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  1. Home
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  3. A World of Babies
  • Cited by 13
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
November 2016
Print publication year:
2016
Online ISBN:
9781316480625
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316480625
Subjects:
Social and Cultural Anthropology, Developmental Psychology, Anthropology, Psychology
Information

Book description

Should babies sleep alone in cribs, or in bed with parents? Is talking to babies useful, or a waste of time? A World of Babies provides different answers to these and countless other childrearing questions, precisely because diverse communities around the world hold drastically different beliefs about parenting. While celebrating that diversity, the book also explores the challenges that poverty, globalization and violence pose for parents. Fully updated for the twenty-first century, this edition features a new introduction and eight new or revised case studies that directly address contemporary parenting challenges, from China and Peru to Israel and the West Bank. Written as imagined advice manuals to parents, the creative format of this book brings alive a rich body of knowledge that highlights many models of baby-rearing - each shaped by deeply held values and widely varying cultural contexts. Parenthood may never again seem a matter of 'common sense'.

Reviews

'Gottlieb and DeLoache’s first edition of A World of Babies earned the right to be called a classic of anthropology. Although one might expect the second volume … to be a simple update of the same studies, Gottlieb and DeLoache have instead done the unexpected - they present an entirely new volume with seven new studies of parenting practices. Taken together, these books set the example of how anthropology, when done well, can open minds to the possibility that there is more than one way to do just about anything, including parenting. I can think of no better way to become a more thoughtful, insightful, and therefore better parent than reading both editions of A World of Babies.'

Meredith F. Small - Cornell University, and author of Our Babies, Ourselves

'I cannot effuse enough about the second, fully revised edition of A World of Babies! The first edition has been a mainstay in my classroom for over a decade, and I have frequently given it as a gift to new parents. The creative, innovative, quasi-fictional design of both editions - ’imagined childcare guides’ authored by ethnographers studying in a broad range of cultures, writing as if they are imparting knowledge to new parents as a childcare expert, such as a grandmother, midwife, or diviner - makes A World of Babies an enjoyable and impactful read for students and new parents alike. At a time when it may seem like there is no ‘right’ way to raise a child … it is refreshing to read a book which concludes that, in fact, there are many ‘right’ ways to raise children.'

Christa Craven - College of Wooster, and author of Pushing for Midwives: Homebirth Mothers and the Reproductive Rights Movement

'This is a fantastic book! I am going to use it right away with both my large undergraduate class and advanced graduate seminar … It [has] an impressive array of authors, each with deep knowledge of the culture for which they are preparing their ‘advice'.'

Patricia Greenfield - University of California, Los Angeles, and author of Mind and Media: The Effects of Television, Video Games, and Computers

'A World of Babies provides terrific and vivid personal examples reminding us of the importance of family, culture, history and context in children’s lives in today’s globalizing world.'

Thomas S. Weisner - University of California, Los Angeles, and co-author of Higher Ground: New Hope for the Working Poor and Their Children

'This very accessible yet soundly scholarly book reads like a novel describing the same event from different perspectives, thereby shedding light on the socio-culturally constructed nature of what we might think of as ‘objective’ and self-evident ‘truths’ about early child development. A ‘must-read’ for students and researchers in the area of developmental psychology as well as a great read for anyone interested in the world of babies.'

Alexandra M. Freund - University of Zurich, and co-editor of The Handbook of Life-Span Development: Social and Emotional Development

'Starting with a most captivating and comprehensive overview of the worldwide challenges facing twenty-first-century parenting, alongside their seven, fictitious, ‘composite person’ community authors, who could (if real persons) appropriately dispense ‘how to’ infant care advice, yet again, Professors Gottlieb and DeLoache manage to spin their baby-care magic for both students and professionals alike … the seven new (and one updated) chapters provide, as did the first edition, a sparkling set of ‘manuals’ but with an even greater degree of wit, clarity, and intimate cultural knowledge, spreading cross-cultural insights that at times shock, amuse, and entertain, but always shed further light on the diverse … ways both biology and culture find expression in how we care for our babies.'

James J. McKenna - University of Notre Dame, and author of Sleeping with Your Baby

'[A] clever, refreshing, indeed witty way to engage readers … not only in the study of children, childhoods and socialization, but also in the conduct of ethnographic field research and the ways in which we present our work.'

Myra Bluebond-Langner - University College London, and author of The Private Worlds of Dying Children

'The editors, in the second edition of A World of Babies, have made a great book out of a very good one. The work is unique in combining perspectives not normally found in a single case study … we learn much about the enormous diversity in cultural practices vis-à-vis babies and about the contemporary forces that provoke change and resistance to change.'

David F. Lancy - Utah State University, and author of The Anthropology of Childhood

'This lively, well-written book is authoritative, but not in the usual way. It's not going to tell you how to give birth or raise your child. Instead, it will tell you many ways to do it, each blending a deep cultural tradition with the modern world. It's the perfect antidote to the worst parenting myth: 'there is one right way, and if I don't find it my child will suffer'. Treat yourself instead to A World of Babies, and encounter a wide world of ways.'

Melvin Konner - Emory University, and author of The Evolution of Childhood

'They had me at page 1: encountering a few of the differences in beliefs held around the world about raising babies made me eagerly read for more. Students of child development at all levels of education need this book to help them gain perspective on their own culture’s child-rearing practices. Practices that appear ‘natural’ and unquestionable are in fact deeply rooted in physical, cultural and economic realities … The book is brilliant. I can see this book generating extensive discussion and provoking endless consideration of the role of nature and nurture in child development.'

Roberta Michnick Golinkoff - University of Delaware, and author of How Babies Talk

'This thoughtful and engaging book should be read not only by anthropologists and psychologists but by all expectant mothers. It makes American child-rearing seem distinctly exotic. At the same time, it shows how much all mothers share. The effect is both liberating and moving.'

Tanya Luhrmann - Stanford University, and author of When God Talks Back

Review of previous edition:'If you ever find yourself assuming that there's just one right way - your way - to bring up babies, read this book. It's highly enjoyable and such a good idea that I only wish I'd thought of it myself.'

Penelope Leach - author of Your Baby and Child, From Birth to Age Five

Review of previous edition:'Every American parent should reflect on these cultural essays.'

Jerome Kagan - Harvard University, and author of The Nature of the Child

Review of previous edition:'Having a baby is a life-enhancing and mind-extending trip into new lands, much like the marvelous anthropology of child-rearing in this book. Take its expedition and it may help clarify the values and contexts of your own parenting, and bring the world's children into the clearer focus of our knowledge and concern.'

Catherine Lutz - Brown University, and author of Schooled: Ordinary, Extraordinary Teaching in an Age of Change

Review of previous edition:'Read these pages. This is a very moving book, and a revealing one.'

Jerome Bruner - New York University, and author of Child's Talk

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Contents

Contents
References

Citations and Sources Cited

1

1 Raising a World of Babies

Citations

The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the Sources Cited section immediately following for this chapter.

