Element contents
Series: Elements in Travel Writing
Writing about Discovery in the Early Modern East Indies
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 November 2022
Summary
Portuguese explorations opened the sea-route to Asia, bringing armed trading to the Indian Ocean. This Element examines the impact of the 1511 Portuguese conquest of the port-kingdom of Melaka on early travel literature. Putting into dialogue accounts from Portuguese, mestiço, and Malay perspectives, this study re-examines early modern 'discovery' as a cross-cultural trope. Trade and travel were intertwined while structured by religion. Rather than newness or wonder, Portuguese representations focus on recovering what is known and grafting Asian knowledges-including local histories-onto European epistemologies. Framing Portuguese rule as a continuation of the sultanate, they re-spatialize Melaka into a European city. However, this model is complicated by a second one of accidental discovery facilitated by native agents. For Malay texts too, travel traverses known routes and spaces. Malay travelers insert themselves into foreign spaces by forging new kinship alliances, even as indigenous networks were increasingly disrupted by European incursions.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Series: Elements in Travel WritingOnline ISBN: 9781009047029Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 15 December 2022
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Barbosa, Duarte. The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitants. Ed. and trans. Mansel Longworth Dames. 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 1918, 1921.Google Scholar
Battuta, Ibn. Voyages d’Ibn Batoutah: Texte Arabe, accompagné d’une traduction. Ed. and trans. Defrémery, Charles and Raffaello Sanguinetti, Beniamino. 4 vols. Rpt. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1858, 2012.Google Scholar
Bowrey, Thomas. A Geographical Account of Countries round the Bay of Bengal. Ed. Sir Richard Carnac Temple. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1905.Google Scholar
Coutre, Jacques de. The Memoirs and Memorials of Jacques de Coutre: Security, Trade and Society in 16th- and 17th-Century Southeast Asia. Ed. Borschberg, Peter. Trans. Roy, Roopanjali. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Dallam, Thomas. Diary. In Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant: I. The Diary of Master Thomas Dallam, 1599–1600. II. Extracts from the Diaries of Dr. John Covel, 1670–1670. Ed. J. Theodore Bent. New York: Burt Franklin, 1893, 1–98.Google Scholar
Documentação Ultramarina Portuguesa. Ed. António da Rego, Silva. 3 vols. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1960–63.Google Scholar
Erédia, Manuel Godinho de. “Eredia’s Description of Malaca, Meridional India, and Cathay.” Trans. John Vivian Gottlieb Mills. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 9, Part 1, No. 109 (1930): 1–288.Google Scholar
Erédia, Manuel Godinho de Malaca L’Inde Méridionale et le Cathay: Manuscrit original autographe de Godinho de Eredia appurtenant a la Bibliothéque Royale de Bruxelles. Trans. Léon Janssen. Preface Charles Ruelens. Brussels: Librarie Européenne C. Muqardt, 1882.Google Scholar
Erédia, Manuel Godinho de Ordenações da Índia do Senhor Rei D. Manoel de Eterna Memoria, Informação verdadeira da Aurea Chersoneso, feita pelo antigo Cosmographo Indiano, Manoel Godinho de Eredia. Ed. Antonio Lourenço Caminha. Lisbon: Impressão Régia, 1807.Google Scholar
Erédia, Manuel Godinho de Suma de ávores e plantas da Índia Intra Ganges. Ed. Everaert, John G., Ferrão, J. Eduardo Mendes, and Liberato, Maria Cândida. Lisbon: Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, 2001.Google Scholar
Erédia, Manuel Godinho de Tratado Ophirico, 1616. Ed. Gil, Juan and Loureiro, Rui Manuel. Lisbon: Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, 2016.Google Scholar
Gama, Vasco da. Em nome de Deus: The Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama to India, 1497–1499. Trans. and ed. Ames, Glenn J.. Leiden: Brill, 2009.Google Scholar
Greenlee, William B., ed. The Voyage of Pedro Álvares Cabral to Brazil and India. London: Hakluyt Society, 1938.Google Scholar
Haafner, Jacob. Lotgevallen en vroegere zeereizen van Jacob Haafner. Ed. C. M. Haafner. Amsterdam: Johannes van der Hey, 1820.Google Scholar
