Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T23:13:33.648Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Steven I. Wilkinson
Affiliation:
Duke University, North Carolina
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Votes and Violence
Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India
, pp. 267 - 282
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Damning Verdict. Reprinting of the Justice B. N. Srikrishna Commission Appointed for Inquiry into the Riots at Mumbai during December 1992–January 1993 and the March 12, 1993 Bomb Blasts. N.d. Mumbai: Sabrang
East India (Cawnpore Riots). 1931. Report of the Commission of Inquiry and Resolution of the Government of the United Provinces. London: HMSO
Government of Bihar. 1938. Bihar Legislative Assembly Debates Official Report, III, 1–6, 1, March 5
Government of India. 1931. India Central Legislative Assembly Debates, III, 9, March 23
Government of India. 1947–49. Constituent Assembly Debates. New Delhi: Government of India Press
Government of India. 1948a. Constituent Assembly of India (Legislative) Debates, November 27, 1947
Government of India. 1948b. Constituent Assembly of India (Legislative) Debates, August 11, 1948
Government of India. 1955. Census of India, 1951 District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh. Allahabad, 1954–55
Government of India. 1988. Commission on Centre-State Relations Report, Part 1 (Sarkaria Commission)
Government of India. 1989. Eighth Annual Report of the Minorities' Commission (for the period 1-4-1985 to 31-3-1986). New Delhi: Controller of Publications
Government of India. 1995. Census of India 1991, Paper 1 of 1995, Religion. Delhi: Government of India
Government of India. 2001. Census of India 2001 Provisional Population Totals: Paper 1 of 2001. Delhi: Controller of Publications
Government of India. Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. 1960. Second Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. Ministry of Home Affairs. Delhi: Manager of Publications
Government of India: Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. 1965. Seventh Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. Ministry of Home Affairs. Delhi: Manager of Publications
Government of India: Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. 1971. Twelfth Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India, July 1969–June 1970. Ministry of Home Affairs. Delhi: Manager of Publications
Government of India: Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. 1986. Twenty Fifth Report of the Deputy Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India, 1984–85. Ministry of Home Affairs. Delhi: Manager of Publications
Government of India. Commissioner for Scheduled Tribes and Castes. 1964–65. Fourteenth Report of the Commissioner for Scheduled Tribes and Castes. Delhi: Government of India
Government of India: Commissioner of Scheduled Castes and Tribes. 1982. Report of the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Tribes, 1979–80 and 1980–1981. Delhi: Government of India
Government of India. Home Ministry. 1975. Report of the One-Man Commission of Inquiry into the Sadar Bazar Disturbances, 1974. New Delhi: Government of India Press
Government of India. Law Commission of India. 1978. Seventy-Seventh Report on Delay and Arrears in Trial Courts. New Delhi: Government of India
Government of India: Law Commission of India. Law Commission of India, M. C. Setalvad, Chairman, Fourteenth Report (Reform of Judicial Administration). N.d. Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Law
Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. 1986. Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (1985–1986) Eighth Lok Sabha, Sixth Report. Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs
Government of India: Ministry of Home Affairs. 1993. The Civil List of the Indian Police Service as of 1st January 1993. New Delhi
Government of India: Ministry of Home Affairs. 1995. The Indian Administrative Service Civil List, 1995. New Delhi
Government of India. Minorities Commission. 1980. Second Annual Report of the Minorities Commission (for the year ending 31st December, 1979). New Delhi: Government of India
Government of India: Minorities Commission. 1989a. Eighth Annual Report of the Minorities Commission (for the period 1-4-1985 to 31-3-1986). New Delhi: Controller of Publications
Government of India: Minorities Commission. 1989b. Ninth Annual Report of the Minorities Commission, 1-4-1986 to 31-3-1987. New Delhi: Controller of Publications
Government of India: Minorities Commission. 1990. Tenth Annual Report of the Minorities' Commission (for the period 1-4-1987 to 31-3-1986). New Delhi: Controller of Publications
Government of India. National Commission for Minorities. 1997a. National Commission for Minorities Second Annual Report (FY 1994–95). New Delhi: Ministry of Welfare
Government of India: National Minorities Commission. 1997b. National Commission for Minorities Third Annual Report (FY 1995–96). New Delhi: Ministry of Welfare
Government of India. National Police Commission. 1979. Second Report of the National Police Commission. New Delhi: Government of India
Government of India: National Police Commission. 1980 (November). Fifth Report of the National Police Commission. New Delhi: Government of India
Government of India: National Police Commission. 1981 (March). Sixth Report of the National Police Commission. New Delhi: Government of India
Government of India. Reserve Bank of India. 1998. Reserve Bank of India Bulletin, February 1998 (Supplement: Finances of State Governments: 1997–98)
Government of Madras. 1947. Madras Legislative Assembly Debates, 30 January–14th February 1947. Madras: Government of Madras
Government of Mysore. 1950. Mysore Legislative Assembly Debates Official Report. Vol. 1, 15 March to 4th April 1950. Bangalore
Government of Mysore. 1953. Mysore Legislative Assembly Debates, Official Report, August 7, 1953. Banglore
Government of Tamil Nadu. 1974. Report of the Backward Classes Commission Tamil Nadu. Vol. 1, 1970. Madras: Government of Tamil Nadu. [Chairman S. Sattanathan]
Government of Tamil Nadu. 1975. Report of the Backward Classes Commission Tamil Nadu. Vol. 2, 1970. Madras: Government of Tamil Nadu. [Chairman S. Sattanathan]
Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1962. Report of the Uttar Pradesh Police Commission, 1960–61. Allahabad: Superintendent of Printing and Stationery, U.P.
Government of Uttar Pradesh. Bhasha Vibhag. 1966. Facilities Provided for Linguistic Minorities in Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow: Bhasha Vibhag
Great Britain. 1928. East India (Progress and Condition) Statement Exhibiting the Moral and Material Progress and Condition of India, during the Year 1926–27. London: HMSO
Great Britain. 1937. Government of India Act, 1935. Draft of Instrument of Instructions Which It Is Proposed to Recommend His Majesty to Issue to the Governors of Indian Provinces. House of Commons Accounts and Papers – 5- Session, 3 November 1936–22 October 1937. Vol. 20, 1936–37. London: His Majesty's Stationary Office
Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1996. President's Rule in the States and Union Territories. New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat
Report into the Communal Disturbances at Ahmedabad and Other Places in Gujarat on and after 18th September 1969. Justice P. Jagmohan Reddy (Judge, Supreme Court of India). 1971. Gandhinagar: Gujarat Government Press
Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Communal Disturbances, Ranchi-Hatia (August 22–29, 1967). 1968. Delhi
Report of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the Origin and Character of the Riots in Belfast in July and September 1857. 1858. Dublin: Alex. Thom. and Sons
Reports from Commissioners, Inspectors, and Others: Thirty-Five Volumes-(5.)-Belfast Riots Commission, 1887. Vol. 18. London: Parliamentary Papers
Ahluwalia, Montek S. 2001. State Level Performance under Economic Reforms in India. Stanford CREDR Working Paper, March
Alesina, Alberto, Reza, Baqir, and William, Easterly. 1999. Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, 4 (November): 1243–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allport, Gordon W. 1997. The Nature of Prejudice. 1954. Reprint, Boston: Addison Wesley
Anifowose, Remi. 1982. Violence and Politics in Nigeria: The Tiv and Yoruba Experience. New York: Nok Publishers
Bagchi, Amaresh. 1997. Fiscal Management: The Federal Dimension of Developing Countries. In Parthasarathi Shome, ed., Fiscal Policy, Public Policy and Governance. Symposium to commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, December 5–6. New Delhi: Centax: 273–97
Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. 1990. Predatory Commercialization and Communalism in India. In S. Gopal, ed., Anatomy of a Confrontation. New Delhi: Penguin: 193–218
Banu, Zenab. 1980. Reality of Communal Riot: Class Conflict between the Haves of Hindus and Muslims. Indian Journal of Political Science 41, 1: 100–14Google Scholar
Banu, Zenab. 1989. Politics of Communalism. Bombay: Popular Prakashan
Bardon, Jonathan. 1982. Belfast: An Illustrated History. Dundonald: Blackstaff Press
Barnett, Marguerite Ross. 1976. The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Bartlett, Robert. 1993. The Making of Europe: Conquest Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Bates, Robert H. 1983. Modernization, Ethnic Competition and the Rationality of Politics in Contemporary Africa. In Donald Rothchild and Victor Olorunsola, eds., State versus Ethnic Claims: African Policy Dilemmas. Boulder: Westview Press: 152–71
Bartolini, Stefano. 1996. Enfranchisement, Equality and Turnout in the European Democratisation Process: A Preliminary Comparative Analysis. EUI Working Paper no. 121. Barcelona
Bayly, C. A. 1988. Ruler, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Beissinger, Mark R.. 1996. How Nationalisms Spread: Eastern Europe Adrift the Tides and Cycles of Nationalist Contention. Social Research 63, 1: 97–146Google Scholar
Beissinger, Mark R. 1998. Nationalist Violence and the State: Political Authority and Contentious Repertoires in the Former USSR. Comparative Politics 30, 4: 401–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belknap, Michal R., ed. 1991. Civil Rights: The White House and the Justice Department, 1945–1968. New York: Garland
Bernard, Cheryl. 1986. Politics and the Refugee Experience. Political Science Quarterly 101, 4: 617–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharya, Mohit. 1997. Reservation Policy: The West Bengal Scene. In V. A. Pai Panandikar, ed., The Politics of Backwardness: Reservation Policy in India. New Delhi: Konark: 183–219
Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan, 1960–61. 1961. Lahore: International Publishers
Bohr, Annette, and Simon Crisp. 1996. Kyrgyzstan and the Kyrgyz. In Graham Smith, ed., The Nationalities Question in the Post-Soviet States. New York: Longman: 385–409
Bohstedt, John. 1988. Gender, Household and Community Politics: Women in English Riots, 1790–1810. Past and Present 120: 88–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brass, Paul R. 1973. Radical Parties of the Left in Bihar: A Comparison of the SSP and the CPI. In Paul R. Brass and Marcus F. Franda, eds., Radical Politics in South Asia. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press: 325–400
Brass, Paul R. 1974. Language, Religion and Politics in North India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Brass, Paul R. 1990. The Politics of India since Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Brass, Paul R. 1991. Ethnic Conflict in Multiethnic Societies: The Consociational Solution and Its Critics. In Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison. London: Sage: 333–48
Brass, Paul R. 1997. Theft of an Idol: Text and Context in the Study of Collective Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Bremmer, Ian, and Ray Taras, eds. 1993. Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Breuilly, John. 1994. Nationalism and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Brodkin, Karen. 2000. How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press
Brown, Judith. 1985. Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Brown, Rupert. 1995. Prejudice: Its Social Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell
Bunce, Valerie. 1996. From State Socialism to State Disintegration: A Comparison of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Paper presented at the conference on “Democracy, Markets and Civil Societies in Post-1989 East Central Europe,” Harvard University, May 17–19
Burg, Steven L., and Michael, L. Berbaum. 1989. Community Integration and Stability in Multinational Yugoslavia. American Political Science Review 83, 2: 535–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David, Ashok Lahiri, and Prannoy Roy. 1995. India Decides: Elections, 1952–1995. New Delhi: Books and Things
Carmines, Edward G., and James A. Stimson. 1989. Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Carroll, Charles. 1932. Rhode Island: Three Centuries of Democracy. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company
Centre for Policy Studies. 1993. Crying Peace Where There Is None? The Functioning and Future of Local Peace Committees of the National Peace Accord. Research Report no. 31 (Transition Series). Johannesburg
Chhibber, Pradeep, and Ken, Kollman. 1998. Party Aggregation and the Number of Parties in India and the United States. American Political Science Review 92, 2: 329–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Gary Bennett. 1975. The Prague Germans, 1861–1914: The Problems of Ethnic Survival. Ph. D. dissertation, Princeton University
Comber, Leon. 1983. 13 May 1969: A Historical Survey of Sino-Malay Relations. Kuala Lumpur: Heinemann
Connolly, S. J. 1989. Mass Politics and Sectarian Conflict, 1823–30. In W. E. Vaughan, ed., A New History of Ireland, 6 5, Ireland under the Union, I, 1801–70. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 74–107
Cook, S. W. 1978. Interpersonal and Attitudinal Outcomes in Cooperating Interracial groups. Journal of Research and Development in Education 12: 97–113Google Scholar
Cox, Gary W. 1998a. Electoral Rules and the Calculus of Mobilization. Paper presented at the Shambaugh Comparative Legislative Research Conference, Iowa City, Iowa, April 16–19. Available at 〈http://gcox.ucsd.edu/iomob4.htm〉
Cox, Gary W. 1998b. Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Cox, Gary, and Michael, C. Munger. 1989. Closeness, Expenditures, and Turnout in the 1982 U.S. House Elections. American Political Science Review 83, 1: 217–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cribb, Robert. 1991. Problems in the Historiography of the Killings in Indonesia. In Robert Cribb, ed., The Indonesian Killings, 1965–66: Studies from Java and Bali. Melbourne: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University: 1–44
Crossman, Virginia. 1996. Politics, Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Ireland. New York: St. Martin's Press
Damodaran, Vinita. 1992. Broken Promises: Popular Protest, Indian Nationalism and the Congress Party in Bihar, 1935–1946. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Das, Arvind S. 1992. The Republic of Bihar. New Delhi: Penguin
Das, Durga. 1970. India from Curzon to Nehru and After. New York: John Day
Das, Suranjan. 1993. Communal Riots in Bengal, 1905–1947. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Das, Suranjan. 2000. The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into ‘Communal Fury’?Modern Asian Studies 34, 2: 281–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayal, Rajeshwar. 1998. A Life of Our Times. Delhi: Orient Longman
Deák, István. 1991. The One and the Many. Review of Aleksa Djilas's The Contested Country: Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution, 1919–1953 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991). New Republic, October 7: 29–36Google Scholar
Desai, Mihir. 1990. The Need for Reservations: A Reply to Shourie and Others. Lokayan Bulletin 8, 4–5: 9–33Google Scholar
Deshpande, Satish, and Nandini, Sundar. 1998. Caste and the Census: Implications for Society and the Social Sciences. Economic and Political Weekly, August 8: 2157–59Google Scholar
DiPasquale, Denise, and Edward L. Glaeser. 1996. The L. A. Riot and the Economics of Urban Unrest. NBER Working Paper no. W5456, February
Diskin, Abraham. 1991. Elections and Voters in Israel. New York: Praeger
Dorosin, Joshua L. 1990. Romania: A Dream Deferred, the 1990 Elections and Prospects for Future Democracy. Washington, D.C.: International Foundation for Electoral Systems
D'Souza, Victor S. 1978. Status Groups among the Moplahs on the South-West Coast of India. In Imtiaz Ahmed, ed., Caste and Social Stratification among Muslims in India. New Delhi: Manohar: 41–56
Easterly, William, and Ross, Levine. 1999. Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, 4: 1203–50Google Scholar
Elazar, Daniel J. 1979. The Role of Federalism in Political Integration. In Daniel J. Elazar, ed., Federalism and Political Integration. Jerusalem: Institute for Federalism: 1–13
Enelow, James M., and Melvin, J. Hinich. 1982. Non-Spatial Candidate Characteristics and Electoral Competition. Journal of Politics 44, 1: 115–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1984. The Causes of Communal Riots in the Post-Partition Period in India. In Ashgar Ali Engineer, ed., Communal Riots in Post-Independence India. Hyderabad: Sangam Books: 33–41
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1992a. Communal Riots in Ahmedabad. Economic and Political Weekly, August 1–8: 1641–43Google Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1992b. Banaras Rocked by Communal Violence. Economic and Political Weekly, March 7–14: 509–11Google Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1993. Bombay Riots: Second Phase. Economic and Political Weekly, March 20–27: 505–8Google Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1994. Communal Violence in Kanpur. Economic and Political Weekly, February 26: 473–74Google Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1995. The Bhagalpur Riots II. Hindu, June 23
Feldberg, Michael. 1980. The Turbulent Era: Riot and Disorder in Jacksonian America. New York: Oxford University Press
Forbes, H. D. 1997. Ethnic Conflict: Commerce, Culture and the Contact Hypothesis. New Haven: Yale University Press
Gabriel, Theodore. 1996. Hindu-Muslim Relations in North Malabar, 1498–1947. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edward Mellen
Gadgil, N. V. 1968. Government from Inside. Meerut: Meenakshi Prakashan
Gagliano, Felix V. 1970. Communal Violence in Malaysia 1969: The Political Aftermath. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies Southeast Asia Program
Gailus, Manfred. 1994. Food Riots in Germany in the Late 1840s. Past and Present 145: 157–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galanter, Marc. 1991. Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India. 2nd ed. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Gallagher, Tom. 1995. Romania after Ceaucescu: The Politics of Intolerance. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Ghosh, Partha S. 1989. Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia. New Delhi: Manohar
Ghosh, Pratap Kumar. 1966. The Constitution of India: How It Has Been Framed. Calcutta: World Press
Ghosh, S. K. 1972. Riots: Prevention and Control. Calcutta: Eastern Law House
Ghosh, S. K., and K. F. Rustamji, eds. 1994. Encyclopaedia of Police in India. Vol. 2, sect. A. New Delhi: Ashish
Glaser, James M. 1996. Race, Campaign Politics and the Realignment in the South. New Haven: Yale University Press
Gomango, Giridhar. 1992. Constitutional Provisions for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Bombay: Himalaya Publishing
Gopal, Sarvepalli. 1979. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. Vol. 2, 1947–1956. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Gopal, Sarvepalli. 1983. Jawaharlal Nehru: An Anthology. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Gopal, Sarvepalli. 1984. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Gould, Harold A. 1994. Grass Roots Politics in India: A Century of Political Evolution in Faizabad District. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH
Gower, Robert. 1937. The Hungarian Minorities in the Succession States. London: Grant Richards
Gupta, Raghuraj. 1976. Hindu-Muslim Relations. Lucknow: Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, U.P.