Page

3

skyrocketing US interest in “other” childrearing strategies – 86; TED talk – 16; China-inspired parenting book – 17; France-inspired parenting book – 22, 89, 95; willingness to “parent in public” – 74; books about comparative parenting styles – 31, 46

4

what people accept as “common sense” in one society is often considered odd, exotic, or even barbaric in another – 25; on Benjamin Spock as “the world’s most famous baby doctor” – 48; Dr. Spock’s book has sold over 50 million copies – 85; similar childrearing challenges for all parents – 52

5

infant mortality rates by country – 90; effects of European colonialism on populations of the global south – 27

6

3.1 million children die from hunger each year – 101; the world’s farmers produce enough food to feed the world’s population – 65

7

wet nurses in the ancient world, and elite families in western Europe from the eleventh to the eighteenth century – 23; wet nursing: in Paris of 1780 – 42, in Europe until World War I – 23; “milk kin” – 19, 43; cow’s milk and death in Iceland – 33; recommended length of breastfeeding: by the American Academy of Pediatrics – 3, by the World Health Organization – 98

8

rates of breastfeeding: in US – 13; globally – 98; population lacking access to safe water – 100; diluting infant formula from poverty – 75

9

lawsuits against employers and restaurants in the US to support public breastfeeding – 38, 54, 102; call for a return of “wet nurses” to help working mothers – 68

11

older children take care of babies: effective in “traditional” societies – 93

11–12

impossible in contexts of extreme poverty – 20; dangerous in the favelas of northeastern Brazil – 75

12

adoption on Ifaluk – 49; international adoptions within communities spanning national borders – 18; interracial and international adoptions: increasingly popular – 76, sometimes becoming human trafficking schemes – 15

13

emotional ties of young children: with older siblings – 93, with daycare teachers – 37; infants’ ties to ancestors: via reincarnation – 27, among Baganda 44, among Warlpiri – 66; Portuguese concept of saudade – 29; recent comparative work by developmental psychologists: on children’s lives – 77, on “attachment theory” – 64, 72

14

young children learn as apprentices: weaving – 70, washing laundry, cooking, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting – 97, doing errands – 61

16

co-sleeping: throughout human history – 36, 79

17

co-sleeping: in modern societies – 78; co-sleeping: in Mayan families – 60, in Japanese families – 1, 12; babies sleep solo: rare cross-culturally – 79, recommended by American pediatricians – 53, recommended by public health campaigns in Milwaukee – 58, recommended by public health campaigns in New York City – 63, 92; co-sleeping among Asian versus White parents in the US – 62; “attachment theory” mischaracterized in popular discussions – 91; co-sleeping stigmatized and under-reported in the US – 55; co-sleeping: claimed to increase the risk of SIDS – 4, claimed to reduce the risk of SIDS – 55

19

infants sleeping solo seen as shocking mistreatment by Mayan mothers – 60, and by others elsewhere – 78; “cultural intimacy” – 35

20

effects of long-term political strife and poverty on parents and children – 21

21

relatives no longer available to advise many new mothers in US – 96; pediatricians and books as common sources of information about parenting in Western nations – 32

22

“Parenting Industrial Complex” – 69; eager readership of parenting books – 39; parenting books appeal to what readers already know – 57

23

Penelope Leach’s advice on gender – 50, 51

24

article spoofing Spock – 26

25

societies with a long tradition of literacy having earlier parenting manuals – 5; contemporary Chinese mothers seek parenting advice online – 14

26

changing American ideas about blue and pink – 56

27

experimental writing among scholars – 2, 8, 11, 24, 28, 59, 67, 71, 82, 83, 84, 87; parenting manuals: in Renaissance Italy – 9, in China – 5, 79, in contemporary Western societies – 30, 94

28

dramatic changes in children’s lives globally: positive health indicators – 99, recruitment of child soldiers – 80

30

work by developmental psychologists acknowledging cultural differences – 10, 40; WEIRD research subjects – 34, 41; new cross-cultural studies of childhood by psychologists – 47; new interest in children by anthropologists – 6, 7, 73

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(100)World Health Organization and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2014). Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2014 Update. www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2014/jmp-report/en/.
(101)World Hunger Education Service (2015). World child hunger facts. www.worldhunger.org/articles/Learn/child_hunger_facts.htm.
(102)Yarrow, Allison (2014). Pumped up: Breastfeeding mothers fight for rights at work. NBC News, January 10. http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2014/01/10/22257760-pumped-up-breastfeeding-mothers-fight-for-rights-at-work?lite.
2

2 Never Forget Where You’re From

Citations

The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the immediately following Sources Cited section for this chapter.

Page

33

religious profile of Guinea-Bissau – 23, 26; population of Fula in Guinea-Bissau – 26

34

“if the cattle die . . .” – 15, p. 25; population of Mandinga in Guinea-Bissau – 26; description of Muslim versus indigenous societies in Guinea-Bissau – 5

35

migration from Guinea-Bissau to Portugal – 1, 6, 24; Guinean Muslims migrated from rural areas in Guinea-Bissau – 25

36

population of Muslims in Europe and in Portugal – 30; number of Guinean Muslims outnumber Indian Muslims from Mozambique – 31

37

Guineans in Lisbon are becoming critical of polygyny – 2

40

infant and maternal mortality rates in Guinea-Bissau and Portugal – 7; Allah fixes the time and place of death at birth – 20

41

how a belly is made, and contributions of male and female sexual fluids – 18

43

obtaining Portuguese citizenship for your baby – 14

44

hospital births rising in Guinea-Bissau – 16; a laboring woman may have a birthing companion in Portugal – 27

45

excision prepares a woman for childbirth pain – 17; true sweetness must entail suffering – 17; African women’s labors are easier, due to absence of chemicals in food, and to farm work – 21

46

bodily substances should be buried in the ground – 20, 32

50

rely on mobile phone to “visit” – 22

52

spirits move easily between Guinea-Bissau and Portugal – 29

54

magical practices for protecting White Portuguese babies from witches – 11; child fostering in Africa – 13

55

many Portuguese babies are weaned by 3–6 months – 10; children acquire personality traits and habits through breastfeeding – 28; breastmilk is a “kinship glue” – 32, p. 47; children of one mother are close and trusting, while children of one father are distant and competitive – 3; “milk kin” – 4, p. 100; 9, p. 136

56

avoiding pork is difficult in Portugal – 12; colostrum “thin and weak” and not fed to Mandinga babies – 32, p. 51

57

avoid sex until baby begins walking – 32; breastmilk during pregnancy belongs to fetus – 32; “Let go of the breast!” and threaten to put hot pepper on your nipples – 32, p. 56

58

the importance of three rituals (name-giving ritual, circumcision, writing-on-the-hand ritual) for Mandinga identity – 18

62–65

writing-on-the-hand ritual – 18

64

parents must keep channels of communication open between children and angels – 18; waking sleeping children disrupts communication with angels – 18; female nudity and keeping dogs in apartment scare away angels – 18

65

writing-on-the-hand ritual as magical safeguard against alcoholism – 18; “big initiation” and “little initiation” are changing – 17, 19

66

Kankuran protects initiates from witches – 8

67

today girls are circumcised earlier – 17, 19; when a girl’s clitoris is cut, God can hear her prayers – 17, 19; many Guinean Muslim men in Lisbon now oppose female circumcision – 19

68

female circumcision tames a girl’s sex drive – 17, 19; danger of circumcising a sexually active girl – 19

70

news travels fast by mobile phone in Guinean immigrant community in Lisbon – 19, 22