Hikayat Hang Tuah. Ed. Ahmad, Kassim. Intro. Mohamed, Noriah. Kuala Lumpur: Yayasan Karyawan/Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1964, rev. 1975, 1997.Google Scholar
Hikayat Hang Tuah: The Epic of Hang Tuah. Trans. Muhammad Haji Salleh. Ed. Robson, Rosemary. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia, 2010.Google Scholar
Mundy, Peter. The Travels of Peter Mundy, in Europe and Asia, 1608–1667. Vol. 3, Part 1. Ed. Sir Richard Carnac Temple. London: Hakluyt Society, 1919.Google Scholar
Garcia da, Orta. Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India. Trans. Sir Clements Markham. London: Henry Sotheran, 1913.Google Scholar
Garcia da, Orta Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia. Goa, 1563.Google Scholar
Pires, Tomé. Suma oriental. Ed. Rui Manuel Loureiro. Lisbon: Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, 2017.Google Scholar
Pires, Tomé The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515. Ed. Cortesão, Armando. 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 1944.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Rijaluddin. Ahmad Rijaluddin’s Hikayat Perintah Negeri Benggala. Ed. and trans. Skinner, Cyril. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982.Google Scholar
Sejarah Melayu: The Malay Annals. Ed. Kheng, Cheah Boon. Transliteration by Abdul Ismail, Rahman Haji. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1998.Google Scholar
Reis, Sidi Ali. The Travels and Adventures of the Turkish Admiral Sidi Ali Reis in India, Afghanistan, Central Asia and Persia during the Years 1553–1556. Trans. A. Vambéry. London: Luzac & Co., 1899.Google Scholar
al-Malībārī, Zayn al-Dīn. Shaykh Zainuddin Makhdum’s Tuḥfat al-Mujāhidīn: A Historical Epic of the Sixteenth Century. Trans. S. Muhammad Husayn Nainar. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust; Calicut: Other Books, 2006.Google Scholar
Secondary Sources
Alam, Muzaffar, and Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries, 1400–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Alam, Muzaffar, and Subrahmanyam, Sanjay “A View from Mecca: Notes on Gujarat, the Red Sea, and the Ottomans, 1517–39/923–946 H.” Modern Asian Studies Vol. 51, No. 2 (2017): 268–318.Google Scholar
Alegria, Maria Fernanda, Daveau, Suzanne, Garcia, João Carlos, and Francesc, Relaño. “Portuguese Cartography in the Renaissance.” In The History of Cartography, Vol 3: Cartography in the European Renaissance. Part 1. Ed. Woodward, David. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2007, 975–1068.Google Scholar
Andaya, Barbara Watson. “Cash Cropping and Upstream-Downstream Tensions: The Case of Jambi in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.” In Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief. Ed. Anthony J. S. Reid. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993, 91–122.Google Scholar
Andaya, Barbara Watson “Imagination, Memory and History: Narrating India-Malay Intersections in the Early Modern Period.” In Narratives, Routes and Intersections in Pre-modern Asia. Ed. Seshan, Radhika. London: Routledge, 2017, 8–35.Google Scholar
Andaya, Barbara Watson “Upstreams and Downstreams in Early Modern Sumatra.” The Historian Vol. 57, No. 3 (1995): 537–52.Google Scholar
Andaya, Barbara Watson, and Andaya, Leonard Y.. The History of Malaysia. 2nd ed. Houndsmill: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.Google Scholar
Andaya, Leonard Y. “Interactions with the Outside World and Adaptation in Southeast Asian Society, 1500–1800.” In The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Vol. 2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800. Ed. Tarling, Nicholas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 1–57.Google Scholar
Andaya, Leonard Y. The Kingdom of Johor, 1641–1728. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Andaya, Leonard Y. Leaves of the Same Tree: Trade and Ethnicity in the Early Modern Period. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Aubin, Jean. “Duarte Galvão.” In Le latin et l’astrolabe: Recherche sur le Portugal de la renaissance, son expansion en Asie et les relations internationales. 3 vols. Paris: Fondation Calouste Gulkenbian, 1996–2006, 1:11–48. Rpt. of Arquivos do Centro Cultural Portuguẽs Vol. 9 (1975): 43–85.Google Scholar
Aubin, Jean “L’ambassade du Prêtre Jean à D. Manuel.” Mare Luso-Indicum Vol. 3 (1976): 1–56.Google Scholar