Gurr, Ted Robert, and Barbara Harff. 1994. Ethnic Conflict in World Politics. Boulder: Westview Press
Gwyer, Maurice, and A. Appadorai, eds. 1957. Speeches and Documents on the Indian Constitution. Vol. 1, 1921–1947. Bombay: Ernest Benn
Hagerty, Devin T. 1996. Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: The 1990 Indo-Pakistani Crisis. International Security 20, 3: 79–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardin, Russell. 1995. One for All: The Logic of Group Conflict. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Harris, Peter, and Ben Reilly, eds. 1998. Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators. Stockholm: IDEA
Hasan, Mushirul. 1997. Legacy of a Divided Nation: India's Muslims since Independence. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Helsinki Watch. 1993. Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Ethnic Hungarians in Post-Ceaucescu Romania. Human Rights Watch
Hersh, Seymour M. 1993. On the Nuclear Edge. New Yorker, March 29: 56–73Google Scholar
Hitchins, Keith. 1994. Rumania, 1866–1947. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Hoppen, K. Theodore. 1984. Elections, Politics, and Society in Ireland, 1832–1885. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 268–69
Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press
Horowitz, Donald A. 1991. A Democratic South Africa: Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society. Berkeley: University of California Press
Horowitz, Donald L. 2001. The Deadly Ethnic Riot. Berkeley: University of California Press
Human Rights Watch. 1994. We Have No Orders to Save You: State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat. 14, no. 3 (C)
Human Rights Watch. 1995. Slaughter among Neighbors: The Political Origins of Communal Violence. New Haven: Yale University Press
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press
Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
Huntington, Samuel P., and Joan M. Nelson. 1976. No Easy Choice: Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Ignatiev, Noel. 1995. How the Irish Became White. New York: Routledge
Indian Annual Register. Calcutta: Annual Registar Office, 1919–47
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 1990. Romania in the Wake of Ceaucescu: An Assessment of the Romanian Electoral System on Election Eve. Washington, D.C.: International Foundation for Electoral Systems
Inverarity, James M. 1976. Populism and Lynching in Louisiana, 1889–1896: A Test of Erikson's Theory of the Relationship between Boundary Crises and Repressive Justice. American Sociological Review 41, 2: 262–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irschick, Eugene F. 1969. Politics and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahman Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929. Berkeley: University of California Press
Irschick, Eugene F. 1986. Tamil Revivalism in the 1930s. Madras: Cre-A
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1996. The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India. New York: Columbia University Press
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1998. The Politics of Processions and Hindu-Muslim Riots. In Amrita Basu and Atul Kohli, eds., Community Conflicts and the State in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press: 58–92
Jayaprasad, K. 1991. RSS and Hindu Nationalism: Inroads in a Leftist Stronghold. New Delhi: Deep and Deep
Jeffery, Roger, and Patricia, M. Jeffery. 1994. The Bijnor Riots, October 1990: Collapse of a Mythical Special Relationship?Economic and Political Weekly, March 5: 551–58Google Scholar
Jha, Shree Nagesh. 1970. Caste in Bihar Politics. Economic and Political Weekly, February 14: 341–44Google Scholar
Jussila, Osmo. 1993. The Russian Government and the Finnish Diet: A Study of the Evolution of Political Representation, 1863–1914. In Geoffrey Alderman, ed., Governments, Ethnic Groups and Political Representation, vol. 6 of Comparative Series of Governments and Non-Dominant Ethnic Groups in Europe, 1850–1940. New York: European Science Foundation/NYU Press: 167–99
Kabir, Humayun. 1968. Minorities in a Democracy. Calcutta: K. L. Mukhopadhyay
Kaufmann, Chaim. 1996. Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars. International Security 20, 4: 136–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, Stuart. 1995. The Irresistible Force and the Imperceptible Object: The Yugoslav Breakup and Western Policy. Security Studies 4, 2: 281–329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, Stephen L. 1975. Uprooting and Social Change: The Role of Refugees in Development. Delhi: Manohar Book Service
Keyssar, Alexander. 2000. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York: Basic Books
Khalidi, Omar. 1993. Muslims in Indian Political Process: Group Goals and Alternative Strategies. Economic and Political Weekly, January 2–9: 43–54Google Scholar
Khalidi, Omar. 1995. Indian Muslims since Independence. New Delhi: Vikas
Khaliquzzaman, Choudhry. 1961. Pathway to Pakistan. Lahore: Longmans Green
Khan, Dildar. 1992. Meerut Riots: An Analysis. In Pramod Kumar, ed., Towards Understanding Communalism. Chandigarh: Center for Research in Rural and Industrial Development: 455–70
Khan, Kishwar Shabbir. 1991. Brassware Industry of Moradabad and Its Muslim Artisans. Interdisciplinary Centre of Development Studies, Aligarh Muslim University
Kidwai, Anwar Jamal. 1993. An Unsung Hero of the Freedom Struggle: Rafi Ahmed Kidwai. Islam and the Modern Age 24, 2: 88–107Google Scholar
King, Jeremy. 1998. Loyalty and Polity, Nation and State: A Town in Hapsburg Central Europe, 1848–1948. Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University
Kitschelt, Herbert, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslaw Markowski, and Gábor Tóka. 1999. Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Kohli, A. B. 1983. Councils of Ministers in India, 1947–1982. New Delhi: Gitanjali Publishing
Kohli, Atul. 1990. Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Kooiman, Dirk. 1995. Communities and Electorates: A Comparative Discussion of Communalism in Colonial India. Amsterdam: VU University Press
Koshy, M. J. 1971. Constitutionalism in Travancore and Cochin. Trivandrum: Kerala Historical Society
Krishna, B. 1995. Sardar Vallabhai Patel: India's Iron Man. New Delhi: Indus
Kumar, Nita. 1995. The Artisans of Banaras: Popular Culture and Identity, 1880–1986. New Delhi: Orient Longman
Kurien, Prema. 1994. Colonialism and Ethnogenesis: A Study of Kerala, India. Theory and Society 23: 385–417CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laitin, David D. 1986. Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change among the Yoruba. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Lambert, Richard D. 1951. Hindu-Muslim Riots. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania
Lazar, Gyorgy. 1979. Memorandum. In Witness to Cultural Genocide: First-Hand Reports on Rumania's Minority Policies Today. New York: American Transylvanian Federation: 88–144
Lemarchand, René. 1996. Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. New York: Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Cambridge University Press
Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press
Lijphart, Arend. 1985. Power-Sharing in South Africa. Institute of International Studies Policy Papers in International Affairs no. 24. Berkeley: University of California
Lijphart, Arend. 1995. Self-Determination versus Pre-Determination of Ethnic Minorities in Power-Sharing Systems. In Will Kymlicka, ed., The Rights of Minority Cultures. New York: Oxford University Press: 275–87
Lijphart, Arend. 1996. The Puzzle of Indian Democracy: A Consociational Interpretation. American Political Science Review 90, 2: 258–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1998. South African Democracy: Majoritarian or Consociational?Democratization 5, 4: 144–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Stein Rokkan. 1967. Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction. In Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan, eds., Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives. New York: Free Press: 1–67
Long, J. Scott. 1997. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage: 217–63
Love, Mervyn T. 1995. Peace Building through Reconciliation in Northern Ireland. Avebury: Aldershot
Lustick, Ian. 1979. Stability in Deeply Divided Societies: Consociationalism and Control. World Politics 31, 3: 325–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macdonagh, Oliver. 1989. Ideas and Institutions, 1830–45. In W. E. Vaughan, A New History of Ireland, vol. 5, Ireland under the Union, I, 1801–70. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 193–217
Malik, Ikram. 1984. Hindu-Muslim Riots in the British Punjab, 1849–1900: An Analysis. Lahore: Jamal Mahmud Press
Mammen, P. N. 1981. Communalism vs. Communism: A Study of the Socio-Religious Communities and Political Parties in Kerala, 1892–1970. Calcutta: Minerva
Manor, James. 1981. Party Decay and Political Crisis in India. Washington Quarterly 4, 3: 25–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manshardt. Clifford. 1936. The Hindu-Muslim Problem in India. London: G. Allen & Unwin
McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
McIntosh, Mary, Martha, Abele MacIver, Daniel, G. Abele, and David, B. Nolle. 1995. Minority Rights and Majority Rule: Ethnic Tolerance in Romania and Bulgaria. Social Forces 73, 3: 939–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Means, Gordon P. 1991. Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation. Singapore: Oxford University Press
Menon, Dilip. 1994. Caste, Nationalism and Communism in South India: Malabar, 1900–1948. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Midlarsky, Manus I. 1978. Analyzing Diffusion and Contagion Effects: The Urban Disorders of the 1960s. American Political Science Review 72, 3: 996CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miguel, Edward. 2000. Ethnic Diversity and School Funding in Kenya. Working paper. Available at 〈http://iber.berkeley.edu/wps/cider/c01-119.pdf〉, accessed December 31, 2003
Mill, John Stuart. 1991. Considerations on Representative Government. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books
Millward, Pauline. 1985. The Stockport Riots of 1852: A Study of Anti-Catholic and Anti-Irish Sentiment. In Roger Swift and Sheridan Gilley, eds., The Irish in the Victorian City. London: Croom Helm: 207–24
Misra, B. B. 1970. The Administrative History of India, 1834–1947. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
Mohammed, U. 1995. Educational Problems of the Muslim Minority in Kerala. In Ashgar Ali Engineer, Kerala Muslims: A Historical Perspective. New Delhi: Ajanta: 147–56
Moon, Penderel. 1961. Divide and Quit. London: Chatto and Windus
More, J. B. P. 1997. The Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930–1947. Hyderabad: Orient Longman
Mujahid, Sharif al-. 1970. Indian Secularism: A Case Study of the Muslim Minority. Karachi: University of Karachi Press
Mukerjee, Radhakamal. 1941. Organization of Cottage Industries and Handicrafts. In Radhakamal Mukerjee and H. L. Dey, Economic Problems of Modern India. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan: 3–27Google Scholar
Munshi, K. M. 1967. Indian Constitutional Documents. Vol. 1, Pilgrimage to Freedom (1902–1950). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidhya Bhavan
Murphy, Gardner. 1953. In the Minds of Men: The Study of Human Behavior and Social Tensions in India. New York: Basic Books
Naidu, Ratna. 1990. Old Cities, New Predicaments: A Study of Hyderabad. New Delhi: Sage
Nanda, B. R., ed. 1998. Selected Works of Govind Ballabh Pant. Vol. 11. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Nandy, Ashish, Shikha Trivedy, Shail Mayaram, and Achyut Yagnik. 1995. Creating a Nationality: The Ramjanmabhumi Movement and Fear of the Self. Delhi: Oxford University Press
National Police Commission: Its Relevance Today. 1997. Papers and discussions at seminar organized by Nehru Centre and Hindustani Andolan, April 19. Mumbai: Nehru Centre 1997
Nayar, V. K. S. 1966. Communal Interest Groups in Kerala. In Donald E. Smith, ed., South Asian Politics and Religion. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 176–90
Neal, Frank. 1988. Sectarian Violence: The Liverpool Experience, 1819–1914. Manchester: Manchester University Press
Nitzova, Petya. 1997. Bulgaria: Minorities, Democratization and National Sentiments. Nationalities Papers 25, 4: 729–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nossiter, T. J. 1982. Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation. Berkeley: University of California Press
O'Day, Alan. 1992. Ireland's Catholics in the British State, 1850–1922. In Andrea Kappeler, ed., The Formation of National Elites, vol. 6 of Comparative Studies on Governments and Non-Dominant Ethnic Groups in Europe, 1850–1940. New York: European Science Foundation NYU Press: 41–76
Offe, Claus. 1992. Strong Causes, Weak Cures: Some Preliminary Notes on the Intransigence of Ethnic Politics. East European Constitutional Review 1, 1: 21–23Google Scholar
Olzak, Susan. 1992. The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Ordeshook, , , Peter C., and Olga, V. Shvetsova. 1994. Ethnic Heterogeneity, District Magnitude and the Number of Parties. American Journal of Political Science 38, 1: 100–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, William Crego. 1979. Cultures in Stress: The Malaysian Crisis of 1969 and Its Cultural Roots. Ph. D. dissertation, MIT
Parthasarathi, G., ed. 1985. Jawaharlal Nehru Letters to Chief Ministers, 1947–1964. Vol. 1, 1947–1949. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
Parthasarathi, G. ed. 1988. Jawaharlal Nehru Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–1964. Vol. 4, 1954–1957. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
Parthasarathi, G. ed. 1989. Jawaharlal Nehru: Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–1964. Vol. 5, 1958–1964. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
Pattie, Charles J., Ronald, J. Johnston, and Edward, A. Fieldhouse. 1995. Winning the Local Vote: The Effectiveness of Constituency Campaign Spending in Great Britain, 1983–1992. American Political Science Review 89, 4: 969–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, John A. 1992. The Great Reform Bill in the Boroughs: English Electoral Behaviour, 1818–1841. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Posen, Barry. 1993. The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict. Survival 35, 1: 27–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, Daniel L. 2000. Ethnic Fractionalization and Economic Growth in Africa. Paper presented to the LiCEP working group, March 25
Posner, Daniel N. 2003. The Institutional Origins of Ethnic Politics in Zambia. University of California, Los Angeles. Unpublished manuscript