Sources Cited – Chapter 2
(1)Abranches, Maria (2007). Muslim women in Portugal: Strategies of identity (re)construction. Lusotopie 14 (1), 239–54.
(2)Abranches, Maria (2014). Remitting wealth, reciprocating health? The “travel” of the land from Guinea-Bissau to Portugal. American Ethnologist 41 (2), 261–75.
(3)Bird, Charles S. and Kendall, Martha B. (1980). The Mande hero: Text and context. In Karp, Ivan and Bird, Charles S. (eds.), Exploration in African systems of thought. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 13–26.
(4)Boddy, Janice (1989). Wombs and alien spirits: Women, men, and the Zar cult in northern Sudan. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
(5)Brooks, George (1993). Historical perspectives on the Guinea-Bissau region, fifteenth to nineteenth centuries. In Lopes, Carlos (ed.), Mansas, escravos, grumetes e gentio: Cacheu na encruzilhada de civilizações. Bissau: Institutio Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisa, pp. 27–54.
(6)Carvalho, Clara (2012). Guinean migrant traditional healers in the global market. In Dilger, Hanjörg, Kane, Abdoulaye, and Langwick, Stacey A. (eds.), Medicine, mobility, and power in global Africa: Transnational health and healing. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 316–36.
(7)Central Intelligence Agency (2014). The World Factbook, 2015. New York: Skyhorse.
(8)de Jong, Ferdinand (2007). Masquerades of modernity: Power and secrecy in Casamance, Senegal. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
(9)Delaney, Carole (2000). Making babies in a Turkish village. In DeLoache, Judy S. and Gottlieb, Alma (eds.), A world of babies: Imagined childcare guides for seven societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–44.
(10)Figueiredo, Bárbara, Dias, Claudia C., Brandão, Sónia, Canário, Catarina, and Nunes-Costa, Rui (2013). Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: State of the art review. Jornal de Pediatra 89 (4), 332–38.
(11)Gallop, Rodney (1961). Portugal: A book of folk-ways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(12)Graham, Philip (2009). 365 days of pork surprise. In The Moon, come to Earth: Dispatches from Lisbon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 12–16.
(13)Grosz-Ngaté, Maria (2014). Social relations: Family, kinship, and community. In Grosz-Ngaté, Maria, Hanson, John H., and O’Meara, Patrick (eds.), Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 56–82.
(14)Healy, Claire (2011). Portuguese citizenship: The new nationality law of 2006 (summary and English translation by the author). Lisbon: ACIDI.
(15)Hopen, C. E. (1958). The pastoral Fulbe family in Gwandu. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(16)Integrated Regional Information Networks (2014). Guinea-Bissau: Hospital births on rise. Humanitarian News and Analysis, July 21.
(17)Johnson, Michelle C. (2000). Becoming a Muslim, becoming a person: Female “circumcision,” religious identity, and personhood in Guinea-Bissau. In Shell-Duncan, Bettina and Hernlund, Ylva (eds.), Female “circumcision” in Africa: Culture, controversy, and change. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
(18)Johnson, Michelle C. (2006). The proof is on my palm: Debating Islam and ritual in a new African diaspora. Journal of Religion in Africa 36 (1), 50–77.
(19)Johnson, Michelle C. (2007). Making Mandinga or making Muslims? Debating female circumcision, ethnicity, and Islam in Guinea-Bissau and Portugal. In Hernlund, Ylva and Shell-Duncan, Bettina (eds.), Transcultural bodies: Female genital cutting in global context. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, pp. 202–23.
(20)Johnson, Michelle C. (2009). Death and the left hand: Islam, gender, and “proper” Mandinga funerary custom in Guinea-Bissau and Portugal. African Studies Review 52 (2), 93–117.
(21)Johnson, Michelle C. (2013). “Children of Muslims eat rice”: Food, identity, and Islamic piety among Guinean Muslims in Lisbon. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. Chicago, November 20–24.
(22)Johnson, Michelle C. (2013). Culture’s calling: Mobile phones, gender, and the making of an African migrant village in Portugal. Anthropological Quarterly 86 (1), 163–90.
(23)Johnson, Michelle C. (2014). Guinea-Bissau. In Worldmark encyclopedia of religious practices. Second edition, ed. Riggs, Thomas, vol. 3: Countries, Greece to Philippines. Detroit: Gale, pp. 40–49.
(24)Machado, Fernando Luís (1994). Luso-Africanos em Portugal: Nas margens de etnicidade. Sociologia: Problemas e Práticas 16, 111–34.
(25)Machado, Fernando Luís (1998). Da Guiné-Bissau a Portugal: Luso-Guineenses e imigrantes. Sociologia: Problemas e Práticas 26, 9–56.
(26)Mendy, Peter Karibe and Lobban, Richard A. Jr. (2013). Historical dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
(27)Portugal (1985). Lei 14/85, de 6 de Julho. Acompanhamento da mulher gravida durante o trabalho. Diario da Republica, 1a Serie, no. 153.
(28)Riesman, Paul (1992). First find your child a good mother: The construction of self in two African communities, ed. Szanton, David L., Abu-Lughod, Lila, Hutchinson, Sharon, Stoller, Paul, and Trosset, Carol. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
(29)Saraiva, Clara (2008). Transnational migrants and transnational spirits: An African religion in Lisbon. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34 (2), 253–69.
(30)Tiesler, Nina Clara (2008). No bad news from the European margin: The new Islamic presence in Portugal. In Rippin, Andrew (ed.), World Islam: Critical concepts in Islamic studies, vol. 4. London: Routledge, pp. 189–216.
(31)Tiesler, Nina Clara (2011). Happy at home and going international: Young Portuguese Muslims. Checks and Balances 7 (4), 30–35.
(32)Whittemore, Robert D. and Beverly, Elizabeth A. (1998). Mandinka mothers and nurslings: Power and reproduction. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 10 (1), 45–62.
3

3 From Cultural Revolution to Childcare Revolution

Citations

The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the Sources Cited section immediately following for this chapter.

Page

71

description of Chinese society – 9; studies of lineage – 10

72

collectivization – 29; women’s roles and experience during Communism – 21; women in Communism and family violence during Communism – 21, 29

73

One Child Policy and modernity – 5; modernity and birth planning – 16, 17, 18; only children and family’s hope – 13

74

household registration system, legality, and social stratification – 26; family separation – 14, 15, 41, 42, 43; migration and Spring Festival – 8; government and “high quality” citizens – 1, 2, 3, 11, 16, 20, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 46

74–5

immorality of Chinese society – 38, 39, 40

75

fosterage and adoption of abandoned, female, and disabled children – 7, 22, 23, 28, 30, 31, 34, 37

75–6

reinterpretation of filial piety – 4, 6, 44, 45

76

intergenerational relationships – 14, 15, 30; argumentative communication – 47

77–8

prevailing importance of intergenerational relations – 4, 6; children as parents’ hope for security – 13