Batchelor, Robert. “Crying a Muck: Collecting, Domesticity, and Anomie in Seventeenth-Century Banten and England.” In Collecting across Cultures: Material Exchanges in the Early Modern Atlantic World. Ed. Bleichmar, Daniela and Mancall, Peter C.. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, 116–33.Google Scholar
Beckingham, C. F. “The Riḥla: Fact or Fiction?” In Golden Roads: Migration, Pilgrimage and Travel in Medieval and Modern Islam. Ed. Netton, Ian Richard. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1993, 86–94.Google Scholar
Berkwitz, Stephen C. Buddhist Poetry and Colonialism: Alagiyavanna and the Portuguese in Sri Lanka. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Bethencourt, Francisco, and Curto, Diogo Ramada, eds. Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Blackmore, Josiah. Moorings: Portuguese Expansion and the Writing of Africa. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Borschberg, Peter. Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese, and Free Trade in the East Indies. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Borschberg, Peter “Three Early 17th-Century Maps by Manuel Godinho de Erédia.” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 92, Part 2, No. 317 (2019): 1–28.Google Scholar
Boxer, Charles Ralph The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.Google Scholar
Braginsky, Vladimir. “Co-opting the Rival Ca(n)non: The Turkish Episode of HHT.” Malay Literature Vol. 25, No. 2 (2012): 229–60.Google Scholar
Braginsky, Vladimir “Hikayat Hang Tuah: Malay Epic and Muslim Mirror: Some Considerations on Its Date, Meaning, and Structure.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 146.4 (1990): 399–412.Google Scholar
Braginsky, Vladimir “Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The Problem of Mughal-Malay Literary Ties.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 162–64 (2006): 441–67.Google Scholar
Braginsky, Vladimir The Turkic-Turkish Theme in Traditional Malay Literature: Imagining the Other to Empower the Self. Leiden: Brill, 2015.Google Scholar
Bronson, Bennet. “Exchange at the Upstream and Downstream Ends: Notes towards a Functional Model of the Coastal State in Southeast Asia.” In Economic Exchange and Social Interaction in Southeast Asia: Perspectives from Prehistory and Ethnography. Ed. Hutterer, Karl L.. Ann Arbor: Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University Michigan, 1977, 39–52.Google Scholar
Brown, Piers. “‘That full-sail voyage’: Travel Narratives and Astronomical Discovery in Kepler and Galileo.” In The Invention of Discovery, 1500–1700. Ed. James Dougal Fleming. Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate, 2011, 15–28.Google Scholar
Casale, Giancarlo. The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Catz, Rebecca. “Consequences and Repercussions of the Portuguese Expansion on Literature.” Portuguese Studies Vol. 8 (1992): 115–23.Google Scholar
Certeau, Michel de. The Practice of Everyday Life. Trans. Steven F. Rendall, vol. 1. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, K. N. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Cook, Harold J. Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Costa, Palmira Fontes da, ed. Medicine, Trade and Empire: Garcia de Orta’s Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India (1563) in Context. London: Routledge, 2016. First pub. Ashgate, 2015.Google Scholar
Crawfurd, John. A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries. London: Bradbury & Evans, 1856.Google Scholar
Daehnhardt, Rainer. The Bewitched Gun: The Introduction of the Firearm in the Far East by the Portuguese. Lisbon: Texto Editora, 1994.Google Scholar
Day, Tony, and Reynolds, Craig J.. “Cosmologies, Truth Regimes, and the State in Southeast Asia.” Modern Asian Studies Vol. 34, No. 1 (2000): 1–55.Google Scholar
Deshpande, Anirudh. “The Indian Fort As a Site of Intersections.” In Narratives, Routes and Intersections in Pre-modern Asia. Ed. Radhika Seshan. London: Routledge, 2017, 126–45.Google Scholar
Drakard, Jane. A Malay Frontier: Unity and Duality in a Sumatran Kingdom. Ithaca, NY: Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University, 1990.Google Scholar
Eamon, William. Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Eaton, Richard M. “‘Kiss my foot,’ said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy and the Battle of Raichur, 1520.” Modern Asian Studies Vol. 43, No. 1 (2009): 289–313.Google Scholar