Potter, David. 1987. IAS Mobility Patterns. Indian Journal of Public Administration 33, 4: 845–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, David. 1996. India's Political Administrators: From ICS to IAS. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Prior, Katherine. 1993. Making History: The State's Intervention in Urban Religious Disputes in the North-Western Provinces in the Early Nineteenth Century. Modern Asian Studies 27, 1: 179–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puri, Geeta. 1978. The Jana Sangh. Delhi: Sterling
Rabushka, Alvin, and Kenneth A. Shepsle. 1972. Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability. Columbus: Charles E. Merrill
Radhakrishnan, P. 1996. Backward Class Movements in Tamil Nadu. In M. N. Srinivas, ed., Caste: Its Twentieth Century Avatar. New Delhi: Viking: 110–34
Rady, Martin. 1992. Romania in Turmoil. New York: IB Tauris
Rai, V. N. 1995. A Case for Representation of Minorities in the Police. Towards Secular India 1, 2: 39–47Google Scholar
Rajgopal, P. R. 1987. Communal Violence in India. New Delhi: Uppal Publishing House/Centre for Policy Research
Ramachandran, R. 1992. Urbanization and Urban Systems in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Rao, B. Shiva, V. K. N. Menon, Subhash C. Kashyap, and N. K. N. Iyengar. 1968. The Framing of India's Constitution: A Study. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Public Administration
Rao Bahadur, M. Shama. 1936. Modern Mysore. Bangalore: Higginbothams
Reddy, G. Ram. 1989. The Politics of Accommodation: Caste, Class and Dominance in Andhra Pradesh. In Francine Frankel and M. S. A. Rao, eds., Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order. Vol. 1. Delhi: Oxford University Press: 265–321
Reilly, Benjamin, and Peter Harris. 1998. Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
Riker, William H. 1996. The Strategy of Rhetoric: Campaigning for the American Constitution. New Haven: Yale University Press
Roy, Ramashray. 1995. Caste and Political Recruitment in Bihar. In Rajni Kothari, ed., Caste in Indian Politics. Delhi: Orient Longman Reprint: 215–41
Rudolph, Lloyd I., and Suzanne Hoeber Rudolph. 1987. In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Rule, James B. 1988. Theories of Civil Violence. Berkeley: University of California Press
Sachchidananda. 1997. Reservation and After: The Case of Bihar. In V. A. Pai Panandikar, ed., The Politics of Backwardness: Reservation Policy in India. New Delhi: Konark: 161–82
Saiyed, A. R. 1995. Changing Urban Ethos: Reflections on Hindu-Muslim Riots. In A. R. Saiyed, Religion and Ethnicity among Muslims. Jaipur: Rawat: 321–43
Saksena, N. S. 1987. Law and Order in India. New Delhi: Abhinav
Saksena, N. S. 1990. Communal Riots in India. New Delhi: Trishul
Saksena, R. N. 1961. Refugees: A Study in Changing Attitudes. London: Asia Publishing House
Sambanis, Nicholas. 2000. Ethnic War: A Theoretic and Empirical Inquiry into Its Causes. World Bank, February 27
Saraswathi, S. 1974. Minorities in Madras State. Delhi: Impex
Saxena, N. C. 1984. The Nature and Origin of Communal Riots. In Ashgar Ali Engineer, ed., Communal Riots in Post-Independence India. Hyderabad: Sangam Books: 51–67
Schwerthoeffer, Simona. 1985. The Nationalities Policy: Theory and Practice. In Vlad Georgescu, ed., Romania: 40 Years (1944–1984). New York: Praeger: 79–92
Sebok, Lazlo. 1996. The Hungarians in East Central Europe: A Demographic Profile. Nationalities Papers 24, 3: 551–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sen Gupta, Bhabani. 1972. Communism in Indian Politics. New York: Columbia University Press
Shafir, Michael. 1992. Preliminary Results of the 1992 Romanian Census. RFE/RL Research Report 1, 30: 62–68Google Scholar
Shakir, Moin. 1983. Islam in Indian Politics. New Delhi: Ajanta Publications
Shariff, Abusaleh. 1995. Socio-Economic and Demographic Differentials between Hindus and Muslims in India. Economic and Political Weekly, November 18: 2947–53Google Scholar
Sharma, K. D. 1991. Trials, Tribulations and Triumphs of the Police-Men. Noida: Trishul Publications
Shepsle, Kenneth M. 1972. Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability. Boston: Charles E. Merrill
Sinha, M. K. 1981. In Father's Footsteps: A Policeman's Odyssey. Patna: Vanity Books
Sisk, Timothy D. 1996. Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace and the Carnegie Commission of Preventing Deadly Conflict
Smelser, Neil J. 1962. Theory of Collective Behavior. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Smith, Donald E. 1963. India as a Secular State. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Spilerman, Seymour. 1971. The Causes of Racial Disturbances: Tests of an Explanation. American Sociological Review 36: 427–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spilerman, Seymour. 1976. Structural Characteristics of Cities and the Severity of Racial Disorders. American Sociological Review 41: 771–93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Srivastava, R. K. 1996. Sectional Politics in an Urban Constituency: Generalganj (Kanpur). Economic and Political Weekly, January 13–20: 111–20Google Scholar
Stephens, Ian. 1967. Pakistan. London: Ernest Benn
Stokes, Donald E. 1963. Spatial Models of Party Competition. American Political Science Review 57: 368–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subramaniam, Narendra. 1993. Ethnicity, Populism and Pluralist Democracy: Mobilization and Representation in South India. Ph. D. dissertation, MIT
Sullivan, John L., Pat, Walsh, Michal, Shamir, David, G. Barnum, and James, L. Gibson. 1993. Why Politicians Are More Tolerant: Selective Recruitment and Socialization among Political Elites in Britain, Israel, New Zealand and the United States. British Journal of Political Science 23: 51–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talbot, Ian. 1996. Back to the future? The Punjab Unionist Model of Consociational Democracy for Contemporary India and Pakistan. International Journal of Punjab Studies 3, 1: 65–73Google Scholar
Tambiah, Stanley. 1996. Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press
Tek, Goh Cheng. 1971. The May Thirteenth Incident and Democracy in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press
Thomas, E. J. 1985. Coalition Game Politics in Kerala. New Delhi: Intellectual Publishing House
Tong, James W. 1991. Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Tsebelis, George. 1990. Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press
Tunku, Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj. 1969. May 13: Before and After. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Melayu Press
Vaikunth, V. 2000. An Eye to Indian Policing: Challenge and Response. Madras: EastWest
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2002. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven: Yale University Press
Vasquez, John A.. 1988. The Steps to War: Towards a Scientific Explanation of Correlates of War Findings. World Politics 40, no. 1: 109–45Google Scholar
Vijayagopalan, S. 1993. Economic Status of Handicraft Artisans. New Delhi: National Council for Applied Economic Research
Vorys, Karl von. 1975. Democracy without Consensus: Communalism and Political Stability in Malaysia. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Wadhwa, Kamlesh Kumar. 1975. Minority Safeguards in India. New Delhi: Thomson
Ware, Robert Bruce. 1997. Political Stability and Ethnic Parity: Why Is There Peace in Dagestan? Paper presented at the American Political Science annual meeting, August 30
Waskow, Arthur I. 1966. From Race Riot to Sit-In: 1919 and the 1960s. New York: Doubleday
Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Vol. 1. Ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Berkeley: University of California Press
Weiner, Myron. 1989. The Indian Paradox: Violent Social Conflict and Democratic Politics. In Ashutosh Varshney, ed., The Indian Paradox: Essays in Indian Politics. New Delhi: Sage
Wilkinson, Steven I. 1995. U.P.'s “Riot-Prone” Towns. Seminar 432: 27–34Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven I. 1999. Ethnic Mobilization and Ethnic Violence in Post-independence India. Paper presented at American Political Science annual convention, Atlanta, September 2–4
Wilkinson, Steven I. 2002. Putting Gujarat in Perspective. Economic and Political Weekly (Mumbai), April 27: 1579–83Google Scholar
Williams, R. M. 1964. Strangers next Door: Ethnic Relations in American Communities. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall
Wilson, Andrew. 1996. The Post-Soviet States and the Nationalities Question. In Graham Smith, ed., The Nationalities Question in the Post-Soviet States. New York: Longman: 23–45
Witte, Els, and Machteld de Metsenaere. 1992. The Flemings in Brussels. In Max Engman, ed., Ethnic Identity in Urban Europe, vol. 8 of Comparative Studies on Governments and Non-Dominant Ethnic Groups in Europe, 1850–1940. New York: European Science Foundation/NYU Press: 13–38
Wright, Frank. 1996. Two Lands on One Soil: Ulster Politics before Home Rule. Dublin: Gill and MacMillan
Wright, Theodore P. 1966. The Effectiveness of Muslim Representation in India. In Donald E. Smith, ed., South Asian Politics and Religion. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 102–37
Zaheer, M., and Jagdeo Gupta. 1970. The Organization of the Government of Uttar Pradesh: A Study of State Administration. Delhi: S. Chand
Damning Verdict. Reprinting of the Justice B. N. Srikrishna Commission Appointed for Inquiry into the Riots at Mumbai during December 1992–January 1993 and the March 12, 1993 Bomb Blasts. N.d. Mumbai: Sabrang
East India (Cawnpore Riots). 1931. Report of the Commission of Inquiry and Resolution of the Government of the United Provinces. London: HMSO
Government of Bihar. 1938. Bihar Legislative Assembly Debates Official Report, III, 1–6, 1, March 5
Government of India. 1931. India Central Legislative Assembly Debates, III, 9, March 23
Government of India. 1947–49. Constituent Assembly Debates. New Delhi: Government of India Press
Government of India. 1948a. Constituent Assembly of India (Legislative) Debates, November 27, 1947
Government of India. 1948b. Constituent Assembly of India (Legislative) Debates, August 11, 1948
Government of India. 1955. Census of India, 1951 District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh. Allahabad, 1954–55
Government of India. 1988. Commission on Centre-State Relations Report, Part 1 (Sarkaria Commission)
Government of India. 1989. Eighth Annual Report of the Minorities' Commission (for the period 1-4-1985 to 31-3-1986). New Delhi: Controller of Publications
Government of India. 1995. Census of India 1991, Paper 1 of 1995, Religion. Delhi: Government of India
Government of India. 2001. Census of India 2001 Provisional Population Totals: Paper 1 of 2001. Delhi: Controller of Publications
Government of India. Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. 1960. Second Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. Ministry of Home Affairs. Delhi: Manager of Publications
Government of India: Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. 1965. Seventh Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. Ministry of Home Affairs. Delhi: Manager of Publications
Government of India: Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. 1971. Twelfth Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India, July 1969–June 1970. Ministry of Home Affairs. Delhi: Manager of Publications
Government of India: Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. 1986. Twenty Fifth Report of the Deputy Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India, 1984–85. Ministry of Home Affairs. Delhi: Manager of Publications
Government of India. Commissioner for Scheduled Tribes and Castes. 1964–65. Fourteenth Report of the Commissioner for Scheduled Tribes and Castes. Delhi: Government of India
Government of India: Commissioner of Scheduled Castes and Tribes. 1982. Report of the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Tribes, 1979–80 and 1980–1981. Delhi: Government of India
Government of India. Home Ministry. 1975. Report of the One-Man Commission of Inquiry into the Sadar Bazar Disturbances, 1974. New Delhi: Government of India Press
Government of India. Law Commission of India. 1978. Seventy-Seventh Report on Delay and Arrears in Trial Courts. New Delhi: Government of India
Government of India: Law Commission of India. Law Commission of India, M. C. Setalvad, Chairman, Fourteenth Report (Reform of Judicial Administration). N.d. Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Law
Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. 1986. Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (1985–1986) Eighth Lok Sabha, Sixth Report. Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs
Government of India: Ministry of Home Affairs. 1993. The Civil List of the Indian Police Service as of 1st January 1993. New Delhi
Government of India: Ministry of Home Affairs. 1995. The Indian Administrative Service Civil List, 1995. New Delhi
Government of India. Minorities Commission. 1980. Second Annual Report of the Minorities Commission (for the year ending 31st December, 1979). New Delhi: Government of India
Government of India: Minorities Commission. 1989a. Eighth Annual Report of the Minorities Commission (for the period 1-4-1985 to 31-3-1986). New Delhi: Controller of Publications
Government of India: Minorities Commission. 1989b. Ninth Annual Report of the Minorities Commission, 1-4-1986 to 31-3-1987. New Delhi: Controller of Publications
Government of India: Minorities Commission. 1990. Tenth Annual Report of the Minorities' Commission (for the period 1-4-1987 to 31-3-1986). New Delhi: Controller of Publications
Government of India. National Commission for Minorities. 1997a. National Commission for Minorities Second Annual Report (FY 1994–95). New Delhi: Ministry of Welfare
Government of India: National Minorities Commission. 1997b. National Commission for Minorities Third Annual Report (FY 1995–96). New Delhi: Ministry of Welfare
Government of India. National Police Commission. 1979. Second Report of the National Police Commission. New Delhi: Government of India
Government of India: National Police Commission. 1980 (November). Fifth Report of the National Police Commission. New Delhi: Government of India
Government of India: National Police Commission. 1981 (March). Sixth Report of the National Police Commission. New Delhi: Government of India
Government of India. Reserve Bank of India. 1998. Reserve Bank of India Bulletin, February 1998 (Supplement: Finances of State Governments: 1997–98)
Government of Madras. 1947. Madras Legislative Assembly Debates, 30 January–14th February 1947. Madras: Government of Madras
Government of Mysore. 1950. Mysore Legislative Assembly Debates Official Report. Vol. 1, 15 March to 4th April 1950. Bangalore
Government of Mysore. 1953. Mysore Legislative Assembly Debates, Official Report, August 7, 1953. Banglore
Government of Tamil Nadu. 1974. Report of the Backward Classes Commission Tamil Nadu. Vol. 1, 1970. Madras: Government of Tamil Nadu. [Chairman S. Sattanathan]
Government of Tamil Nadu. 1975. Report of the Backward Classes Commission Tamil Nadu. Vol. 2, 1970. Madras: Government of Tamil Nadu. [Chairman S. Sattanathan]
Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1962. Report of the Uttar Pradesh Police Commission, 1960–61. Allahabad: Superintendent of Printing and Stationery, U.P.