81–2

local marriages under Communism – 29

83–5

intergenerational tension over prenatal vitamins – 47

84

Chinese personhood – 28

86

the changing value of girls in modern China – 12

86–7

increasing number of babies born with birth defects – 19

87

disability in China – 23, 24, 25, 30

89–90

traditional Chinese childrearing – 29, 35, 36

90

work as an idiom for love – 29

90–1

modern psychology of childrearing – 28

Sources Cited – Chapter 3
(1)Anagnost, A. (1997). Neo-Malthusian fantasy and national transcendence. In National past-times: Narrative, representation, and power in modern China. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 117–37.
(2)Anagnost, A. (2004). The corporeal politics of quality (suzhi). Public Culture, Spring (2), 189–208.
(3)Bakken, B. (2000). The exemplary society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(4)Chen, F., Lu, G.. and Mair, C. A. (2011). Intergenerational ties in context: Grandparents caring for grandchildren in China. Social Forces 90 (2), 571–94.
(5)Chen, Junjie (2011). Globalizing, reproducing, and civilizing rural subjects: Population control policy and constructions of rural identity in China. In Browner, Carole and Sargent, Carolyn (eds.), Reproduction, globalization and the state: New theoretical and ethnographical perspectives. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 38–52.
(6)Croll, E. (2010). The intergenerational contract in the changing Asian family. Oxford Development Studies 34 (4), 473–91.
(7)Dorow, S. (2006). Transnational adoption: A cultural economy of race, gender, and kinship. New York: New York University Press.
(8)Fan, L. (2010). The last train home. Canada: EyeSteelFilm.
(9)Fei, X. T. (1992 [1947]). From the soil: The foundations of Chinese society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
(10)Freedman, M. (1966). Chinese lineage and society: Fukien and Kwangtung. London: Athlone.
(11)Friedman, S. (2006). Intimate politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
(12)Fong, V. (2002). China’s one-child policy and the empowerment of urban daughters. American Anthropologist, 104 (4), 1098–1109.
(13)Fong, V. (2004). Only hope: Coming of age under China’s one child policy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
(14)Goh, E. C. L. (2009). Grandparents as childcare providers: An in-depth analysis of the case of Xiamen, China. Journal of Aging Studies 23, 60–68.
(15)Goh, E. C. L. (2011). China’s one-child policy and multiple caregiving: Raising little suns in Xiamen. New York: Routledge.
(16)Greenhalgh, S. (2003). Planned births, unplanned persons: “Population” in the making of Chinese modernity. American Anthropologist, 30 (2), 196–215.
(17)Greenhalgh, S. (2010). Governing Chinese life: From sovereignty to biopolitical governance. In Zhang, E. Y., Kleinman, A., and Tu, W. (eds.), Governance of life in Chinese moral experience: The quest for an adequate life. New York: Routledge, pp. 146–62.
(18)Greenhalgh, S. and Winckler, E. A. (2005). Governing China’s population. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
(19)Hu, Y. (2007). Baby born with birth defects every 30 seconds. China Daily (October 30), 3.
(20)Jacka, T. (2009). Cultivating citizens: Suzhi discourse (quality) in the PRC. Positions: East Asia Culture Critique 17 (3), 523–35.
(21)Johnson, K. A. (1985). Women, the family, and peasant revolution in China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
(22)Johnson, K. A. (2004). Wanting a daughter, needing a son. St. Paul, MN: Yeong & Yeong Book Co.
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(24)Kohrman, M. (1999). Grooming “Que Zi”: Marriage exclusion and identity formation among disabled men in contemporary China. American Ethnologist 26 (4), 890–909.
(25)Kohrman, M. (2005). Bodies of difference. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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(28)Naftali, O. (2014). Children, rights, and modernity in China. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
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(36)Wolf, M. (1972). Uterine families and the women’s community. In Women and the family in rural Taiwan. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 32–41.
(37)Wu, Y. P., Han, X. Y., and Gao, Q. (2005). Jiating Jiyang: Dongji yu Jixiao [Family fostering: Motivation and effect]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
(38)Yan, Y. X. (2003). Private life under socialism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
(39)Yan, Y. X. (2011). The individualization of the family in rural China. Boundary 2: An International Journal of Literature and Culture 38 (1), 203–29.
(40)Yan, Y. X. (2011). The changing moral landscape. In Kleinman, A. et al. (eds.), Deep China: The moral life of the person – what anthropology and psychiatry tell us about China today. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 36–77.
(41)Ye, J. Z. (2011). Left-behind children: The social price of China’s economic boom. Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (3), 613–50.
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(45)Zhang, H. (2005). Bracing for an uncertain future: A case study of new coping strategies of rural parents under China’s birth control policy. China Journal 54, 53–76.
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4

4 A Baby to Tie You to Place

Citations

The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered referencing in the following Sources Cited section of this chapter.

Page

94

expelled from their homes – 47, 59; al-Nakba, meaning “the catastrophe” – 24; longest military occupation – 34; increasingly criticized – 13; the second intifada – 56; illegal by the United Nations General Assembly – 68

95

Israelis and Palestinian injured or dead – 23, 41; separation wall – 22, 69; checkpoints – 70; the permit system – 3, 66; demolition of Palestinian homes – 6; violation of international humanitarian law – 27; Fourth Geneva Convention – 43; decrease in public support for “settlements” – 62; others who are more distantly related – 44; strong ties with the hamula – 35; members numbering in the thousands – 15

95–6

daily interaction and socialization – 31

96

relatives beyond those in the ‘a’ila – 44; strengthened family ties – 65; socialize within the confines of the hamula – 42; levels and structures of mobility – 36, 37; central to Arab culture and practice – 73; Israel citing security risks – 16, 63

97

since the 1948 Nakba – 2; internal deficiencies within the Palestinian Authority – 60

98

money to support the hamula – 2; weakening the economic situation in the West Bank and East Jerusalem – 67; pools its resources for family needs – 42; 161 Palestinian dead and another 700 injured – 53; Palestinian killed by other Palestinians – 21; targeted each other’s activists, leaders, and supporters – 18, 19, 53; accused of being “collaborators” – 20; death for being a “collaborator” – 14; human rights organizations have documented instances – 14; collaboration has been broadly defined – 20

99

collaboration includes acts that are deemed immoral – 20; marriage is often central to a family’s survival – 2; members of ‘a’ila consulted in decision-making process – 15; women tend to join their husband’s families – 15; Palestinian society is young – 25; responsibility often falls upon the oldest son – 42; “honor” is reflected in the “virtuous” behaviors of its women – 42; “honor” has expanded to include other elements – 42

100

maintenance of traditional values and customs – 42; women are considered to be some of the most educated women – 58

104

marriage governed by customary orthodox Sunni Islamic law – 30; legally seek divorce – 30; 4.5 percent of families in the West Bank practiced polygamy – 71; psychological and economic distress – 52; stressful for children – 9, 10

105

dayat – 46; discouraged home delivery births – 17; 3.2 percent of births in the West Bank – 54

106

eating dates during the last month of pregnancy – 11

107

“checkpoint” – 70; pregnant women stuck at checkpoints – 49; pregnant and laboring women were refused passage – 12; exposed to tear gas – 40

111

depression because of the political situation – 4, 7; breastfeed up to two years – 51

112

symbol of Palestinian resistance – 64

114

maternity leave – 55

116

food allergies – 33

117

Qabr Yūsuf – 57, 72; considered a holy place – 25, 56; site of intense conflict for centuries – 48, 57, 61; Israeli army prohibits Palestinian Muslims – 1, 28, 29, 38, 39

118

in the company of older siblings or cousins – 50; protect them from violence – 5, 7

119

resist the Israeli occupation and its violence – 8

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5

5 Childrearing in the New Country

Citations

The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the Sources Cited section immediately following this chapter.

Page

123

construction of shared peoplehood in contemporary Israel – 11

124

Zionist ideology – 5, pp. 3–13; factors facilitating the spread of Hebrew as lingua franca among Jewish settlers in Palestine – 41

125

Palestinian population of Israel – 1, 25; occupied territories and Jordan Palestinian population of – 6, p. 5; creation of Palestinian refugee problem – 40

126

complex relations between the Jewish majority and the Palestinian minority – 3, 46, 51, 54, 56; Israel a “deeply divided society” – 52

127–8

surveys of religiosity – 4

128

evolving meanings of terms, Sephardi and Mizrahi – 18; increase of Mizrahi Jews to 40 percent – 47; construction of overarching “Mizrahi” identity that disregards internal diversity – 19

129

development towns – 51, pp. 80–1; rise of Mizrahi middle-class in Israel – 10, 38; Israeli “melting pot” as success or failure – 61; Ethiopian immigration statistics – 47, p. 4

130

recent education and employment trends among Ethiopian Israelis – 58; newcomer groups in Israeli society including Russians, Ethiopians, and labor migrants – 31, pp. 130–72; 51, pp. 308–34; implications for educational policy of lack of recognizing diversity among Russian-speakers – 8; what is “Russian” about diverse population of Russian-speakers in Israel? – 34