Eco, Umberto. Experiences in Translation. Trans. Alastair McEwen. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Emmerson, Donald. “The Case for a Maritime Perspective on Southeast Asia.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies Vol. 11 (1980): 139–45.Google Scholar
Ferrand, Gabriel. “Malaka: le Malayu et Malayur.” Journal Asiatique Vol. 11 (1918): 391–484; 12 (1918): 51–154.Google Scholar
Figueira, Dorothy. “Race in Classical Literature and Portuguese and Italian Travel Narratives.” In Travel Writing and Cultural Memory/Écriture du Voyage et Mémoire Culturelle. Vol. 9 of the Proceedings of the XVth Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association. Ed. Maria Alziro Seixo. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000, 253–64.Google Scholar
Fleming, James Dougal, ed. The Invention of Discovery, 1500–1700. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011.Google Scholar
Flint, Valerie I. J. The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Flores, Jorge. “Between Madrid and Ophir: Erédia, a Deceitful Discoverer?” In Dissimulation and Deceit in Early Modern Europe. Ed. Miriam Eliav-Feldon and Tamar Herzig. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, 184–210.Google Scholar
Flores, Jorge “Distant Wonders: The Strange and the Marvelous between Mughal India and Habsburg Iberia in the Early Seventeenth Century.” Comparative Studies in Society and History Vol. 49, No. 3 (2007): 553–81.Google Scholar
Flores, Jorge “Two Portuguese Visions of Jahangir’s India: Jerónimo Xavier and Manuel Godinho de Erédia.” In Goa and the Great Mughal. Ed. Jorge Flores and Nuno Vassallo e Silva. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 2004, 44–67.Google Scholar
Flores, Jorge Unwanted Neighbours: The Mughals, the Portuguese, and Their Frontier Zones. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Franklin-Brown, Mary. Reading the World: Encyclopedic Writing in the Scholastic Age. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. “Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight.” In The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books, 1973, 2000, 412–53.Google Scholar
Gibson-Hill, Carl Alexander “The Malay Annals: The History Brought from Goa.” Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 29, No. 1 (1956): 185–88.Google Scholar
Godinho, Vitorino Magalhāes. “A ideia de descobrimento e os descobrimentos e expansão.” Anais do Clube Militar Naval Vol. CXX (Oct.–Dec. 1990): 627–42.Google Scholar
Greenblatt, Stephen. Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Gunn, Geoffrey C. Imagined Geographies: The Maritime Silk Roads in World History, 100–1800. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2022.Google Scholar
Heesterman, Johannes Cornelis “Littoral et intérieur de l’Inde.” Itinerario Vol. 4, No. 1 (1980): 87–92.Google Scholar
Hespanha, António Manuel. Filhos da terra: Identidades mestiças nos confins da expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Tinta-da-China, 2019.Google Scholar
Hooker, Virginia Matheson, and Milner, Anthony C.. Perceptions of the Hajj. Five Malay Texts. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1984.Google Scholar
Hosten, Henri, ed. and trans. “Description of Indostan and Guzarate by Manuel Godinho de Eredia (1611).” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 4 (1938): 533–66.Google Scholar
Kathirithamby-Wells, Jeyamalar. “Hulu-Hilir Unity and Conflict: Malay Statecraft in East Sumatra before the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” Archipel Vol. 45 (1993): 77–96.Google Scholar
Khan, Iqtidar Alam. “Early Use of Cannons and Musket in India.” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient Vol. 24, No. 2 (1980): 158–63.Google Scholar
Khan, Iqtidar Alam “Firearms in Central Asia and Iran During the Fifteenth Century and the Origins and Nature of Firearms Brought by Babur.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol. 56 (1995): 435–46.Google Scholar
Khan, Iqtidar Alam Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Khan, M. A. Muid. “Indo-Portuguese Struggle for Maritime Supremacy (as gleaned from an unpublished Arabic urjuza: Fathul Mubiyn).” In Studies in the Foreign Relations of India (From Earliest Times to 1947): Prof. H. K. Sherwani Felicitation Volume. Ed. Joshi, P. M. and Nayeem, M. A.. Hyderabad: State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh, 1975, 165–83.Google Scholar