Government of Uttar Pradesh. Bhasha Vibhag. 1966. Facilities Provided for Linguistic Minorities in Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow: Bhasha Vibhag
Great Britain. 1928. East India (Progress and Condition) Statement Exhibiting the Moral and Material Progress and Condition of India, during the Year 1926–27. London: HMSO
Great Britain. 1937. Government of India Act, 1935. Draft of Instrument of Instructions Which It Is Proposed to Recommend His Majesty to Issue to the Governors of Indian Provinces. House of Commons Accounts and Papers – 5- Session, 3 November 1936–22 October 1937. Vol. 20, 1936–37. London: His Majesty's Stationary Office
Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1996. President's Rule in the States and Union Territories. New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat
Report into the Communal Disturbances at Ahmedabad and Other Places in Gujarat on and after 18th September 1969. Justice P. Jagmohan Reddy (Judge, Supreme Court of India). 1971. Gandhinagar: Gujarat Government Press
Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Communal Disturbances, Ranchi-Hatia (August 22–29, 1967). 1968. Delhi
Report of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the Origin and Character of the Riots in Belfast in July and September 1857. 1858. Dublin: Alex. Thom. and Sons
Reports from Commissioners, Inspectors, and Others: Thirty-Five Volumes-(5.)-Belfast Riots Commission, 1887. Vol. 18. London: Parliamentary Papers
Ahluwalia, Montek S. 2001. State Level Performance under Economic Reforms in India. Stanford CREDR Working Paper, March
Alesina, Alberto, Reza, Baqir, and William, Easterly. 1999. Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, 4 (November): 1243–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allport, Gordon W. 1997. The Nature of Prejudice. 1954. Reprint, Boston: Addison Wesley
Anifowose, Remi. 1982. Violence and Politics in Nigeria: The Tiv and Yoruba Experience. New York: Nok Publishers
Bagchi, Amaresh. 1997. Fiscal Management: The Federal Dimension of Developing Countries. In Parthasarathi Shome, ed., Fiscal Policy, Public Policy and Governance. Symposium to commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, December 5–6. New Delhi: Centax: 273–97
Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. 1990. Predatory Commercialization and Communalism in India. In S. Gopal, ed., Anatomy of a Confrontation. New Delhi: Penguin: 193–218
Banu, Zenab. 1980. Reality of Communal Riot: Class Conflict between the Haves of Hindus and Muslims. Indian Journal of Political Science 41, 1: 100–14Google Scholar
Banu, Zenab. 1989. Politics of Communalism. Bombay: Popular Prakashan
Bardon, Jonathan. 1982. Belfast: An Illustrated History. Dundonald: Blackstaff Press
Barnett, Marguerite Ross. 1976. The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Bartlett, Robert. 1993. The Making of Europe: Conquest Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Bates, Robert H. 1983. Modernization, Ethnic Competition and the Rationality of Politics in Contemporary Africa. In Donald Rothchild and Victor Olorunsola, eds., State versus Ethnic Claims: African Policy Dilemmas. Boulder: Westview Press: 152–71
Bartolini, Stefano. 1996. Enfranchisement, Equality and Turnout in the European Democratisation Process: A Preliminary Comparative Analysis. EUI Working Paper no. 121. Barcelona
Bayly, C. A. 1988. Ruler, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Beissinger, Mark R.. 1996. How Nationalisms Spread: Eastern Europe Adrift the Tides and Cycles of Nationalist Contention. Social Research 63, 1: 97–146Google Scholar
Beissinger, Mark R. 1998. Nationalist Violence and the State: Political Authority and Contentious Repertoires in the Former USSR. Comparative Politics 30, 4: 401–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belknap, Michal R., ed. 1991. Civil Rights: The White House and the Justice Department, 1945–1968. New York: Garland
Bernard, Cheryl. 1986. Politics and the Refugee Experience. Political Science Quarterly 101, 4: 617–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharya, Mohit. 1997. Reservation Policy: The West Bengal Scene. In V. A. Pai Panandikar, ed., The Politics of Backwardness: Reservation Policy in India. New Delhi: Konark: 183–219
Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan, 1960–61. 1961. Lahore: International Publishers
Bohr, Annette, and Simon Crisp. 1996. Kyrgyzstan and the Kyrgyz. In Graham Smith, ed., The Nationalities Question in the Post-Soviet States. New York: Longman: 385–409
Bohstedt, John. 1988. Gender, Household and Community Politics: Women in English Riots, 1790–1810. Past and Present 120: 88–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brass, Paul R. 1973. Radical Parties of the Left in Bihar: A Comparison of the SSP and the CPI. In Paul R. Brass and Marcus F. Franda, eds., Radical Politics in South Asia. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press: 325–400
Brass, Paul R. 1974. Language, Religion and Politics in North India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Brass, Paul R. 1990. The Politics of India since Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Brass, Paul R. 1991. Ethnic Conflict in Multiethnic Societies: The Consociational Solution and Its Critics. In Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison. London: Sage: 333–48
Brass, Paul R. 1997. Theft of an Idol: Text and Context in the Study of Collective Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Bremmer, Ian, and Ray Taras, eds. 1993. Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Breuilly, John. 1994. Nationalism and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Brodkin, Karen. 2000. How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press
Brown, Judith. 1985. Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Brown, Rupert. 1995. Prejudice: Its Social Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell
Bunce, Valerie. 1996. From State Socialism to State Disintegration: A Comparison of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Paper presented at the conference on “Democracy, Markets and Civil Societies in Post-1989 East Central Europe,” Harvard University, May 17–19
Burg, Steven L., and Michael, L. Berbaum. 1989. Community Integration and Stability in Multinational Yugoslavia. American Political Science Review 83, 2: 535–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David, Ashok Lahiri, and Prannoy Roy. 1995. India Decides: Elections, 1952–1995. New Delhi: Books and Things
Carmines, Edward G., and James A. Stimson. 1989. Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Carroll, Charles. 1932. Rhode Island: Three Centuries of Democracy. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company
Centre for Policy Studies. 1993. Crying Peace Where There Is None? The Functioning and Future of Local Peace Committees of the National Peace Accord. Research Report no. 31 (Transition Series). Johannesburg
Chhibber, Pradeep, and Ken, Kollman. 1998. Party Aggregation and the Number of Parties in India and the United States. American Political Science Review 92, 2: 329–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Gary Bennett. 1975. The Prague Germans, 1861–1914: The Problems of Ethnic Survival. Ph. D. dissertation, Princeton University
Comber, Leon. 1983. 13 May 1969: A Historical Survey of Sino-Malay Relations. Kuala Lumpur: Heinemann
Connolly, S. J. 1989. Mass Politics and Sectarian Conflict, 1823–30. In W. E. Vaughan, ed., A New History of Ireland, 6 5, Ireland under the Union, I, 1801–70. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 74–107
Cook, S. W. 1978. Interpersonal and Attitudinal Outcomes in Cooperating Interracial groups. Journal of Research and Development in Education 12: 97–113Google Scholar
Cox, Gary W. 1998a. Electoral Rules and the Calculus of Mobilization. Paper presented at the Shambaugh Comparative Legislative Research Conference, Iowa City, Iowa, April 16–19. Available at 〈http://gcox.ucsd.edu/iomob4.htm〉
Cox, Gary W. 1998b. Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Cox, Gary, and Michael, C. Munger. 1989. Closeness, Expenditures, and Turnout in the 1982 U.S. House Elections. American Political Science Review 83, 1: 217–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cribb, Robert. 1991. Problems in the Historiography of the Killings in Indonesia. In Robert Cribb, ed., The Indonesian Killings, 1965–66: Studies from Java and Bali. Melbourne: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University: 1–44
Crossman, Virginia. 1996. Politics, Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Ireland. New York: St. Martin's Press
Damodaran, Vinita. 1992. Broken Promises: Popular Protest, Indian Nationalism and the Congress Party in Bihar, 1935–1946. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Das, Arvind S. 1992. The Republic of Bihar. New Delhi: Penguin
Das, Durga. 1970. India from Curzon to Nehru and After. New York: John Day
Das, Suranjan. 1993. Communal Riots in Bengal, 1905–1947. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Das, Suranjan. 2000. The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into ‘Communal Fury’?Modern Asian Studies 34, 2: 281–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayal, Rajeshwar. 1998. A Life of Our Times. Delhi: Orient Longman
Deák, István. 1991. The One and the Many. Review of Aleksa Djilas's The Contested Country: Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution, 1919–1953 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991). New Republic, October 7: 29–36Google Scholar
Desai, Mihir. 1990. The Need for Reservations: A Reply to Shourie and Others. Lokayan Bulletin 8, 4–5: 9–33Google Scholar
Deshpande, Satish, and Nandini, Sundar. 1998. Caste and the Census: Implications for Society and the Social Sciences. Economic and Political Weekly, August 8: 2157–59Google Scholar
DiPasquale, Denise, and Edward L. Glaeser. 1996. The L. A. Riot and the Economics of Urban Unrest. NBER Working Paper no. W5456, February
Diskin, Abraham. 1991. Elections and Voters in Israel. New York: Praeger
Dorosin, Joshua L. 1990. Romania: A Dream Deferred, the 1990 Elections and Prospects for Future Democracy. Washington, D.C.: International Foundation for Electoral Systems
D'Souza, Victor S. 1978. Status Groups among the Moplahs on the South-West Coast of India. In Imtiaz Ahmed, ed., Caste and Social Stratification among Muslims in India. New Delhi: Manohar: 41–56
Easterly, William, and Ross, Levine. 1999. Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, 4: 1203–50Google Scholar
Elazar, Daniel J. 1979. The Role of Federalism in Political Integration. In Daniel J. Elazar, ed., Federalism and Political Integration. Jerusalem: Institute for Federalism: 1–13
Enelow, James M., and Melvin, J. Hinich. 1982. Non-Spatial Candidate Characteristics and Electoral Competition. Journal of Politics 44, 1: 115–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1984. The Causes of Communal Riots in the Post-Partition Period in India. In Ashgar Ali Engineer, ed., Communal Riots in Post-Independence India. Hyderabad: Sangam Books: 33–41
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1992a. Communal Riots in Ahmedabad. Economic and Political Weekly, August 1–8: 1641–43Google Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1992b. Banaras Rocked by Communal Violence. Economic and Political Weekly, March 7–14: 509–11Google Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1993. Bombay Riots: Second Phase. Economic and Political Weekly, March 20–27: 505–8Google Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1994. Communal Violence in Kanpur. Economic and Political Weekly, February 26: 473–74Google Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1995. The Bhagalpur Riots II. Hindu, June 23
Feldberg, Michael. 1980. The Turbulent Era: Riot and Disorder in Jacksonian America. New York: Oxford University Press
Forbes, H. D. 1997. Ethnic Conflict: Commerce, Culture and the Contact Hypothesis. New Haven: Yale University Press
Gabriel, Theodore. 1996. Hindu-Muslim Relations in North Malabar, 1498–1947. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edward Mellen
Gadgil, N. V. 1968. Government from Inside. Meerut: Meenakshi Prakashan
Gagliano, Felix V. 1970. Communal Violence in Malaysia 1969: The Political Aftermath. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies Southeast Asia Program
Gailus, Manfred. 1994. Food Riots in Germany in the Late 1840s. Past and Present 145: 157–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galanter, Marc. 1991. Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India. 2nd ed. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Gallagher, Tom. 1995. Romania after Ceaucescu: The Politics of Intolerance. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Ghosh, Partha S. 1989. Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia. New Delhi: Manohar
Ghosh, Pratap Kumar. 1966. The Constitution of India: How It Has Been Framed. Calcutta: World Press
Ghosh, S. K. 1972. Riots: Prevention and Control. Calcutta: Eastern Law House
Ghosh, S. K., and K. F. Rustamji, eds. 1994. Encyclopaedia of Police in India. Vol. 2, sect. A. New Delhi: Ashish
Glaser, James M. 1996. Race, Campaign Politics and the Realignment in the South. New Haven: Yale University Press
Gomango, Giridhar. 1992. Constitutional Provisions for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Bombay: Himalaya Publishing
Gopal, Sarvepalli. 1979. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. Vol. 2, 1947–1956. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Gopal, Sarvepalli. 1983. Jawaharlal Nehru: An Anthology. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Gopal, Sarvepalli. 1984. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Gould, Harold A. 1994. Grass Roots Politics in India: A Century of Political Evolution in Faizabad District. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH
Gower, Robert. 1937. The Hungarian Minorities in the Succession States. London: Grant Richards
Gupta, Raghuraj. 1976. Hindu-Muslim Relations. Lucknow: Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, U.P.