130–1

comparison between Mizrahi immigrants of the 1950s and Russian immigrants of the 1990s – 53

131

occupational fates of various professional groups among immigrants from former Soviet Union 14, 35, 42, pp. 73–93, 53, 55; Russian immigrants’ social enclave and political mobilization – 42, pp. 138–42; adolescents’ adaptation – 12; Mizrahi Jews’ attitudes toward Russian immigrants – 42, pp. 153–6

132

familism – 16, p. vii; changes in family patterns over the past five decades and across socio-ethnic groups – 32; continuing centrality of familism in Israeli society – 15; family policy and public attitudes – 36; womanhood and motherhood in Israeli society at the interface of religion and nationalism – 7, 15, 31, pp. 175–9; ethnographic studies of Israeli-Jewish motherhood via assisted conception – 26, 27, 59; pregnancy – 26; among Palestinian Israeli women – 28; poverty indicators – 56

133

women in Israel are relatively well educated – 24

133–4

education in Israel – 51, pp. 294–6, 60

134

Israeli education system – 60; school matriculation statistics – 56; more optimistic account – 2; structural and demographic accounts of early education in Israel preceding recent changes – 30, 57

134–5

attitudes toward early education among newcomers from the former Soviet Union – 43, 45; preservation of the Russian language as factor in parents’ choice of early education settings – 39, 48; immigrants establish own education system – 23, 49

135

history of early education in Israel – 37, 44

137

negative stereotypes attached to newcomer women – 20, 33

138

continuity and change among women of Moroccan descent in Israel – 17, 38

140–1

experience of pregnancy among Israeli women: and sense of threat – 26; and elaborate system of prenatal testing – 26, pp. 37–76; and quest for medical information among pregnant women – 26, pp. 204–16

141

pregnancy and birth rituals among Israeli women of various ethnic backgrounds – 50

147

teaching traumatic historical events to young children – 9, 62; differences in political talk between Jewish and Palestinian early education teachers – 22; school trips to Poland as pilgrimage – 13

148

tendency to depoliticize political issues through use of psychological discourse in early education – 21

150

education as means for upward mobility among Moroccan-Israeli women – 38

151

importance of peer group and key symbol of “crystallization” (gibush) – 29

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(59)Teman, E. (2010). Birthing a mother: The surrogate body and the pregnant self. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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6

6 Luring Your Child into this Life of Troubled Times

Citations

The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the Sources Cited section immediately following this chapter.

Page

153–4

early Beng history – 10, 15

154

Ivorian groups who actively resisted colonization – 34; French colonial history of West Africa – 24; on Houphouët-Boigny’s reign – 18, 24; early warning signs of economic and political trouble – 6, 16

155

vigilante justice – 17; civil war – 23; early structural causes of the civil war – 22

156

on increasing poverty under colonial domination in Africa – 28; fragility of post-conflict rebuilding of infrastructure and democracy – 4, 31; toxic waste dumping in Abidjan by multinational corporations – 2; problematic youth behavior – 26; religious and ethnic xenophobia – 1, 3, 25; religious extremism – 19; human rights abuses – 33; negative implications of the declining economy and weak infrastructure for children’s lives – 29, 30

157

Beng regional and political structure – 8

158

extended families, clan structure, and arranged marriage rules – 10; rebellion against arranged marriage – 13, 14; indigenous Beng religion – 10, 13

159

newborns emerge from afterlife – 11, 12

160

religious and mundane not easily distinguished – 10

165

two worlds of people and animals remain connected – 10

170

slow process to leave the afterlife – 11, 12

Sources Cited – Chapter 6
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(10)Gottlieb, Alma (1996 [1992]). Under the kapok tree: Identity and difference in Beng thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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7

7 From Mogadishu to Minneapolis

Citations

The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the Sources Cited section immediately following this chapter.

Page

191

urban literacy campaign – 9; rural literacy campaign – 9

192

primary school – 9; girls in education – 9; women in teaching profession – 9; refugee statistics – 32

193

Dadaab refugee camp – 33; encampment policy – 19; Somali refugee-cum-suspects – 5

194

Lewiston letter – 13; Manchester – 16; Springfield – 23

195

Islamophobia in Minnesota – 7; Halloween costume – 14; reasons for Minnesota as destination for Somali diaspora – 15; Somali businesses – 15, 29

196

dugsi – 28

197

communal – 22; social interconnectedness – 20; child obedience – 12

198

closing of coastal refugee camp – 8

202

vitamins to fatten children – 18; vitamins as medicine – 34

203

infibulation – 21; complications of infibulation – 21; shame over gudniin – 34

204

Somali women misunderstood – 34

205

increased C-sections – 21

206

future fertility – 18; deinfibulation – 18; afartan-beh – 1

207

special foods – 25

208

wanqal – 1

209

abtiris – 1; the travels of Igal Shidad – 11; Qayb Libaax – 2

210

pumping breastmilk – 18; nursing in Islam – 31; challenges to exclusive breastfeeding – 27