Khanna, Neetu. The Visceral Logics of Decolonization. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Kooria, Mahmood. “‘Killed the Pilgrims and Persecuted Them’: Portuguese Estado da India’s Encounters with the Hajj in the Sixteenth Century.” In The Hajj and Europe in the Age of Empire. Ed. Umar Ryad. Leiden: Brill, 2017, 14–46.Google Scholar
Lefevere, André. “Composing the Other.” In Post-colonial Translation: Theory and Practice. Ed. Susan Bassnett and Harish Trivedi. London: Routledge, 2002, 75–94.Google Scholar
Loureiro, Rui Manuel. A biblioteca de Diogo do Couto. Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau, 1998.Google Scholar
Macgregor, Ian A. “Johore Lama in the Sixteenth Century.” Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 28, No. 2(1955): 48–126.Google Scholar
Maier, Henk M. J. “An Epik That Never Was an Epic: The Malay Hikayat Hang Tuah.” In Epic Adventures: Heroic Narrative in the Oral Performance Traditions of Four Continents. Ed. Jansen, Jan and Henk, M. J. Maier. Münster: LIT, 2004, 112–27.Google Scholar
Major, Richard Henry. The Discovery of Australia by the Portuguese in 1601, Five Years before the Earliest Discovery Hitherto Recorded. London: J. B. Nichols and Sons, 1861.Google Scholar
Major, Richard Henry “Further Facts in the History of the Early Discovery of Australia.” Archaeologia Vol. 44, No. 2 (1874): 233–41.Google Scholar
May, Sally K., Paul, S. C. Taçon, Daryl Wesley, and Pearson, Michael. “Painted Ships on a Painted Arnhem Land Landscape.” The Great Circle Vol. 35, No. 2 (2013): 83–102.Google Scholar
Meilink-Roelofsz, Marie Antoinette Petronella. Asian Trade and European Influence in the Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1650. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962.Google Scholar
Murad, Auda. Merantau: Outmigration in a Matrilineal Society of West Sumatra. Canberra: Australian National University, Department of Demography, 1980.Google Scholar
Nasution, Khoo Salma. The Chulia in Penang: Patronage and Place-making around the Kapitan King Mosque, 1786–1957. Penang: Areca Books, 2014.Google Scholar
Netton, Ian Richard. “Riḥla.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Ed. Lewis, B. et al. Leiden: Brill 1995. Vol. 8, p. 32.Google Scholar
Ng, Su Fang. Alexander the Great from Britain to Southeast Asia: Peripheral Empires in the Global Renaissance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Ng, Su Fang “Making Race in the Early Modern East Indies.” New Literary History Vol. 52, No. 3/4 (2021): 509–33.Google Scholar
Noorduyn, Jacobus. “Concerning the Reliability of Tomé Pires’ Data on Java.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Vol. 132, No. 4 (1976): 467–71.Google Scholar
Padrón, Ricardo. “Hybrid Maps: Cartography and Literature in Spanish Imperial Expansion, Sixteenth Century.” In Literature and Cartography: Theories, Histories, Genres. Ed. Engberg-Peterson, Anders. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017, 199–217.Google Scholar
Padrón, Ricardo The Indies of the Setting Sun: How Early Modern Spain Mapped the Far East as the Transpacific West. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Padrón, Ricardo The Spacious Word: Cartography, Literature, and Empire in Early Modern Spain. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Parker, Geoffrey. The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500–1800. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Parnickle, Boris Borisovitch. “An Epic Hero and an ‘Epic Traitor’ in the Hikayat Hang Tuah.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Vol. 132, No. 4 (1976): 403–17.Google Scholar
Pearson, Michael N. “Littoral Society: The Concept and the Problems.” Journal of World History Vol. 17, No. 4 (2006): 353–73.Google Scholar
Pearson, Michael N. Pious Passengers: The Hajj in Earlier Times. New Delhi: Sterling, 1994.Google Scholar
Pearson, Michael N. The Portuguese in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Pelliot, Paul. “Le Hōja et le Sayyid Ḥusain de l’Histoire des Ming.” T’oung Pao, second series, Vol. 38, No. 2/5 (1948): 81–292.Google Scholar
Phillips, Kim M. “Travel, Writing, and the Global Middle Ages.” History Compass Vol. 14, No. 3 (2016): 81–92.Google Scholar