Gurr, Ted Robert, and Barbara Harff. 1994. Ethnic Conflict in World Politics. Boulder: Westview Press
Gwyer, Maurice, and A. Appadorai, eds. 1957. Speeches and Documents on the Indian Constitution. Vol. 1, 1921–1947. Bombay: Ernest Benn
Hagerty, Devin T. 1996. Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: The 1990 Indo-Pakistani Crisis. International Security 20, 3: 79–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardin, Russell. 1995. One for All: The Logic of Group Conflict. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Harris, Peter, and Ben Reilly, eds. 1998. Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators. Stockholm: IDEA
Hasan, Mushirul. 1997. Legacy of a Divided Nation: India's Muslims since Independence. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Helsinki Watch. 1993. Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Ethnic Hungarians in Post-Ceaucescu Romania. Human Rights Watch
Hersh, Seymour M. 1993. On the Nuclear Edge. New Yorker, March 29: 56–73Google Scholar
Hitchins, Keith. 1994. Rumania, 1866–1947. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Hoppen, K. Theodore. 1984. Elections, Politics, and Society in Ireland, 1832–1885. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 268–69
Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press
Horowitz, Donald A. 1991. A Democratic South Africa: Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society. Berkeley: University of California Press
Horowitz, Donald L. 2001. The Deadly Ethnic Riot. Berkeley: University of California Press
Human Rights Watch. 1994. We Have No Orders to Save You: State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat. 14, no. 3 (C)
Human Rights Watch. 1995. Slaughter among Neighbors: The Political Origins of Communal Violence. New Haven: Yale University Press
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press
Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
Huntington, Samuel P., and Joan M. Nelson. 1976. No Easy Choice: Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Ignatiev, Noel. 1995. How the Irish Became White. New York: Routledge
Indian Annual Register. Calcutta: Annual Registar Office, 1919–47
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 1990. Romania in the Wake of Ceaucescu: An Assessment of the Romanian Electoral System on Election Eve. Washington, D.C.: International Foundation for Electoral Systems
Inverarity, James M. 1976. Populism and Lynching in Louisiana, 1889–1896: A Test of Erikson's Theory of the Relationship between Boundary Crises and Repressive Justice. American Sociological Review 41, 2: 262–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irschick, Eugene F. 1969. Politics and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahman Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929. Berkeley: University of California Press
Irschick, Eugene F. 1986. Tamil Revivalism in the 1930s. Madras: Cre-A
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1996. The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India. New York: Columbia University Press
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1998. The Politics of Processions and Hindu-Muslim Riots. In Amrita Basu and Atul Kohli, eds., Community Conflicts and the State in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press: 58–92
Jayaprasad, K. 1991. RSS and Hindu Nationalism: Inroads in a Leftist Stronghold. New Delhi: Deep and Deep
Jeffery, Roger, and Patricia, M. Jeffery. 1994. The Bijnor Riots, October 1990: Collapse of a Mythical Special Relationship?Economic and Political Weekly, March 5: 551–58Google Scholar
Jha, Shree Nagesh. 1970. Caste in Bihar Politics. Economic and Political Weekly, February 14: 341–44Google Scholar
Jussila, Osmo. 1993. The Russian Government and the Finnish Diet: A Study of the Evolution of Political Representation, 1863–1914. In Geoffrey Alderman, ed., Governments, Ethnic Groups and Political Representation, vol. 6 of Comparative Series of Governments and Non-Dominant Ethnic Groups in Europe, 1850–1940. New York: European Science Foundation/NYU Press: 167–99
Kabir, Humayun. 1968. Minorities in a Democracy. Calcutta: K. L. Mukhopadhyay
Kaufmann, Chaim. 1996. Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars. International Security 20, 4: 136–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, Stuart. 1995. The Irresistible Force and the Imperceptible Object: The Yugoslav Breakup and Western Policy. Security Studies 4, 2: 281–329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, Stephen L. 1975. Uprooting and Social Change: The Role of Refugees in Development. Delhi: Manohar Book Service
Keyssar, Alexander. 2000. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York: Basic Books
Khalidi, Omar. 1993. Muslims in Indian Political Process: Group Goals and Alternative Strategies. Economic and Political Weekly, January 2–9: 43–54Google Scholar
Khalidi, Omar. 1995. Indian Muslims since Independence. New Delhi: Vikas
Khaliquzzaman, Choudhry. 1961. Pathway to Pakistan. Lahore: Longmans Green
Khan, Dildar. 1992. Meerut Riots: An Analysis. In Pramod Kumar, ed., Towards Understanding Communalism. Chandigarh: Center for Research in Rural and Industrial Development: 455–70
Khan, Kishwar Shabbir. 1991. Brassware Industry of Moradabad and Its Muslim Artisans. Interdisciplinary Centre of Development Studies, Aligarh Muslim University
Kidwai, Anwar Jamal. 1993. An Unsung Hero of the Freedom Struggle: Rafi Ahmed Kidwai. Islam and the Modern Age 24, 2: 88–107Google Scholar
King, Jeremy. 1998. Loyalty and Polity, Nation and State: A Town in Hapsburg Central Europe, 1848–1948. Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University
Kitschelt, Herbert, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslaw Markowski, and Gábor Tóka. 1999. Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Kohli, A. B. 1983. Councils of Ministers in India, 1947–1982. New Delhi: Gitanjali Publishing
Kohli, Atul. 1990. Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Kooiman, Dirk. 1995. Communities and Electorates: A Comparative Discussion of Communalism in Colonial India. Amsterdam: VU University Press
Koshy, M. J. 1971. Constitutionalism in Travancore and Cochin. Trivandrum: Kerala Historical Society
Krishna, B. 1995. Sardar Vallabhai Patel: India's Iron Man. New Delhi: Indus
Kumar, Nita. 1995. The Artisans of Banaras: Popular Culture and Identity, 1880–1986. New Delhi: Orient Longman
Kurien, Prema. 1994. Colonialism and Ethnogenesis: A Study of Kerala, India. Theory and Society 23: 385–417CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laitin, David D. 1986. Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change among the Yoruba. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Lambert, Richard D. 1951. Hindu-Muslim Riots. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania
Lazar, Gyorgy. 1979. Memorandum. In Witness to Cultural Genocide: First-Hand Reports on Rumania's Minority Policies Today. New York: American Transylvanian Federation: 88–144
Lemarchand, René. 1996. Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. New York: Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Cambridge University Press
Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press
Lijphart, Arend. 1985. Power-Sharing in South Africa. Institute of International Studies Policy Papers in International Affairs no. 24. Berkeley: University of California
Lijphart, Arend. 1995. Self-Determination versus Pre-Determination of Ethnic Minorities in Power-Sharing Systems. In Will Kymlicka, ed., The Rights of Minority Cultures. New York: Oxford University Press: 275–87
Lijphart, Arend. 1996. The Puzzle of Indian Democracy: A Consociational Interpretation. American Political Science Review 90, 2: 258–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1998. South African Democracy: Majoritarian or Consociational?Democratization 5, 4: 144–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Stein Rokkan. 1967. Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction. In Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan, eds., Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives. New York: Free Press: 1–67
Long, J. Scott. 1997. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage: 217–63
Love, Mervyn T. 1995. Peace Building through Reconciliation in Northern Ireland. Avebury: Aldershot
Lustick, Ian. 1979. Stability in Deeply Divided Societies: Consociationalism and Control. World Politics 31, 3: 325–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macdonagh, Oliver. 1989. Ideas and Institutions, 1830–45. In W. E. Vaughan, A New History of Ireland, vol. 5, Ireland under the Union, I, 1801–70. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 193–217
Malik, Ikram. 1984. Hindu-Muslim Riots in the British Punjab, 1849–1900: An Analysis. Lahore: Jamal Mahmud Press
Mammen, P. N. 1981. Communalism vs. Communism: A Study of the Socio-Religious Communities and Political Parties in Kerala, 1892–1970. Calcutta: Minerva
Manor, James. 1981. Party Decay and Political Crisis in India. Washington Quarterly 4, 3: 25–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manshardt. Clifford. 1936. The Hindu-Muslim Problem in India. London: G. Allen & Unwin
McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
McIntosh, Mary, Martha, Abele MacIver, Daniel, G. Abele, and David, B. Nolle. 1995. Minority Rights and Majority Rule: Ethnic Tolerance in Romania and Bulgaria. Social Forces 73, 3: 939–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Means, Gordon P. 1991. Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation. Singapore: Oxford University Press
Menon, Dilip. 1994. Caste, Nationalism and Communism in South India: Malabar, 1900–1948. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Midlarsky, Manus I. 1978. Analyzing Diffusion and Contagion Effects: The Urban Disorders of the 1960s. American Political Science Review 72, 3: 996CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miguel, Edward. 2000. Ethnic Diversity and School Funding in Kenya. Working paper. Available at 〈http://iber.berkeley.edu/wps/cider/c01-119.pdf〉, accessed December 31, 2003
Mill, John Stuart. 1991. Considerations on Representative Government. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books
Millward, Pauline. 1985. The Stockport Riots of 1852: A Study of Anti-Catholic and Anti-Irish Sentiment. In Roger Swift and Sheridan Gilley, eds., The Irish in the Victorian City. London: Croom Helm: 207–24
Misra, B. B. 1970. The Administrative History of India, 1834–1947. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
Mohammed, U. 1995. Educational Problems of the Muslim Minority in Kerala. In Ashgar Ali Engineer, Kerala Muslims: A Historical Perspective. New Delhi: Ajanta: 147–56
Moon, Penderel. 1961. Divide and Quit. London: Chatto and Windus
More, J. B. P. 1997. The Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930–1947. Hyderabad: Orient Longman
Mujahid, Sharif al-. 1970. Indian Secularism: A Case Study of the Muslim Minority. Karachi: University of Karachi Press
Mukerjee, Radhakamal. 1941. Organization of Cottage Industries and Handicrafts. In Radhakamal Mukerjee and H. L. Dey, Economic Problems of Modern India. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan: 3–27Google Scholar
Munshi, K. M. 1967. Indian Constitutional Documents. Vol. 1, Pilgrimage to Freedom (1902–1950). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidhya Bhavan
Murphy, Gardner. 1953. In the Minds of Men: The Study of Human Behavior and Social Tensions in India. New York: Basic Books
Naidu, Ratna. 1990. Old Cities, New Predicaments: A Study of Hyderabad. New Delhi: Sage
Nanda, B. R., ed. 1998. Selected Works of Govind Ballabh Pant. Vol. 11. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Nandy, Ashish, Shikha Trivedy, Shail Mayaram, and Achyut Yagnik. 1995. Creating a Nationality: The Ramjanmabhumi Movement and Fear of the Self. Delhi: Oxford University Press
National Police Commission: Its Relevance Today. 1997. Papers and discussions at seminar organized by Nehru Centre and Hindustani Andolan, April 19. Mumbai: Nehru Centre 1997
Nayar, V. K. S. 1966. Communal Interest Groups in Kerala. In Donald E. Smith, ed., South Asian Politics and Religion. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 176–90
Neal, Frank. 1988. Sectarian Violence: The Liverpool Experience, 1819–1914. Manchester: Manchester University Press
Nitzova, Petya. 1997. Bulgaria: Minorities, Democratization and National Sentiments. Nationalities Papers 25, 4: 729–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nossiter, T. J. 1982. Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation. Berkeley: University of California Press
O'Day, Alan. 1992. Ireland's Catholics in the British State, 1850–1922. In Andrea Kappeler, ed., The Formation of National Elites, vol. 6 of Comparative Studies on Governments and Non-Dominant Ethnic Groups in Europe, 1850–1940. New York: European Science Foundation NYU Press: 41–76
Offe, Claus. 1992. Strong Causes, Weak Cures: Some Preliminary Notes on the Intransigence of Ethnic Politics. East European Constitutional Review 1, 1: 21–23Google Scholar
Olzak, Susan. 1992. The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Ordeshook, , , Peter C., and Olga, V. Shvetsova. 1994. Ethnic Heterogeneity, District Magnitude and the Number of Parties. American Journal of Political Science 38, 1: 100–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, William Crego. 1979. Cultures in Stress: The Malaysian Crisis of 1969 and Its Cultural Roots. Ph. D. dissertation, MIT
Parthasarathi, G., ed. 1985. Jawaharlal Nehru Letters to Chief Ministers, 1947–1964. Vol. 1, 1947–1949. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
Parthasarathi, G. ed. 1988. Jawaharlal Nehru Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–1964. Vol. 4, 1954–1957. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
Parthasarathi, G. ed. 1989. Jawaharlal Nehru: Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–1964. Vol. 5, 1958–1964. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
Pattie, Charles J., Ronald, J. Johnston, and Edward, A. Fieldhouse. 1995. Winning the Local Vote: The Effectiveness of Constituency Campaign Spending in Great Britain, 1983–1992. American Political Science Review 89, 4: 969–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, John A. 1992. The Great Reform Bill in the Boroughs: English Electoral Behaviour, 1818–1841. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Posen, Barry. 1993. The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict. Survival 35, 1: 27–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, Daniel L. 2000. Ethnic Fractionalization and Economic Growth in Africa. Paper presented to the LiCEP working group, March 25
Posner, Daniel N. 2003. The Institutional Origins of Ethnic Politics in Zambia. University of California, Los Angeles. Unpublished manuscript
Potter, David. 1987. IAS Mobility Patterns. Indian Journal of Public Administration 33, 4: 845–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, David. 1996. India's Political Administrators: From ICS to IAS. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Prior, Katherine. 1993. Making History: The State's Intervention in Urban Religious Disputes in the North-Western Provinces in the Early Nineteenth Century. Modern Asian Studies 27, 1: 179–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puri, Geeta. 1978. The Jana Sangh. Delhi: Sterling