211

overweight women and breastfeeding – 4; colostrum – 6

212

toothstick – 3; “food deserts” – 24

215

statistics on autism in Somali community – 17

216

vaccinations – 35

220

spanking – 26; Black youth – 10

221

North Carolina murders – 30

222

the Prophet and men’s house work – 3

Sources Cited – Chapter 7
(1)Abdullahi, M. D. (2001). Culture and customs of Somalia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
(2)Ahmed, S. (2007). Qayb libaax [The lion’s share]. Minneapolis: Minnesota Humanities Commission.
(3)Al-Bukhari, Muhamad ibn Ismail (1997). The translation of the meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari: Arabic and English. Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications.
(4)Baker, J. L., Michaelsen, K. F., Rasmussen, K. M., and Sorensen, T. (2004). Maternal prepregnant body mass index, duration of breastfeeding, and timing of complementary food introduction are associated with infant weight gain. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (6), 1579–88.
(5)Balakian, S. (2016). “Money is your government”: Refugees, mobility and unstable documents in Kenya’s Operation Usalama Watch. African Studies Review 59(2), 87–111.
(6)Barstow, M. (2012). Working towards pragmatic and sustainable exclusive breastfeeding practices among Somali mothers in Lewiston, Maine. Unpublished B.A. honors thesis, Bates College.
(7)Bigelow, M. (2010). Mogadishu on the Mississippi: Language, racialized identity, and education in a new land. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
(8)Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (1999). Somalia: The “Benadir” refugee camp including location and ethnic backgrounds of camp dwellers. December 31. www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad7b64.html.
(9)Cassanelli, L. and Abdikadir, F. S. (2008). Somalia: Education in transition. Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 7 (7), 91–125.
(10)Coates, T. (2015, July 4). Letter to my son. The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/tanehisi-coates-between-the-world-and-me/397619/.
(11)Dupre, K. (2008). Safarada Cigaal Shidaad [The travels of Igal Shidad]. Hershey, PA: IGI Distributors.
(12)Dybdahl, R. and Hundeide, K. (1999). Childhood in the Somali context: Mothers’ and children’s ideas about childhood and parenthood. Psychology and Developing Societies 10 (2), 131–45.
(13)Ellison, J. (2009, January 16). Lewiston, Maine, revived by Somali immigrants. Newsweek. www.newsweek.com/lewiston-maine-revived-somali-immigrants-78475.
(14)Gilbert, C. (2013). St. Paul Police Department probe hijab costume photo. Minnesota Public Radio News, February 5. www.mprnews.org/story/2013/02/04/police/photo-somali-halloween-costume.
(15)Golden, S., Boyle, E., and Jama, Y. (2010). Achieving success in business: A comparison of Somali and American-born entrepreneurs in Minneapolis. CURA Reporter 40 (1–2), 43–51.
(16)Goodnough, A. (2011, November 25). After taking refugees for years, a New Hampshire city asks for a pause. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2011/11/26/us/manchester-new-hampshire-seeks-halt-in-refugee-resettlement.html.
(17)Hewitt, A., Hall-Lande, Jennifer, Hamre, Kristin, Esler, Amy N., Punyko, Judy, Reichle, Joe, and Gulaid, Anab A. (2013). Minneapolis Somali autism spectrum disorder prevalence project: Community Report 2013. University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN.
(18)Hill, N., Hunt, E., and Hyrkas, K. (2011). Somali immigrant women’s health care experiences and beliefs regarding pregnancy and birth in the United States. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 23 (1), 72–81.
(19)Human Rights Watch (2013, January 21). Kenya: Don’t force 55,000 refugees into camps. www.hrw.org/news/2013/01/21/kenya-don-t-force-55000-refugees-camps.
(20)Hurley, E., Boykin, A., and Allen, B. (2005). Communal versus individual learning of a math-estimation task: African American children and the culture of learning contexts. Journal of Psychology 139 (6), 513–27.
(21)Johnson, E., Reed, S., Hitti, J., and Batra, M. (2005). Increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome among Somali immigrants in Washington State. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 193 (2), 475–82.
(22)Kapteijns, L. and Arman, A. (2008). Educating immigrant youth in the United States: An exploration of the Somali case. Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 4, 8–43.
(23)Larson, J. (2014, June 24). Massachusetts Mayor doesn’t want more Somali refugees in his town. Vice News. https://news.vice.com/article/massachusetts-mayor-doesnt-want-more-somali-refugees-in-his-town.
(24)Lewis, L., Galloway-Gilliam, L., Flynn, G., Nomachi, J., Keener, L., and Sloane, D. (2011). Transforming the urban food desert from the grassroots up: A model for community change. Family and Community Health 34 (1S), 92–101.
(25)Lewis, Toby, Mooney, Jessica, and Shepodd, Gillian (2009 [1996]))Somali cultural profile. Ethnomed. https://ethnomed.org/culture/somali/somali-cultural-profile.
(26)Meyers, T. (2014, September 22). Spanking isn’t culture. It’s a cycle of abuse. The New York Times. http://parenting.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/spanking-isnt-culture-its-a-cycle-of-abuse/.
(27)Minnesota International Health Volunteers (2005). Somali women’s breastfeeding practices and preferences: Somali health care initiative focus group findings. http://wellshareinternational.org/.
(28)Moore, L. (2011). Research directions: Moving through languages, literacies and schooling traditions. Language Arts 88 (4), 288–97.
(29)Samatar, H. (2008). Experiences of Somali entrepreneurs in the Twin Cities. Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 4 (9), 78–81.
(30)Talbot, M. (2015, June 22). The story of a hate crime. The New Yorker. www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/06/22/the-story-of-a-hate-crime.
(31)The Noble Qur’an (1999). Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications.
(32)United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2015). UNHCR Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015. http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/statistics/country/576408cd7/unhcr-global-trends-2015.html.
(33)United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2016). Refugees in the Horn of Africa: Somali Displacement Crisis – Kenya. http://data.unhcr.org/horn-of-africa/country.php?id=110.
(34)Wojnar, D. (2014). Perinatal experiences of Somali couples in the United States. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 44 (3), 358–69.
(35)Wolff, E. and Madlon-Kay, D. (2014). Childhood vaccine beliefs reported by Somali and non-Somali parents. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 27 (4), 458–64.
8

8 Quechua or Spanish? Farm or School?

Citations

The numbers in the citations below refer to the numbered references in the Sources Cited section immediately following this chapter.

Page

226

pre-colonial history and Spanish conquest of the Incan empire – 27, 42; Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala – 27, 42, 43, 47

227

José María Arguedas – 5, 6, 7, 42; Peru’s colonial history – 27, 42; history of Peru’s independence and early nationhood – 19, 20, 42; Peru’s first constitution – 11

228

numbers of dead and disappeared – 36; Andean communities’ attitudes toward/experiences with schooling – 2, 3, 4, 9, 20, 26, 28; history of Shining Path – 23, 36, 42, 44, 45

230

meaning of “respect” for Quechua speakers in the Andes – 12, 13, 18, 22, 26, 32, 40

231

importance of “respect” in Andean childrearing and social norms – 12, 13, 21, 22, 26, 32

233

Andean Spanish – 37; life in the puna – 25

238

Amaru legend – 8, 43, 46, 47

239

coca leaves in Andean cosmology – 1, 24, 29

240

Andean practices of “reciprocity” – 1, 12, 14, 26, 29, 33, 37, 43, 47; sacred nature of water, mountains, all forms of life and landscape in Andean cosmology – 1, 10, 12, 29

241

reciprocity and postwar reconciliation – 45

242

Quechua greeting – 41; childbirth – 13, 17, 31

245

external womb – 12, 13, 31

246

personhood of babies and young children – 13, 34, 38

247

protective water – 13; synchronization of Catholicism with Andean cosmology – 1, 12, 13, 29; first haircut – 12, 13, 31

250

disciplining children – 13, 14, 22, 26, 39; children’s household labor – 13, 15, 26, 30

