypt in Africa. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press, 121–35.Google Scholar
Wengrow, D., Dee, M., Foster, S., Stevenson, A., and Bronk Ramsey, C. (2014). Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: A Prehistoric Perspective on Egypt’s Place in Africa. Antiquity, 88, 95111.Google Scholar
Williams, B. B. (1986). The A-Group Royal Cemetery at Qustul: Cemetery L. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Winchell, F., Stevens, C. J., Murphy, C., Champion, L., and Fuller, D. Q. (2017). Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan. Current Anthropology, 58, 673–83.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Ancient Egypt in its African Context
  • Andrea Manzo, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'L'Orientale'
  • Online ISBN: 9781009070638
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Ancient Egypt in its African Context
  • Andrea Manzo, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'L'Orientale'
  • Online ISBN: 9781009070638
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Ancient Egypt in its African Context
  • Andrea Manzo, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'L'Orientale'
  • Online ISBN: 9781009070638
Available formats
×