Rabushka, Alvin, and Kenneth A. Shepsle. 1972. Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability. Columbus: Charles E. Merrill
Radhakrishnan, P. 1996. Backward Class Movements in Tamil Nadu. In M. N. Srinivas, ed., Caste: Its Twentieth Century Avatar. New Delhi: Viking: 110–34
Rady, Martin. 1992. Romania in Turmoil. New York: IB Tauris
Rai, V. N. 1995. A Case for Representation of Minorities in the Police. Towards Secular India 1, 2: 39–47Google Scholar
Rajgopal, P. R. 1987. Communal Violence in India. New Delhi: Uppal Publishing House/Centre for Policy Research
Ramachandran, R. 1992. Urbanization and Urban Systems in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Rao, B. Shiva, V. K. N. Menon, Subhash C. Kashyap, and N. K. N. Iyengar. 1968. The Framing of India's Constitution: A Study. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Public Administration
Rao Bahadur, M. Shama. 1936. Modern Mysore. Bangalore: Higginbothams
Reddy, G. Ram. 1989. The Politics of Accommodation: Caste, Class and Dominance in Andhra Pradesh. In Francine Frankel and M. S. A. Rao, eds., Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order. Vol. 1. Delhi: Oxford University Press: 265–321
Reilly, Benjamin, and Peter Harris. 1998. Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
Riker, William H. 1996. The Strategy of Rhetoric: Campaigning for the American Constitution. New Haven: Yale University Press
Roy, Ramashray. 1995. Caste and Political Recruitment in Bihar. In Rajni Kothari, ed., Caste in Indian Politics. Delhi: Orient Longman Reprint: 215–41
Rudolph, Lloyd I., and Suzanne Hoeber Rudolph. 1987. In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Rule, James B. 1988. Theories of Civil Violence. Berkeley: University of California Press
Sachchidananda. 1997. Reservation and After: The Case of Bihar. In V. A. Pai Panandikar, ed., The Politics of Backwardness: Reservation Policy in India. New Delhi: Konark: 161–82
Saiyed, A. R. 1995. Changing Urban Ethos: Reflections on Hindu-Muslim Riots. In A. R. Saiyed, Religion and Ethnicity among Muslims. Jaipur: Rawat: 321–43
Saksena, N. S. 1987. Law and Order in India. New Delhi: Abhinav
Saksena, N. S. 1990. Communal Riots in India. New Delhi: Trishul
Saksena, R. N. 1961. Refugees: A Study in Changing Attitudes. London: Asia Publishing House
Sambanis, Nicholas. 2000. Ethnic War: A Theoretic and Empirical Inquiry into Its Causes. World Bank, February 27
Saraswathi, S. 1974. Minorities in Madras State. Delhi: Impex
Saxena, N. C. 1984. The Nature and Origin of Communal Riots. In Ashgar Ali Engineer, ed., Communal Riots in Post-Independence India. Hyderabad: Sangam Books: 51–67
Schwerthoeffer, Simona. 1985. The Nationalities Policy: Theory and Practice. In Vlad Georgescu, ed., Romania: 40 Years (1944–1984). New York: Praeger: 79–92
Sebok, Lazlo. 1996. The Hungarians in East Central Europe: A Demographic Profile. Nationalities Papers 24, 3: 551–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sen Gupta, Bhabani. 1972. Communism in Indian Politics. New York: Columbia University Press
Shafir, Michael. 1992. Preliminary Results of the 1992 Romanian Census. RFE/RL Research Report 1, 30: 62–68Google Scholar
Shakir, Moin. 1983. Islam in Indian Politics. New Delhi: Ajanta Publications
Shariff, Abusaleh. 1995. Socio-Economic and Demographic Differentials between Hindus and Muslims in India. Economic and Political Weekly, November 18: 2947–53Google Scholar
Sharma, K. D. 1991. Trials, Tribulations and Triumphs of the Police-Men. Noida: Trishul Publications
Shepsle, Kenneth M. 1972. Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability. Boston: Charles E. Merrill
Sinha, M. K. 1981. In Father's Footsteps: A Policeman's Odyssey. Patna: Vanity Books
Sisk, Timothy D. 1996. Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace and the Carnegie Commission of Preventing Deadly Conflict
Smelser, Neil J. 1962. Theory of Collective Behavior. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Smith, Donald E. 1963. India as a Secular State. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Spilerman, Seymour. 1971. The Causes of Racial Disturbances: Tests of an Explanation. American Sociological Review 36: 427–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spilerman, Seymour. 1976. Structural Characteristics of Cities and the Severity of Racial Disorders. American Sociological Review 41: 771–93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Srivastava, R. K. 1996. Sectional Politics in an Urban Constituency: Generalganj (Kanpur). Economic and Political Weekly, January 13–20: 111–20Google Scholar
Stephens, Ian. 1967. Pakistan. London: Ernest Benn
Stokes, Donald E. 1963. Spatial Models of Party Competition. American Political Science Review 57: 368–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subramaniam, Narendra. 1993. Ethnicity, Populism and Pluralist Democracy: Mobilization and Representation in South India. Ph. D. dissertation, MIT
Sullivan, John L., Pat, Walsh, Michal, Shamir, David, G. Barnum, and James, L. Gibson. 1993. Why Politicians Are More Tolerant: Selective Recruitment and Socialization among Political Elites in Britain, Israel, New Zealand and the United States. British Journal of Political Science 23: 51–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talbot, Ian. 1996. Back to the future? The Punjab Unionist Model of Consociational Democracy for Contemporary India and Pakistan. International Journal of Punjab Studies 3, 1: 65–73Google Scholar
Tambiah, Stanley. 1996. Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press
Tek, Goh Cheng. 1971. The May Thirteenth Incident and Democracy in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press
Thomas, E. J. 1985. Coalition Game Politics in Kerala. New Delhi: Intellectual Publishing House
Tong, James W. 1991. Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Tsebelis, George. 1990. Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press
Tunku, Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj. 1969. May 13: Before and After. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Melayu Press
Vaikunth, V. 2000. An Eye to Indian Policing: Challenge and Response. Madras: EastWest
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2002. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven: Yale University Press
Vasquez, John A.. 1988. The Steps to War: Towards a Scientific Explanation of Correlates of War Findings. World Politics 40, no. 1: 109–45Google Scholar
Vijayagopalan, S. 1993. Economic Status of Handicraft Artisans. New Delhi: National Council for Applied Economic Research
Vorys, Karl von. 1975. Democracy without Consensus: Communalism and Political Stability in Malaysia. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Wadhwa, Kamlesh Kumar. 1975. Minority Safeguards in India. New Delhi: Thomson
Ware, Robert Bruce. 1997. Political Stability and Ethnic Parity: Why Is There Peace in Dagestan? Paper presented at the American Political Science annual meeting, August 30
Waskow, Arthur I. 1966. From Race Riot to Sit-In: 1919 and the 1960s. New York: Doubleday
Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Vol. 1. Ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Berkeley: University of California Press
Weiner, Myron. 1989. The Indian Paradox: Violent Social Conflict and Democratic Politics. In Ashutosh Varshney, ed., The Indian Paradox: Essays in Indian Politics. New Delhi: Sage
Wilkinson, Steven I. 1995. U.P.'s “Riot-Prone” Towns. Seminar 432: 27–34Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven I. 1999. Ethnic Mobilization and Ethnic Violence in Post-independence India. Paper presented at American Political Science annual convention, Atlanta, September 2–4
Wilkinson, Steven I. 2002. Putting Gujarat in Perspective. Economic and Political Weekly (Mumbai), April 27: 1579–83Google Scholar
Williams, R. M. 1964. Strangers next Door: Ethnic Relations in American Communities. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall
Wilson, Andrew. 1996. The Post-Soviet States and the Nationalities Question. In Graham Smith, ed., The Nationalities Question in the Post-Soviet States. New York: Longman: 23–45
Witte, Els, and Machteld de Metsenaere. 1992. The Flemings in Brussels. In Max Engman, ed., Ethnic Identity in Urban Europe, vol. 8 of Comparative Studies on Governments and Non-Dominant Ethnic Groups in Europe, 1850–1940. New York: European Science Foundation/NYU Press: 13–38
Wright, Frank. 1996. Two Lands on One Soil: Ulster Politics before Home Rule. Dublin: Gill and MacMillan
Wright, Theodore P. 1966. The Effectiveness of Muslim Representation in India. In Donald E. Smith, ed., South Asian Politics and Religion. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 102–37
Zaheer, M., and Jagdeo Gupta. 1970. The Organization of the Government of Uttar Pradesh: A Study of State Administration. Delhi: S. Chand
Ahluwalia, Montek S. 2001. State Level Performance under Economic Reforms in India. Stanford CREDR Working Paper, March
Alesina, Alberto, Reza, Baqir, and William, Easterly. 1999. Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, 4 (November): 1243–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allport, Gordon W. 1997. The Nature of Prejudice. 1954. Reprint, Boston: Addison Wesley
Anifowose, Remi. 1982. Violence and Politics in Nigeria: The Tiv and Yoruba Experience. New York: Nok Publishers
Bagchi, Amaresh. 1997. Fiscal Management: The Federal Dimension of Developing Countries. In Parthasarathi Shome, ed., Fiscal Policy, Public Policy and Governance. Symposium to commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, December 5–6. New Delhi: Centax: 273–97
Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. 1990. Predatory Commercialization and Communalism in India. In S. Gopal, ed., Anatomy of a Confrontation. New Delhi: Penguin: 193–218
Banu, Zenab. 1980. Reality of Communal Riot: Class Conflict between the Haves of Hindus and Muslims. Indian Journal of Political Science 41, 1: 100–14Google Scholar
Banu, Zenab. 1989. Politics of Communalism. Bombay: Popular Prakashan
Bardon, Jonathan. 1982. Belfast: An Illustrated History. Dundonald: Blackstaff Press
Barnett, Marguerite Ross. 1976. The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Bartlett, Robert. 1993. The Making of Europe: Conquest Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Bates, Robert H. 1983. Modernization, Ethnic Competition and the Rationality of Politics in Contemporary Africa. In Donald Rothchild and Victor Olorunsola, eds., State versus Ethnic Claims: African Policy Dilemmas. Boulder: Westview Press: 152–71
Bartolini, Stefano. 1996. Enfranchisement, Equality and Turnout in the European Democratisation Process: A Preliminary Comparative Analysis. EUI Working Paper no. 121. Barcelona
Bayly, C. A. 1988. Ruler, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Beissinger, Mark R.. 1996. How Nationalisms Spread: Eastern Europe Adrift the Tides and Cycles of Nationalist Contention. Social Research 63, 1: 97–146Google Scholar
Beissinger, Mark R. 1998. Nationalist Violence and the State: Political Authority and Contentious Repertoires in the Former USSR. Comparative Politics 30, 4: 401–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belknap, Michal R., ed. 1991. Civil Rights: The White House and the Justice Department, 1945–1968. New York: Garland
Bernard, Cheryl. 1986. Politics and the Refugee Experience. Political Science Quarterly 101, 4: 617–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharya, Mohit. 1997. Reservation Policy: The West Bengal Scene. In V. A. Pai Panandikar, ed., The Politics of Backwardness: Reservation Policy in India. New Delhi: Konark: 183–219
Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan, 1960–61. 1961. Lahore: International Publishers
Bohr, Annette, and Simon Crisp. 1996. Kyrgyzstan and the Kyrgyz. In Graham Smith, ed., The Nationalities Question in the Post-Soviet States. New York: Longman: 385–409
Bohstedt, John. 1988. Gender, Household and Community Politics: Women in English Riots, 1790–1810. Past and Present 120: 88–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brass, Paul R. 1973. Radical Parties of the Left in Bihar: A Comparison of the SSP and the CPI. In Paul R. Brass and Marcus F. Franda, eds., Radical Politics in South Asia. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press: 325–400
Brass, Paul R. 1974. Language, Religion and Politics in North India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Brass, Paul R. 1990. The Politics of India since Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Brass, Paul R. 1991. Ethnic Conflict in Multiethnic Societies: The Consociational Solution and Its Critics. In Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison. London: Sage: 333–48
Brass, Paul R. 1997. Theft of an Idol: Text and Context in the Study of Collective Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Bremmer, Ian, and Ray Taras, eds. 1993. Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Breuilly, John. 1994. Nationalism and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Brodkin, Karen. 2000. How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press
Brown, Judith. 1985. Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Brown, Rupert. 1995. Prejudice: Its Social Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell
Bunce, Valerie. 1996. From State Socialism to State Disintegration: A Comparison of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Paper presented at the conference on “Democracy, Markets and Civil Societies in Post-1989 East Central Europe,” Harvard University, May 17–19
Burg, Steven L., and Michael, L. Berbaum. 1989. Community Integration and Stability in Multinational Yugoslavia. American Political Science Review 83, 2: 535–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David, Ashok Lahiri, and Prannoy Roy. 1995. India Decides: Elections, 1952–1995. New Delhi: Books and Things
Carmines, Edward G., and James A. Stimson. 1989. Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Carroll, Charles. 1932. Rhode Island: Three Centuries of Democracy. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company
Centre for Policy Studies. 1993. Crying Peace Where There Is None? The Functioning and Future of Local Peace Committees of the National Peace Accord. Research Report no. 31 (Transition Series). Johannesburg
Chhibber, Pradeep, and Ken, Kollman. 1998. Party Aggregation and the Number of Parties in India and the United States. American Political Science Review 92, 2: 329–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Gary Bennett. 1975. The Prague Germans, 1861–1914: The Problems of Ethnic Survival. Ph. D. dissertation, Princeton University
Comber, Leon. 1983. 13 May 1969: A Historical Survey of Sino-Malay Relations. Kuala Lumpur: Heinemann
Connolly, S. J. 1989. Mass Politics and Sectarian Conflict, 1823–30. In W. E. Vaughan, ed., A New History of Ireland, 6 5, Ireland under the Union, I, 1801–70. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 74–107
Cook, S. W. 1978. Interpersonal and Attitudinal Outcomes in Cooperating Interracial groups. Journal of Research and Development in Education 12: 97–113Google Scholar
Cox, Gary W. 1998a. Electoral Rules and the Calculus of Mobilization. Paper presented at the Shambaugh Comparative Legislative Research Conference, Iowa City, Iowa, April 16–19. Available at 〈http://gcox.ucsd.edu/iomob4.htm〉