251

learning by watching and helping – 14, 21, 26, 28, 35

253

communal work sessions – 1, 13, 26, 29

254

preschool in Andean communities – 2, 3

256

Andean children’s aptitude for math – 13

259

raising children to be better than their parents – 26, 30

Sources Cited – Chapter 8

(1)Allen, C. (1988). The hold life has: Coca and cultural identity in an Andean community. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
(2)Ames, P., Rojas, V., and Portugal, T. (2009). Starting school: Who is prepared? Young Lives’ research on children’s transition to first grade in Peru. Working Paper No. 47. Oxford: Young Lives.
(3)Ames, P., Rojas, V., and Portugal, T. (2010). Continuity and respect for diversity: Strengthening early transitions in Peru. Working Paper No. 56, Studies in Early Childhood Transitions. The Hague: Bernard van Leer Foundation.
(4)Ansión, J. (1988). La escuela en la comunidad campesina. Proyecto escuela, ecología y comunidad campesina. Lima: Ministerio de Agricultura, Ministerio de Educación, FAO/ Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y Alimentación, COTESU/ Cooperación Técnica del Gobierno de Suiza.
(5)Arguedas, J. M. (1978). Deep rivers. Trans. Barraclough, F. H.. Austin: University of Texas Press.
(6)Arguedas, J. M. (1985). Yawar fiesta. Trans. Barraclough, F. H.. Austin: University of Texas Press.
(7)Arguedas, J. M. (2000). The fox from up above and the fox from down below. Trans. Barraclough, F. H.. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
(8)Arguedas, J. M. and Izquierdo Ríos, F. (eds.) (1947). Mitos, leyendas y cuentos Peruanos. Lima: Ministerio de Educación Pública.
(9)Arnold, D. and Yapita, J. D. (2006). The metamorphosis of heads: Textual struggles, education, and land in the Andes. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
(10)Bauer, B. and Stanish, C.. (2001). Ritual and pilgrimage in the ancient Andes: The islands of the sun and the moon. Austin: University of Texas Press.
(11)Bernardo de Tagle, J. (1823). Constitución política de la República Peruana. Sancionada por el Primer Congreso Constituyente el 12 de Noviembre de 1823. Lima.
(12)Bolin, I. (1998). Rituals of respect: The secret of survival in the high Peruvian Andes. Austin: University of Texas Press.
(13)Bolin, I. (2006). Growing up in a culture of respect: Childrearing in highland Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press.
(14)Bolton, C. and Bolton, R. (1974). Techniques of socialization among the Qolla. Atti del XL Congresso Internazionale degli Americanisti. Rome: International Congress of Americanists, pp. 531–39.
(15)Bolton, C. and Bolton, R. (2010 [1982]). El trabajo de niños en la sociedad Andina. In Bolton, R., La vida familiar en comunidades Andinas: Estudios antropológicos en la sierra sur del Perú. Lima: Editorial Horizonte, pp. 243–60.
(16)Bolton, R. and Mayer, E. (eds.) (1977). Andean kinship and marriage. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
(17)Bradby, B. (2002). Local knowledge in health: The case of Andean midwifery. In Stobart, Henry and Howard, Rosaleen (eds.), Knowledge and learning in the Andes. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, pp. 166–93.
(18)Cordero, L. (1992). Diccionario Quichua–Castellano y Castellano–Quichua. Quito: Proyecto Educación Bilingüe Intercultural and Corporación Editora Nacional.
(19)de la Cadena, M. (2003). Indigenous mestizos: The politics of race and culture in Cuzco, Peru, 1919–1991. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
(20)García, M. E. (2005). Making indigenous citizens: Identities, education, and multicultural development in Peru. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
(21)García Rivera, F. A. (2005). Yachay: Concepciones sobre enseñanza y aprendizaje en una comunidad Quechua. La Paz, Bolivia: PINSEIB, PROEIB Andes, and Plural Editores.
(22)García Rivera, F. A. (2007). Runa hina kay: La educación familiar y comunitaria orientada al respeto en una comunidad Quechua. Doctoral dissertation. Mexico City: Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados, Departamento de Investigaciones Educativas.
(23)Gorriti, G. (1999). The Shining Path: A history of the Millenarian War in Peru. Trans. Kirk, Robin. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
(24)Gose, P. (1994). Deathly waters and hungry mountains: Agrarian ritual and class formation in an Andean town. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
(25)Grim-Feinberg, K. (2012). Una aventura por las punas del Perú, parts I, II, and III. La Voz: Cultura y Noticias del Valle del Hudson 5 (8), 6 (9), 7 (9) (June, July, and August). http://lavoz.bard.edu/archivo/index.php?year=2012.
(26)Grim-Feinberg, K. (2013). Cultural models of respectful subjectivity among primary school children in post-conflict Ayacucho, Peru: An embodied learning analysis. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
(27)Guamán Poma de Ayala, F. (2009). The First New Chronicle and good government: On the history of the world and the Incas up to 1615. Trans. Hamilton, Roland. Austin: University of Texas Press.
(28)Howard, R. (2002). Yachay: The Tragedia del Fin de Atahuallpa as evidence of the colonisation of knowledge in the Andes. In Stobart, Henry and Howard, Rosaleen (eds.), Knowledge and learning in the Andes. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, pp. 17–39.
(29)Isbell, B. J. (1985). To defend ourselves: Ecology and ritual in an Andean village. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
(30)Leinaweaver, J. (2008). The circulation of children: Kinship, adoption, and morality in Andean Peru. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
(31)Lestage, F. (1999). Naissance et petite enfance dans les Andes péruviennes: Pratiques, rites, représentations. Paris: L’Harmattan.
(32)Lyons, B. J. (2001). Religion, authority, and identity: Intergenerational politics, ethnic resurgence, and respect in Chimborazo, Ecuador. Latin American Research Review 36 (1), 7–48.
(33)Meyer, E. (2002). The articulated peasant: Household economies in the Andes. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
(34)Morgan, L. M. (1998). Ambiguities lost: Fashioning the fetus into a child in Ecuador and the United States. In Scheper-Hughes, Nancy and Sargent, Carolyn (eds.), Small wars: The cultural politics of childhood. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 58–74.
(35)Paradise, R. and Rogoff, B. (2009). Side by side: Learning by observing and pitching in. Ethos, 37 (1), 102–38.
(36)Peru. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2014). Hatun Willakuy: Abbreviated version of the Final Report of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Lima: Transfer Commission of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Peru. www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ_Book_Peru_CVR_2014.pdf.
(37)Platt, T. (1986). Mirrors and maize: The concept of Yanantin among the Macha of Bolivia. In Murra, John V., Revel, Jacques, and Wachtel, Nathan (eds.), Anthropological history of Andean polities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 228–59.
(38)Silver, S. and Miller, W. R. (1997). American Indian languages: Cultural and social contexts. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
(39)Smith, B. (2012). Language and the frontiers of the human: Aymara animal-oriented interjections and the mediation of mind. American Ethnologist 39 (2), 313–24.
(40)Soto Ruíz, C. (2012). Quechua–Spanish–English functional dictionary. Ayacucho–Chanka, vol. 1. Lima: Lluvia Editores.
(41)Soto Ruíz, C. (n.d.). Quechua online. Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. www.clacs.illinois.edu/quechua/exercises.aspx.
(42)Starn, O., Degregori, C. I., and Kirk, R. (eds.) (2005). The Peru reader: History, culture, politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
(43)Steele, P. R. with Allen, C. J. (2004). Handbook of Inca mythology. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
(44)Stern, S. (ed.) (1998). Shining and other Paths: War and society in Peru, 1980–1995. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
(45)Theidon, K. (2013). Intimate enemies: Violence and reconciliation in Peru. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
(46)Urton, G. (1981). At the crossroads of the earth and the sky: An Andean cosmology. Latin American Monographs Series 55. Austin: University of Texas Press.
(47)Urton, G. (1999). Inca myths. Austin: University of Texas Press.
9

9 Equal Children Play Best

Citations

The numbers in the citations below refer to numbered references in the Sources Cited section that follows these citations.

Page

261

geography – 13; population distribution – 13

261–2

relationship to Denmark –13; relationship to the European Union –16; closeness of family, valuing tradition – 13

262–3

traditional and modern subsistence, historical struggles – 13

262–4

importance of independence and family – 15, 16; changes with World War II – 49; technology and lifestyle in remote villages in the late twentieth century – 24; modern technological access, social services, economy; the continuing whale hunt – 20; practices in the whale hunt – 4, 11, 13, 48; sheep population – 6, 13; importance of wool – 13

264–5

religion in the Faroe Islands – 15, 20; diversity in religious devotion – 15, 34; religion in Denmark – 10, 50; religion and LGBT rights – 29; children born to single parents – 37

265

xenophobic attitudes in Denmark – 25, 35, 44

265–6

anti-immigrant political parties in Europe – 3, 7; mass shooting in Norway – 9, 36, 39; homogeneity in the Faroe Islands – 15; growing immigrant population 20; dropping birthrate – 20; Faroese women leaving, and the “imported bride” phenomenon – 45; international responses to immigrants – 27; Faroese attitudes on immigration – 38

266–7

closeness with neighbors, and visiting practices – 49; close family relationships – 17; the idealized concept of the Faroese childhood – 17

268

the existence and role of the maternity nurse in Denmark – 31

268–9

maternity nurses’ responsibilities – 31

269

Faroese and American infant mortality rates – 43

270–1

increasing numbers of foreign brides – 45; Faroese women leaving, and the “imported bride” phenomenon – 2; marriage migration practices – 5; quality of immigrant marriages – 21; immigrant rights and resources – 28

