Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T06:19:09.839Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Senators and Senatorial Wealth at Pompeii

Reconstructing the Local Wealth Distribution*

from Part I - Uncertainty

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 November 2022

Myles Lavan
Affiliation:
University of St Andrews, Scotland
Daniel Jew
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore
Bart Danon
Affiliation:
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Get access

Summary

This chapter argues that wealth was probably not the primary barrier for Pompeiians to enter the Roman senate. One oddity about the historical record of Pompeii is that it reveals not a single certain senator in the imperial period. A previous reconstruction of the local distribution of income offers a possible explanation: it predicts that there were no Pompeian households with a senatorial income, suggesting that a lack of wealth kept the Pompeiians outside the senate. However, a new reconstruction of the top part of the Pompeian wealth distribution suggests the opposite. This reconstruction is based on combining the archaeological remains of the intramural housing stock with an econometric model which assumes that the distribution of elite wealth follows a distinct mathematical function – a power law. Even though this type of cliometric modelling is pervaded by uncertainties, with the help of probabilistic calculations it is possible to conclude that at least several Pompeian households held enough wealth to satisfy the senatorial census qualification, implying that wealth may not have been the primary barrier preventing Pompeiians from embarking on a senatorial career.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Uncertain Past
Probability in Ancient History
, pp. 93 - 134
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abul-Magd, A. Y. (2002). Wealth distribution in an ancient Egyptian society. Physical Review E, 66, 13.Google Scholar
Adam, J.-P. (1999). Roman Buildings: Materials and Techniques. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Adams, G. W. (2006). The Suburban Villas of Campania and their Social Function. Oxford: BAR.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alföldy, G. (1988). The Social History of Rome. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Allen, R. C. (2009). How prosperous were the Romans? Evidence from Diocletian’s Price Edict (AD 301). In Bowman, A. and Wilson, A. (eds.), Quantifying the Roman Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 32745.Google Scholar
Allison, P. M. (2004). Pompeian Households: An Analysis of the Material Culture. Los Angeles: The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Alston, R. (1997). Houses and households in Roman Egypt. In Wallace-Hadrill, A. and Laurence, R. (eds.), Domestic Space in the Roman World: Pompeii and Beyond. Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2539.Google Scholar
Alston, R. (2002). The City in Roman and Byzantine Egypt. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Andermahr, A. M. (1998). Totus in praediis: senatorischer Grundbesitz in Italien in der frühen und hohen Kaiserzeit. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt.Google Scholar
Andreau, J. (1973). Histoire des séismes et histoire économique. Le tremblement de terre de Pompéi (62 ap. J.-C.). Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 28(2), 36995.Google Scholar
Andreau, J. (2008). The use and survival of coins and of gold and silver in the Vesuvian cities. In Harris, W. V. (ed.), The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 20825.Google Scholar
Arjava, A. (1996). Women and Law in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagnall, R. S. and Frier, B. W. (1994). The Demography of Roman Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Beard, M. (2008). Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town. London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Biundo, R. (2000). Struttura della classe dirigente a Pompei e mobilità sociale. I rapporti con il centro. In Cébeillac-Gervasoni, M. (ed.), Les élites municipales de l’Italie péninsulaire de la mort de César à la mort de Domitien entre continuité et rupture: Classes sociales dirigeantes et pouvoir central. Rome: École Française de Rome, 3369.Google Scholar
Boatwright, M. T. (2000). Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bodel, J. (2015). Status dissonance and status dissidents in the Equestrian Order. In Kuhn, A. B. (ed.), Social Status and Prestige in the Graeco-Roman World. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2944.Google Scholar
Brodribb, G. (1987). Roman Brick and Tile. Gloucester: Alan Sutton.Google Scholar
Brunt, P. A. (1983). Princeps and equites. Journal of Roman Studies, 73, 4275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brzezinski, M. (2014). Do wealth distributions follow power laws? Evidence from ‘rich lists’. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 406, 15562.Google Scholar
Caballos Rufino, A. (2006). El nuevo bronce de Osuna y la política colonizadora romana. Seville: Secretariado de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla.Google Scholar
Camodeca, G. (1982). Ascesa al senato e rapporti con i territori d’origine. Italia: regio I (Campania, esclusa la zona di Capua e Cales), II (Apulia et Calabria), III (Lucania et Bruttii). In S. Panciera (ed.), Atti del Colloquio internazionale AIEGL su epigrafia e ordine senatorio, Vol II. Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 10163.Google Scholar