Cox, Gary W. 1998b. Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Cox, Gary, and Michael, C. Munger. 1989. Closeness, Expenditures, and Turnout in the 1982 U.S. House Elections. American Political Science Review 83, 1: 217–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cribb, Robert. 1991. Problems in the Historiography of the Killings in Indonesia. In Robert Cribb, ed., The Indonesian Killings, 1965–66: Studies from Java and Bali. Melbourne: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University: 1–44
Crossman, Virginia. 1996. Politics, Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Ireland. New York: St. Martin's Press
Damodaran, Vinita. 1992. Broken Promises: Popular Protest, Indian Nationalism and the Congress Party in Bihar, 1935–1946. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Das, Arvind S. 1992. The Republic of Bihar. New Delhi: Penguin
Das, Durga. 1970. India from Curzon to Nehru and After. New York: John Day
Das, Suranjan. 1993. Communal Riots in Bengal, 1905–1947. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Das, Suranjan. 2000. The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into ‘Communal Fury’?Modern Asian Studies 34, 2: 281–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayal, Rajeshwar. 1998. A Life of Our Times. Delhi: Orient Longman
Deák, István. 1991. The One and the Many. Review of Aleksa Djilas's The Contested Country: Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution, 1919–1953 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991). New Republic, October 7: 29–36Google Scholar
Desai, Mihir. 1990. The Need for Reservations: A Reply to Shourie and Others. Lokayan Bulletin 8, 4–5: 9–33Google Scholar
Deshpande, Satish, and Nandini, Sundar. 1998. Caste and the Census: Implications for Society and the Social Sciences. Economic and Political Weekly, August 8: 2157–59Google Scholar
DiPasquale, Denise, and Edward L. Glaeser. 1996. The L. A. Riot and the Economics of Urban Unrest. NBER Working Paper no. W5456, February
Diskin, Abraham. 1991. Elections and Voters in Israel. New York: Praeger
Dorosin, Joshua L. 1990. Romania: A Dream Deferred, the 1990 Elections and Prospects for Future Democracy. Washington, D.C.: International Foundation for Electoral Systems
D'Souza, Victor S. 1978. Status Groups among the Moplahs on the South-West Coast of India. In Imtiaz Ahmed, ed., Caste and Social Stratification among Muslims in India. New Delhi: Manohar: 41–56
Easterly, William, and Ross, Levine. 1999. Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, 4: 1203–50Google Scholar
Elazar, Daniel J. 1979. The Role of Federalism in Political Integration. In Daniel J. Elazar, ed., Federalism and Political Integration. Jerusalem: Institute for Federalism: 1–13
Enelow, James M., and Melvin, J. Hinich. 1982. Non-Spatial Candidate Characteristics and Electoral Competition. Journal of Politics 44, 1: 115–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1984. The Causes of Communal Riots in the Post-Partition Period in India. In Ashgar Ali Engineer, ed., Communal Riots in Post-Independence India. Hyderabad: Sangam Books: 33–41
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1992a. Communal Riots in Ahmedabad. Economic and Political Weekly, August 1–8: 1641–43Google Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1992b. Banaras Rocked by Communal Violence. Economic and Political Weekly, March 7–14: 509–11Google Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1993. Bombay Riots: Second Phase. Economic and Political Weekly, March 20–27: 505–8Google Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1994. Communal Violence in Kanpur. Economic and Political Weekly, February 26: 473–74Google Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1995. The Bhagalpur Riots II. Hindu, June 23
Feldberg, Michael. 1980. The Turbulent Era: Riot and Disorder in Jacksonian America. New York: Oxford University Press
Forbes, H. D. 1997. Ethnic Conflict: Commerce, Culture and the Contact Hypothesis. New Haven: Yale University Press
Gabriel, Theodore. 1996. Hindu-Muslim Relations in North Malabar, 1498–1947. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edward Mellen
Gadgil, N. V. 1968. Government from Inside. Meerut: Meenakshi Prakashan
Gagliano, Felix V. 1970. Communal Violence in Malaysia 1969: The Political Aftermath. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies Southeast Asia Program
Gailus, Manfred. 1994. Food Riots in Germany in the Late 1840s. Past and Present 145: 157–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galanter, Marc. 1991. Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India. 2nd ed. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Gallagher, Tom. 1995. Romania after Ceaucescu: The Politics of Intolerance. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Ghosh, Partha S. 1989. Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia. New Delhi: Manohar
Ghosh, Pratap Kumar. 1966. The Constitution of India: How It Has Been Framed. Calcutta: World Press
Ghosh, S. K. 1972. Riots: Prevention and Control. Calcutta: Eastern Law House
Ghosh, S. K., and K. F. Rustamji, eds. 1994. Encyclopaedia of Police in India. Vol. 2, sect. A. New Delhi: Ashish
Glaser, James M. 1996. Race, Campaign Politics and the Realignment in the South. New Haven: Yale University Press
Gomango, Giridhar. 1992. Constitutional Provisions for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Bombay: Himalaya Publishing
Gopal, Sarvepalli. 1979. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. Vol. 2, 1947–1956. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Gopal, Sarvepalli. 1983. Jawaharlal Nehru: An Anthology. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Gopal, Sarvepalli. 1984. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Gould, Harold A. 1994. Grass Roots Politics in India: A Century of Political Evolution in Faizabad District. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH
Gower, Robert. 1937. The Hungarian Minorities in the Succession States. London: Grant Richards
Gupta, Raghuraj. 1976. Hindu-Muslim Relations. Lucknow: Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, U.P.
Gurr, Ted Robert, and Barbara Harff. 1994. Ethnic Conflict in World Politics. Boulder: Westview Press
Gwyer, Maurice, and A. Appadorai, eds. 1957. Speeches and Documents on the Indian Constitution. Vol. 1, 1921–1947. Bombay: Ernest Benn
Hagerty, Devin T. 1996. Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: The 1990 Indo-Pakistani Crisis. International Security 20, 3: 79–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardin, Russell. 1995. One for All: The Logic of Group Conflict. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Harris, Peter, and Ben Reilly, eds. 1998. Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators. Stockholm: IDEA
Hasan, Mushirul. 1997. Legacy of a Divided Nation: India's Muslims since Independence. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Helsinki Watch. 1993. Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Ethnic Hungarians in Post-Ceaucescu Romania. Human Rights Watch
Hersh, Seymour M. 1993. On the Nuclear Edge. New Yorker, March 29: 56–73Google Scholar
Hitchins, Keith. 1994. Rumania, 1866–1947. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Hoppen, K. Theodore. 1984. Elections, Politics, and Society in Ireland, 1832–1885. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 268–69
Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press
Horowitz, Donald A. 1991. A Democratic South Africa: Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society. Berkeley: University of California Press
Horowitz, Donald L. 2001. The Deadly Ethnic Riot. Berkeley: University of California Press
Human Rights Watch. 1994. We Have No Orders to Save You: State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat. 14, no. 3 (C)
Human Rights Watch. 1995. Slaughter among Neighbors: The Political Origins of Communal Violence. New Haven: Yale University Press
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press
Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
Huntington, Samuel P., and Joan M. Nelson. 1976. No Easy Choice: Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Ignatiev, Noel. 1995. How the Irish Became White. New York: Routledge
Indian Annual Register. Calcutta: Annual Registar Office, 1919–47
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 1990. Romania in the Wake of Ceaucescu: An Assessment of the Romanian Electoral System on Election Eve. Washington, D.C.: International Foundation for Electoral Systems
Inverarity, James M. 1976. Populism and Lynching in Louisiana, 1889–1896: A Test of Erikson's Theory of the Relationship between Boundary Crises and Repressive Justice. American Sociological Review 41, 2: 262–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irschick, Eugene F. 1969. Politics and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahman Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929. Berkeley: University of California Press
Irschick, Eugene F. 1986. Tamil Revivalism in the 1930s. Madras: Cre-A
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1996. The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India. New York: Columbia University Press
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1998. The Politics of Processions and Hindu-Muslim Riots. In Amrita Basu and Atul Kohli, eds., Community Conflicts and the State in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press: 58–92
Jayaprasad, K. 1991. RSS and Hindu Nationalism: Inroads in a Leftist Stronghold. New Delhi: Deep and Deep
Jeffery, Roger, and Patricia, M. Jeffery. 1994. The Bijnor Riots, October 1990: Collapse of a Mythical Special Relationship?Economic and Political Weekly, March 5: 551–58Google Scholar
Jha, Shree Nagesh. 1970. Caste in Bihar Politics. Economic and Political Weekly, February 14: 341–44Google Scholar
Jussila, Osmo. 1993. The Russian Government and the Finnish Diet: A Study of the Evolution of Political Representation, 1863–1914. In Geoffrey Alderman, ed., Governments, Ethnic Groups and Political Representation, vol. 6 of Comparative Series of Governments and Non-Dominant Ethnic Groups in Europe, 1850–1940. New York: European Science Foundation/NYU Press: 167–99
Kabir, Humayun. 1968. Minorities in a Democracy. Calcutta: K. L. Mukhopadhyay
Kaufmann, Chaim. 1996. Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars. International Security 20, 4: 136–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, Stuart. 1995. The Irresistible Force and the Imperceptible Object: The Yugoslav Breakup and Western Policy. Security Studies 4, 2: 281–329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, Stephen L. 1975. Uprooting and Social Change: The Role of Refugees in Development. Delhi: Manohar Book Service
Keyssar, Alexander. 2000. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York: Basic Books
Khalidi, Omar. 1993. Muslims in Indian Political Process: Group Goals and Alternative Strategies. Economic and Political Weekly, January 2–9: 43–54Google Scholar
Khalidi, Omar. 1995. Indian Muslims since Independence. New Delhi: Vikas
Khaliquzzaman, Choudhry. 1961. Pathway to Pakistan. Lahore: Longmans Green
Khan, Dildar. 1992. Meerut Riots: An Analysis. In Pramod Kumar, ed., Towards Understanding Communalism. Chandigarh: Center for Research in Rural and Industrial Development: 455–70
Khan, Kishwar Shabbir. 1991. Brassware Industry of Moradabad and Its Muslim Artisans. Interdisciplinary Centre of Development Studies, Aligarh Muslim University
Kidwai, Anwar Jamal. 1993. An Unsung Hero of the Freedom Struggle: Rafi Ahmed Kidwai. Islam and the Modern Age 24, 2: 88–107Google Scholar
King, Jeremy. 1998. Loyalty and Polity, Nation and State: A Town in Hapsburg Central Europe, 1848–1948. Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University
Kitschelt, Herbert, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslaw Markowski, and Gábor Tóka. 1999. Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Kohli, A. B. 1983. Councils of Ministers in India, 1947–1982. New Delhi: Gitanjali Publishing
Kohli, Atul. 1990. Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Kooiman, Dirk. 1995. Communities and Electorates: A Comparative Discussion of Communalism in Colonial India. Amsterdam: VU University Press
Koshy, M. J. 1971. Constitutionalism in Travancore and Cochin. Trivandrum: Kerala Historical Society
Krishna, B. 1995. Sardar Vallabhai Patel: India's Iron Man. New Delhi: Indus
Kumar, Nita. 1995. The Artisans of Banaras: Popular Culture and Identity, 1880–1986. New Delhi: Orient Longman
Kurien, Prema. 1994. Colonialism and Ethnogenesis: A Study of Kerala, India. Theory and Society 23: 385–417CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laitin, David D. 1986. Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change among the Yoruba. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Lambert, Richard D. 1951. Hindu-Muslim Riots. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania
Lazar, Gyorgy. 1979. Memorandum. In Witness to Cultural Genocide: First-Hand Reports on Rumania's Minority Policies Today. New York: American Transylvanian Federation: 88–144
Lemarchand, René. 1996. Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. New York: Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Cambridge University Press
Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press
Lijphart, Arend. 1985. Power-Sharing in South Africa. Institute of International Studies Policy Papers in International Affairs no. 24. Berkeley: University of California
Lijphart, Arend. 1995. Self-Determination versus Pre-Determination of Ethnic Minorities in Power-Sharing Systems. In Will Kymlicka, ed., The Rights of Minority Cultures. New York: Oxford University Press: 275–87
Lijphart, Arend. 1996. The Puzzle of Indian Democracy: A Consociational Interpretation. American Political Science Review 90, 2: 258–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1998. South African Democracy: Majoritarian or Consociational?Democratization 5, 4: 144–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Stein Rokkan. 1967. Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction. In Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan, eds., Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives. New York: Free Press: 1–67
Long, J. Scott. 1997. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage: 217–63
Love, Mervyn T. 1995. Peace Building through Reconciliation in Northern Ireland. Avebury: Aldershot
Lustick, Ian. 1979. Stability in Deeply Divided Societies: Consociationalism and Control. World Politics 31, 3: 325–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macdonagh, Oliver. 1989. Ideas and Institutions, 1830–45. In W. E. Vaughan, A New History of Ireland, vol. 5, Ireland under the Union, I, 1801–70. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 193–217
Malik, Ikram. 1984. Hindu-Muslim Riots in the British Punjab, 1849–1900: An Analysis. Lahore: Jamal Mahmud Press
Mammen, P. N. 1981. Communalism vs. Communism: A Study of the Socio-Religious Communities and Political Parties in Kerala, 1892–1970. Calcutta: Minerva
Manor, James. 1981. Party Decay and Political Crisis in India. Washington Quarterly 4, 3: 25–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manshardt. Clifford. 1936. The Hindu-Muslim Problem in India. London: G. Allen & Unwin
McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
McIntosh, Mary, Martha, Abele MacIver, Daniel, G. Abele, and David, B. Nolle. 1995. Minority Rights and Majority Rule: Ethnic Tolerance in Romania and Bulgaria. Social Forces 73, 3: 939–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Means, Gordon P. 1991. Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation. Singapore: Oxford University Press