271

LGBT marriage in Denmark – 1

272–3

recommendations regarding drinking and smoking during pregnancy – 41; Faroese drinking habits – 13, 24

273

sources of water pollution – 30, 45; the importance of avoiding whale and certain fish while pregnant – 18, 19

274

immigrant education and employment – 21

275

naming laws in other societies – 22, 23; popular Faroese names – 20

276

the “hidden people” and naming practices – 8, 13, 47

277

women working part-time – 20

278

breastfeeding recommendations – 41; maternity nurse assistance with breastfeeding – 31

279–80

sleep recommendations – 40

280–1

benefits of and beliefs about babies sleeping outdoors – 26, 42; closeness among villagers and awareness of strangers – 13

281

arrest of Danish woman in New York – 32

281–2

reliance on and closeness with extended family – 13, 16, 17

284–5

children’s freedom to play independently, and the concept of the idyllic Faroese childhood – 16, 17

285

birds of the Faroe Islands – 33

286

disciplining children – 17

287

the rukka practice – 12, 13

287–8

families’ decisions to attend church, Christian practices in schools – 13

289

early school attendance – 14

289–90

educational practices, controversies, and rates of graduation – 14, 16

290

Danish attitudes about the Faroese – 49

290–1

Faroese language – 15; learning traditions in school – 14; the chain dance – 13

291

the “hidden people” – 8, 13, 24, 47

292

concept of the Faroe Islands as a “children’s paradise” – 17

Sources Cited – Chapter 9

(1)Badgett, M. L. (2009). When gay people get married: What happens when societies legalize same-sex marriage. New York: NYU Press.
(2)BBC News (2013). Faroe Islands: Men “must import brides.” News from Elsewhere, October 23.
(3)Blee, K. M. (2007). Ethnographies of the far right. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 36 (2), 119–28.
(4)Boyd, R., Gigerenzer, G., Richerson, P. J., Robson, A., Stevens, J. R., and Hammerstein, P. (2008). Individual decision making and the evolutionary roots of institutions. In Engel, E. and Singer, W. (eds.), Better than conscious? Decision making, the human mind, and implications for institutions. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 325–42.
(5)Del Rosario, T. C. (2005). Bridal diaspora migration and marriage among Filipino women. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 12 (2–3), 253–73.
(6)Dýrmundsson, Ó. R. (2006). Sustainability of sheep and goat production in North European countries – From the Arctic to the Alps. Small Ruminant Research 62 (3), 151–57.
(7)Ellinas, A. A. (2013). The rise of Golden Dawn: The new face of the far right in Greece. South European Society and Politics 18 (4), 543–65.
(8)Enni, J., Heinesen, J. P., Henriksen, J., Niclasen, S., and Naes, J. A. (1978). Eg sat maer I heyyi. Lesibók til 8. Skúlaár. Tórshavn: Føroya Skulabokagrunnur, pp. 230–31.
(9)Erlanger, S. and Shane, S. (2011). Oslo suspect wrote of fear of Islam and plan for war. The New York Times, July 23.
(10)European Commission (2010). Biotechnology report. Special Eurobarometer 341, Wave 73.1. Brussels: European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf.
(11)Faroe Islands Parliament (2013). Executive order on the pilot whale drive, No. 100. July 12.
(12)Gaffin, D. (1995). The production of emotion and social control: Taunting, anger, and the Rukka in the Faeroe Islands. Ethos 23 (2), 149–72.
(13)Gaffin, D. (1996). In place: Spatial and social order in a Faeroe Islands community. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
(14)Gaini, F. (2009). Family and primary school in the Faroe Islands. Conference Paper: International Conference on Primary Education. Hong Kong.
(15)Gaini, F. (2011). Preface. In Gaini, F. (ed.), Among the islanders of the north: An anthropology of the Faroe Islands. Tórshavn: Faroe University Press, pp. 7–10.
(16)Gaini, F. (2011). Cultural rhapsody in shift. In Gaini, F. (ed.), Among the islanders of the north: An anthropology of the Faroe Islands. Tórshavn: Faroe University Press, pp. 132–62.
(17)Gaini, F. (2013). Lessons of islands: Place and identity in the Faroe Islands. Tórshavn: Faroe University Press.
(18)Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., Jørgensen, P. J., Clarkson, T., Cernichiari, E., and Viderø, T. (1992). Impact of maternal seafood diet on fetal exposure to mercury, selenium, and lead. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 47 (3), 185–95.
(19)Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., White, R. F., and Debes, F. (1998). Cognitive performance of children prenatally exposed to “safe” levels of methylmercury. Environmental Research 77 (2), 165–72.
(20)Hagstova, Føroya (2014). Statbank and Faroe Islands in figures. www.hagstova.fo/en.
(21)Hayfield, E. A. and Schug, M. G. (paper in preparation). Building new lives in a remote Nordic society: Immigrant experiences in the Faroe Islands.
(22)Henley, J. (2014). Icelandic girls can’t be called Harriet, government tells family. The Guardian, June 26.
(23)Israel, D. K. (2010). Oh no, you can’t name your baby THAT! CNN, July 3.
(24)Kaysen, S. (1990). Far afield. New York: Vintage Books.
(25)Kingsley, P. (2012). Something puzzling in the state of Denmark, The Guardian, December 21.
(26)Lee, H. (2013). The babies who nap in sub-zero temperatures. BBC News Magazine, February 22.
(27)Martin, P. L. (1985). Migrant labor in agriculture: An international comparison. International Migration Review 19 (1), 135–43.
(28)Ministry of Social Affairs (2014). Welcome: Feel free! [brochure concerning rights and resources for immigrants to the Faroe Island] Tórshavn: Faroe Islands.
(29)Mohr, B. (2014). Uppskotið um at loyva borgarligt hjúnaband fall. Kringvarp Føroya [The Faroese Broadcasting Company], March 13. http://kvf.fo/greinar/2014/03/13/uppskotid-um-loyva-borgarligt-hjunaband-fall#.Va1QJ0uppuZ.
(30)Monteiro, L. R. and Furness, R. W. (1997). Accelerated increase in mercury contamination in North Atlantic mesopelagic food chains as indicated by time series of seabird feathers. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16 (12), 2489–93.
(31)Newcomb, C. (2009). Breastfeeding and mothering in Denmark. New Beginnings 29 (5–6), 56–59.
(32)Ojito, M. (1997). Danish mother is reunited with her baby. The New York Times, May 15.
(33)Olofson, Silas (2014). Birds of the Faroe Islands. Visit Faroe Islands. http://issuu.com/visitfaroeislands/docs/birds_of_the_faroe_islands_-_englis
(34)Pons, C. (2011). The anthropology of Christianity in the Faroe Islands. In Gaini, F. (ed.), Among the islanders of the north: An anthropology of the Faroe Islands. Tórshavn: Faroe University Press, pp. 132–62.
(35)Roemer, J. E. and Van der Straeten, K. (2006). The political economy of xenophobia and distribution: The case of Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 108 (2), 251–77.
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(37)Schug, M. G. (2012). Nordic perspectives: Attitudes about and impacts of gay marriage in Nordic societies. Public lecture for the exhibit Diversity of the North. Öström Exhibit Hall, Tórshavn.
(38)Schug, M. G. and Hayfield, E. A. (paper in preparation). The psychology of diversity: Attitudes on immigration to the Faroe Islands.
(39)Schwirtz, M. (2011). For young campers, island turned into fatal trap. The New York Times, July 23.
(40)Sundhedsstyrelsen (2011). Prevent cot death – and avoid plagiocephaly or flat head syndrome. Copenhagen: Danish Health and Medicines Authority.
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