Pinto, Paulo Jorge, de Sousa. The Portuguese and the Straits of Melaka: 1575–1619: Power, Trade and Diplomacy. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony. “Introduction: Slavery and Bondage in Southeast Asian History.” In Slavery, Bondage and Dependency in Southeast Asia. Ed. Reid, Anthony. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1983, 1–43.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony “Sixteenth-century Turkish Influence in Western Indonesia.” Journal of South-East Asian History Vol. 10, No. 3 (1969): 395–414.Google Scholar
Ricci, Ronit. Islam Translated: Literature, Conversion, and the Arabic Cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Roff, William R. “Islamic Institutions in Muslim Southeast Asia and Cognate Phenomena in the Indian Sub-continent.” In Islam in Southern Asia: a Survey of Current Research. Ed. Rothermund, Dietmar. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1975, 10–12.Google Scholar
Roff, William R. “Pilgrimage and the History of Religions: Theoretical Approaches to the Hajj.” In Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies. Ed. Martin, Richard C.. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985, 78–86.Google Scholar
Rosa, Fernando. The Portuguese in the Creole Indian Ocean: Essays in Historical Cosmopolitanism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.Google Scholar
Rouffaer, Gerrit Pieter. “Was Malaka Emporium vóór 1400 A.D. genaamd Malajoer? En waar lag Woerawari, Ma-Hasin, Langka, Batoesawar?” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Vol. 77 (1921): 1–174, 359–604.Google Scholar
Rubiés, Joan-Pau. Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India through European Eyes, 1250–1625. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Rubiés, Joan-Pau. “Travel Writing and Ethnography.” In The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing. Ed. Hulme, Peter and Youngs, Tim. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 242–60.Google Scholar
Rubiés, Joan-Pau. “Travel Writing As a Genre: Facts, Fictions and the Invention of a Scientific Discourse in Early Modern Europe.” Journeys Vol. 1 (2000): 5–35.Google Scholar
Russell-Wood, Anthony John R. The Portuguese Empire, 1415–1808: A World on the Move. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Sell, Jonathan. Rhetoric and Wonder in English Travel Writing, 1560–1613. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.Google Scholar
Sen, Amrita. “Solomon, Ophir, and the English Quest for the East Indies.” In England’s Asian Renaissance. Ed. Su Fang Ng and Carmen Nocentelli. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2022, 125–42.Google Scholar
Serjeant, Robert B. The Portuguese off the South Arabian Coast: Hadhrami Chronicles with Yemeni and European Accounts of Dutch Pirates off Mocha in the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.Google Scholar
Sewell, Robert. A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A Contribution to the History of India. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1900.Google Scholar
Sheehan, Kevin. “Science and Patronage in the Pacific Voyage of Pedro Fernández de Quirós, 1605–1606.” In Science in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, 1500–1800. Ed. Bleichmar, Daniela, de Vos, Paula, Huffine, Kristin, and Sheehan, Kevin. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008, 233–46.Google Scholar
Skinner, Cyril. “Transitional Malay Literature: Part 1 Ahmad Rijaluddin and Munshi Abdullah.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Vol. 134, No. 4 (1978): 466–87.Google Scholar
Smith, Estellie M. Those Who Live from the Sea: A Study in Maritime Anthropology. Saint Paul, MN: West, 1977.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyan, Sanjay. “Between a Rock and Hard Place: Some Afterthoughts.” In The Brokered World: Go-Betweens and Global Intelligence, 1770–1820. Ed. Schaffer, Simon, Roberts, Lissa, Kapil, Raj, and Delbourgo, James. Sagamore Beach, MA: Watson Publishing International, 2009, 429–40.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyan, Sanjay Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyan, Sanjay The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyan, Sanjay The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyan, Sanjay “What the Tamils Said: A Letter from the Kelings of Melaka (1527).” Archipel Vol. 82 (2011): 137–58.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, and Parker, Geoffrey. “Arms and the Asian: Revisiting European Firearms and Their Place in Early Modern Asia.” Armas, Fortalezas e Revista de Cultura Vol. 26 (2008): 12–42.Google Scholar