Menon, Dilip. 1994. Caste, Nationalism and Communism in South India: Malabar, 1900–1948. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Midlarsky, Manus I. 1978. Analyzing Diffusion and Contagion Effects: The Urban Disorders of the 1960s. American Political Science Review 72, 3: 996CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miguel, Edward. 2000. Ethnic Diversity and School Funding in Kenya. Working paper. Available at 〈http://iber.berkeley.edu/wps/cider/c01-119.pdf〉, accessed December 31, 2003
Mill, John Stuart. 1991. Considerations on Representative Government. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books
Millward, Pauline. 1985. The Stockport Riots of 1852: A Study of Anti-Catholic and Anti-Irish Sentiment. In Roger Swift and Sheridan Gilley, eds., The Irish in the Victorian City. London: Croom Helm: 207–24
Misra, B. B. 1970. The Administrative History of India, 1834–1947. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
Mohammed, U. 1995. Educational Problems of the Muslim Minority in Kerala. In Ashgar Ali Engineer, Kerala Muslims: A Historical Perspective. New Delhi: Ajanta: 147–56
Moon, Penderel. 1961. Divide and Quit. London: Chatto and Windus
More, J. B. P. 1997. The Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930–1947. Hyderabad: Orient Longman
Mujahid, Sharif al-. 1970. Indian Secularism: A Case Study of the Muslim Minority. Karachi: University of Karachi Press
Mukerjee, Radhakamal. 1941. Organization of Cottage Industries and Handicrafts. In Radhakamal Mukerjee and H. L. Dey, Economic Problems of Modern India. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan: 3–27Google Scholar
Munshi, K. M. 1967. Indian Constitutional Documents. Vol. 1, Pilgrimage to Freedom (1902–1950). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidhya Bhavan
Murphy, Gardner. 1953. In the Minds of Men: The Study of Human Behavior and Social Tensions in India. New York: Basic Books
Naidu, Ratna. 1990. Old Cities, New Predicaments: A Study of Hyderabad. New Delhi: Sage
Nanda, B. R., ed. 1998. Selected Works of Govind Ballabh Pant. Vol. 11. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Nandy, Ashish, Shikha Trivedy, Shail Mayaram, and Achyut Yagnik. 1995. Creating a Nationality: The Ramjanmabhumi Movement and Fear of the Self. Delhi: Oxford University Press
National Police Commission: Its Relevance Today. 1997. Papers and discussions at seminar organized by Nehru Centre and Hindustani Andolan, April 19. Mumbai: Nehru Centre 1997
Nayar, V. K. S. 1966. Communal Interest Groups in Kerala. In Donald E. Smith, ed., South Asian Politics and Religion. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 176–90
Neal, Frank. 1988. Sectarian Violence: The Liverpool Experience, 1819–1914. Manchester: Manchester University Press
Nitzova, Petya. 1997. Bulgaria: Minorities, Democratization and National Sentiments. Nationalities Papers 25, 4: 729–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nossiter, T. J. 1982. Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation. Berkeley: University of California Press
O'Day, Alan. 1992. Ireland's Catholics in the British State, 1850–1922. In Andrea Kappeler, ed., The Formation of National Elites, vol. 6 of Comparative Studies on Governments and Non-Dominant Ethnic Groups in Europe, 1850–1940. New York: European Science Foundation NYU Press: 41–76
Offe, Claus. 1992. Strong Causes, Weak Cures: Some Preliminary Notes on the Intransigence of Ethnic Politics. East European Constitutional Review 1, 1: 21–23Google Scholar
Olzak, Susan. 1992. The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Ordeshook, , , Peter C., and Olga, V. Shvetsova. 1994. Ethnic Heterogeneity, District Magnitude and the Number of Parties. American Journal of Political Science 38, 1: 100–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, William Crego. 1979. Cultures in Stress: The Malaysian Crisis of 1969 and Its Cultural Roots. Ph. D. dissertation, MIT
Parthasarathi, G., ed. 1985. Jawaharlal Nehru Letters to Chief Ministers, 1947–1964. Vol. 1, 1947–1949. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
Parthasarathi, G. ed. 1988. Jawaharlal Nehru Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–1964. Vol. 4, 1954–1957. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
Parthasarathi, G. ed. 1989. Jawaharlal Nehru: Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–1964. Vol. 5, 1958–1964. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
Pattie, Charles J., Ronald, J. Johnston, and Edward, A. Fieldhouse. 1995. Winning the Local Vote: The Effectiveness of Constituency Campaign Spending in Great Britain, 1983–1992. American Political Science Review 89, 4: 969–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, John A. 1992. The Great Reform Bill in the Boroughs: English Electoral Behaviour, 1818–1841. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Posen, Barry. 1993. The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict. Survival 35, 1: 27–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, Daniel L. 2000. Ethnic Fractionalization and Economic Growth in Africa. Paper presented to the LiCEP working group, March 25
Posner, Daniel N. 2003. The Institutional Origins of Ethnic Politics in Zambia. University of California, Los Angeles. Unpublished manuscript
Potter, David. 1987. IAS Mobility Patterns. Indian Journal of Public Administration 33, 4: 845–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, David. 1996. India's Political Administrators: From ICS to IAS. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Prior, Katherine. 1993. Making History: The State's Intervention in Urban Religious Disputes in the North-Western Provinces in the Early Nineteenth Century. Modern Asian Studies 27, 1: 179–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puri, Geeta. 1978. The Jana Sangh. Delhi: Sterling
Rabushka, Alvin, and Kenneth A. Shepsle. 1972. Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability. Columbus: Charles E. Merrill
Radhakrishnan, P. 1996. Backward Class Movements in Tamil Nadu. In M. N. Srinivas, ed., Caste: Its Twentieth Century Avatar. New Delhi: Viking: 110–34
Rady, Martin. 1992. Romania in Turmoil. New York: IB Tauris
Rai, V. N. 1995. A Case for Representation of Minorities in the Police. Towards Secular India 1, 2: 39–47Google Scholar
Rajgopal, P. R. 1987. Communal Violence in India. New Delhi: Uppal Publishing House/Centre for Policy Research
Ramachandran, R. 1992. Urbanization and Urban Systems in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press
Rao, B. Shiva, V. K. N. Menon, Subhash C. Kashyap, and N. K. N. Iyengar. 1968. The Framing of India's Constitution: A Study. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Public Administration
Rao Bahadur, M. Shama. 1936. Modern Mysore. Bangalore: Higginbothams
Reddy, G. Ram. 1989. The Politics of Accommodation: Caste, Class and Dominance in Andhra Pradesh. In Francine Frankel and M. S. A. Rao, eds., Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order. Vol. 1. Delhi: Oxford University Press: 265–321
Reilly, Benjamin, and Peter Harris. 1998. Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
Riker, William H. 1996. The Strategy of Rhetoric: Campaigning for the American Constitution. New Haven: Yale University Press
Roy, Ramashray. 1995. Caste and Political Recruitment in Bihar. In Rajni Kothari, ed., Caste in Indian Politics. Delhi: Orient Longman Reprint: 215–41
Rudolph, Lloyd I., and Suzanne Hoeber Rudolph. 1987. In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Rule, James B. 1988. Theories of Civil Violence. Berkeley: University of California Press
Sachchidananda. 1997. Reservation and After: The Case of Bihar. In V. A. Pai Panandikar, ed., The Politics of Backwardness: Reservation Policy in India. New Delhi: Konark: 161–82
Saiyed, A. R. 1995. Changing Urban Ethos: Reflections on Hindu-Muslim Riots. In A. R. Saiyed, Religion and Ethnicity among Muslims. Jaipur: Rawat: 321–43
Saksena, N. S. 1987. Law and Order in India. New Delhi: Abhinav
Saksena, N. S. 1990. Communal Riots in India. New Delhi: Trishul
Saksena, R. N. 1961. Refugees: A Study in Changing Attitudes. London: Asia Publishing House
Sambanis, Nicholas. 2000. Ethnic War: A Theoretic and Empirical Inquiry into Its Causes. World Bank, February 27
Saraswathi, S. 1974. Minorities in Madras State. Delhi: Impex
Saxena, N. C. 1984. The Nature and Origin of Communal Riots. In Ashgar Ali Engineer, ed., Communal Riots in Post-Independence India. Hyderabad: Sangam Books: 51–67
Schwerthoeffer, Simona. 1985. The Nationalities Policy: Theory and Practice. In Vlad Georgescu, ed., Romania: 40 Years (1944–1984). New York: Praeger: 79–92
Sebok, Lazlo. 1996. The Hungarians in East Central Europe: A Demographic Profile. Nationalities Papers 24, 3: 551–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sen Gupta, Bhabani. 1972. Communism in Indian Politics. New York: Columbia University Press
Shafir, Michael. 1992. Preliminary Results of the 1992 Romanian Census. RFE/RL Research Report 1, 30: 62–68Google Scholar
Shakir, Moin. 1983. Islam in Indian Politics. New Delhi: Ajanta Publications
Shariff, Abusaleh. 1995. Socio-Economic and Demographic Differentials between Hindus and Muslims in India. Economic and Political Weekly, November 18: 2947–53Google Scholar
Sharma, K. D. 1991. Trials, Tribulations and Triumphs of the Police-Men. Noida: Trishul Publications
Shepsle, Kenneth M. 1972. Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability. Boston: Charles E. Merrill
Sinha, M. K. 1981. In Father's Footsteps: A Policeman's Odyssey. Patna: Vanity Books
Sisk, Timothy D. 1996. Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace and the Carnegie Commission of Preventing Deadly Conflict
Smelser, Neil J. 1962. Theory of Collective Behavior. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Smith, Donald E. 1963. India as a Secular State. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Spilerman, Seymour. 1971. The Causes of Racial Disturbances: Tests of an Explanation. American Sociological Review 36: 427–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spilerman, Seymour. 1976. Structural Characteristics of Cities and the Severity of Racial Disorders. American Sociological Review 41: 771–93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Srivastava, R. K. 1996. Sectional Politics in an Urban Constituency: Generalganj (Kanpur). Economic and Political Weekly, January 13–20: 111–20Google Scholar
Stephens, Ian. 1967. Pakistan. London: Ernest Benn
Stokes, Donald E. 1963. Spatial Models of Party Competition. American Political Science Review 57: 368–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subramaniam, Narendra. 1993. Ethnicity, Populism and Pluralist Democracy: Mobilization and Representation in South India. Ph. D. dissertation, MIT
Sullivan, John L., Pat, Walsh, Michal, Shamir, David, G. Barnum, and James, L. Gibson. 1993. Why Politicians Are More Tolerant: Selective Recruitment and Socialization among Political Elites in Britain, Israel, New Zealand and the United States. British Journal of Political Science 23: 51–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talbot, Ian. 1996. Back to the future? The Punjab Unionist Model of Consociational Democracy for Contemporary India and Pakistan. International Journal of Punjab Studies 3, 1: 65–73Google Scholar
Tambiah, Stanley. 1996. Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press
Tek, Goh Cheng. 1971. The May Thirteenth Incident and Democracy in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press
Thomas, E. J. 1985. Coalition Game Politics in Kerala. New Delhi: Intellectual Publishing House
Tong, James W. 1991. Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Tsebelis, George. 1990. Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press
Tunku, Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj. 1969. May 13: Before and After. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Melayu Press
Vaikunth, V. 2000. An Eye to Indian Policing: Challenge and Response. Madras: EastWest
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2002. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven: Yale University Press
Vasquez, John A.. 1988. The Steps to War: Towards a Scientific Explanation of Correlates of War Findings. World Politics 40, no. 1: 109–45Google Scholar
Vijayagopalan, S. 1993. Economic Status of Handicraft Artisans. New Delhi: National Council for Applied Economic Research
Vorys, Karl von. 1975. Democracy without Consensus: Communalism and Political Stability in Malaysia. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Wadhwa, Kamlesh Kumar. 1975. Minority Safeguards in India. New Delhi: Thomson
Ware, Robert Bruce. 1997. Political Stability and Ethnic Parity: Why Is There Peace in Dagestan? Paper presented at the American Political Science annual meeting, August 30
Waskow, Arthur I. 1966. From Race Riot to Sit-In: 1919 and the 1960s. New York: Doubleday
Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Vol. 1. Ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Berkeley: University of California Press
Weiner, Myron. 1989. The Indian Paradox: Violent Social Conflict and Democratic Politics. In Ashutosh Varshney, ed., The Indian Paradox: Essays in Indian Politics. New Delhi: Sage
Wilkinson, Steven I. 1995. U.P.'s “Riot-Prone” Towns. Seminar 432: 27–34Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven I. 1999. Ethnic Mobilization and Ethnic Violence in Post-independence India. Paper presented at American Political Science annual convention, Atlanta, September 2–4
Wilkinson, Steven I. 2002. Putting Gujarat in Perspective. Economic and Political Weekly (Mumbai), April 27: 1579–83Google Scholar
Williams, R. M. 1964. Strangers next Door: Ethnic Relations in American Communities. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall
Wilson, Andrew. 1996. The Post-Soviet States and the Nationalities Question. In Graham Smith, ed., The Nationalities Question in the Post-Soviet States. New York: Longman: 23–45
Witte, Els, and Machteld de Metsenaere. 1992. The Flemings in Brussels. In Max Engman, ed., Ethnic Identity in Urban Europe, vol. 8 of Comparative Studies on Governments and Non-Dominant Ethnic Groups in Europe, 1850–1940. New York: European Science Foundation/NYU Press: 13–38
Wright, Frank. 1996. Two Lands on One Soil: Ulster Politics before Home Rule. Dublin: Gill and MacMillan
Wright, Theodore P. 1966. The Effectiveness of Muslim Representation in India. In Donald E. Smith, ed., South Asian Politics and Religion. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 102–37
Zaheer, M., and Jagdeo Gupta. 1970. The Organization of the Government of Uttar Pradesh: A Study of State Administration. Delhi: S. Chand

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Steven I. Wilkinson, Duke University, North Carolina
  • Book: Votes and Violence
  • Online publication: 28 July 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510458.012
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Steven I. Wilkinson, Duke University, North Carolina
  • Book: Votes and Violence
  • Online publication: 28 July 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510458.012
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Steven I. Wilkinson, Duke University, North Carolina
  • Book: Votes and Violence
  • Online publication: 28 July 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510458.012
Available formats
×