Swettenham, Frank Athelstane. British Malaya: An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya. Rev. ed. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1948.Google Scholar
Taçon, Paul S. C., May, Sally K., Fallon, Stewart J., Travers, Meg, Wesley, Daryl, and Lamilami, Ronald. “A Minimum Age for Early Depictions of Southeast Asian Praus in the Rock Art of Arnhem Land, Northern Territory.” Australian Archaeology Vol. 71, No. 1 (2010): 1–10.Google Scholar
Tagliacozzo, Eric. The Longest Journey: Southeast Asians and the Pilgrimage to Mecca. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Tambiah, Stanley J. “The Galactic Polity: The Structure of Political Kingdoms in Southeast Asia.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Vol. 293, No. 1 (1977): 69–97.Google Scholar
Thomaz, Luís Filipe, F. R. “Estrutura Politica e Administrativa do Estado da Índia no Século XVI.” In Luís Filipe F. R. Thomaz, De Ceuta a Timor. Lisbon: Difel, 1994, 207–43. First published in Actas do II Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa. Ed. Luís de Albuquerque and Inácio Guerreiro. Lisbon: Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical Centro de Estudos de História e Cartografia Antiga, 1985, 513–40.Google Scholar
Thomaz, Luís Filipe, F. R. “L’idee imperiale Manueline.” In La decouverte, le Portugal et l’Europe, Acts du Colloque Paris, les 26, 27 et 28 mai 1988. Ed. Aubin, Jean. Paris: Fondation Calouste Gulbenkian, 1990.Google Scholar
Thomaz, Luís Filipe, F. R. “Malaka et ses communautés marchandes au tournant du 16e siècle.” In Marchands et hommes d’affaires asiatiques dans l’Océan Indien et la Mer de Chine 13e-20e siècles. Ed. Lombard, Denys and Aubin, Jean. Paris: Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1988, 31–48.Google Scholar
Touati, H. Islam and Travel in the Middle Ages. Trans. L. G. Cochrane. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Turnbull, Stephen. The Lost Samurai: Japanese Mercenaries in South East Asia, 1593–1688. Barnsley, PA: Frontline Books, 2021.Google Scholar
Villamar, Cuauhtémoc. Portuguese Merchants in the Manila Galleon System: 1565–1600. New York: Routledge, 2020.Google Scholar
Wade, Geoff. “The Zheng He Voyages: A Reassessment.” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 78.1, No. 288 (2005): 37–58.Google Scholar
Wake, Christopher. “Banten around the Turn of the Sixteenth Century: Trade and Society in an Indonesian Port City.” In Gateways to Asia: Port Cities of Asia in the 13th–20th Centuries. Ed. Broeze, Frank. London: Keegan, Paul, 1997, 66–108.Google Scholar
Wake, Christopher “Malacca’s Early Kings and the Reception of Islam.” Journal of Southeast Asian History Vol. 5, No. 2 (1964): 104–28.Google Scholar
Walker, Andrew. The Legend of the Golden Boat: Regulation, Trade and Traders in the Borderlands of Laos, Thailand, China and Burma. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Wang, Gungwu. “China and Southeast Asia, 1402–1424.” In Studies in the Social History of China and Southeast Asia: Essays in Memory of Victor Purcell. Ed. Ch’en, Jerome and Tarling, Nicholas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970, 375–402.Google Scholar
Wang, Gungwu “The Opening of Relations between China and Malacca, 1403–05.” In Malayan and Indonesian Studies: Essays Presented to Sir Richard Winstedt on His 85th Birthday. Ed. Bastin, John S. and Roolvink, Roelof. London: Oxford University Press, 1964, 87–104.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Neil. “South America/Amazonia: The Forest of Marvels.” In The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing. Ed. Hulme, Peter and Youngs, Tim. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 122–38.Google Scholar
Wink, André. Al-Hind: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries. Leiden: Brill, 2002.Google Scholar
Xavier, Ângela Barreto, and Županov, Ines G.. Catholic Orientalism: Portuguese Empire, Indian Knowledge (16th–18th Centuries). New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Yule, Henry, Sir. Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. New ed. Crooke, William. London: J. Murray, 1903.Google Scholar