Camodeca, G. (2014). I senatori dell’Italia meridionale fra tarda repubblica e III secolo. Un aggiornamento. In Caldelli, M. L. and Gregori, G. L. (eds.), Epigrafia e ordine senatorio, 30 anni dopo. Rome: Edizioni Quasar, 25376.Google Scholar
Capehart, K. W. (2014). Is the wealth of the world’s billionaires not Paretian? Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 395, 25560.Google Scholar
Castrén, P. (1975). Ordo Populusque Pompeianus: Polity and Society in Roman Pompeii. Rome: Bardi Editore.Google Scholar
Cébeillac-Gervasoni, M. (1992). La mobilitè sociale chez les notables du Latium et de la Campanie à la fin de la République. In Frézouls, E. (ed.), La mobilité sociale dans le monde romain, Contributions et travaux de l’Institut d’Histoire Romaine. Strasbourg: AECR, 83106.Google Scholar
Chan, S., Chu, J. and Nadarajah, S. (2017). Is the Wealth of the Forbes 400 lists really Pareto distributed? Economics Letters, 152, 914.Google Scholar
Charles-Picard, G. (1959). La civilisation de l’Afrique romaine. Paris: Plon.Google Scholar
Chilver, G. E. F. (1941). Cisalpine Gaul. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Cipolla, C. M. (1993). Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000–1700. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cirillo, P. (2013). Are your data really Pareto distributed? Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 392, 594762.Google Scholar
Clauset, A., Shalizi, C. R. and Newman, M. E. J. (2009). Power-law distributions in empirical data. SIAM Review, 51, 661703.Google Scholar
Coale, A. J. and Demeny, P. (1983). Regional Model Life Tables and Stable Populations: Studies in Population. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Coelho, R., Néda, Z., Ramasco, J. J. and Santos, M. A. (2005). A family-network model for wealth distribution in societies. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 353, 51528.Google Scholar
Conventi, M. (2005). Città romane di fondazione. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Crawford, M. H. (1996). Roman Statutes. London: Institute of Classical Studies.Google Scholar
Danon, B. (2021). Wealth, Rank and Officeholding in Roman Italy: A Quantitative Study. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of St Andrews.Google Scholar
De Ligt, L. (2012). Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC–AD 100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
De Ligt, L. and Garnsey, P. (2012). The Album of Herculaneum and a model of the town’s demography. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 25, 6994.Google Scholar
Della Corte, M. (1965). Case ed abitanti di Pompei. Naples: Faustino Fiorentino.Google Scholar
Demougin, S. (1988). L’ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens. Rome: École française de Rome.Google Scholar
Diehl, E. (1910). Pompeianische Wandinschriften und Verwandtes. Bonn: A. Marcus und E. Weber’s Verlag.Google Scholar
Drăgulescu, A. and Yakovenko, V. M. (2001). Exponential and power-law probability distributions of wealth and income in the United Kingdom and the United States. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 299, 21321.Google Scholar
Duncan-Jones, R. P. (1963). Wealth and munificence in Roman Africa. Papers of the British School at Rome, 31, 15977.Google Scholar
Duncan-Jones, R. P. (1964). The purpose and organisation of the alimenta. Papers of the British School at Rome, 32, 12346.Google Scholar
Duncan-Jones, R. P. (1982). The Economy of the Roman Empire: Quantitative Studies, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Duncan-Jones, R. P. (2016). Power and Privilege in Roman Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dyer, C. (1989). Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages: Social Change in England c. 1200–1520. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eckerstorfer, P., Halak, J., Kapeller, J., Schütz, B., Springholz, F. and Wildauer, R. (2016). Correcting for the missing rich: An application to wealth survey data. Review of Income and Wealth, 62, 60527.Google Scholar
Eschebach, H. (1970). Die städtebauliche Entwicklung des antiken Pompeji. Heidelberg: F.H. Kerle Verlag.Google Scholar
Eschebach, H., Eschebach, L. and Müller-Trollius, J. (1993). Gebäudeverzeichnis und Stadtplan der antiken Stadt Pompeji. Cologne: Böhlau.Google Scholar
Finley, M. I. (1985). The Ancient Economy. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Flohr, M. (2007). Nec quicquam ingenuum habere potest officina? Spatial contexts of urban production at Pompeii, AD 79. BABesch, 82(1), 129–48.Google Scholar
Flohr, M. (2012). Working and living under one roof: Workshops in Pompeian atrium houses. In Anguissola, A. (ed.), Privata Luxuria: Towards an Archaeology of Intimacy. Munich: Herbert Utz Verlag, 5172.Google Scholar
Flohr, M. (2017). Quantifying Pompeii: Population, inequality and the urban economy. In Flohr, M. and Wilson, A. (eds.), The Economy of Pompeii. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 5384.Google Scholar
Flohr, M. (2018). Database of Pompeian houses. www.mikoflohr.org/pompeii/Google Scholar
Flohr, M. (2019). Artisans and markets: The economics of Roman domestic decoration. American Journal of Archaeology, 123(1), 10125.Google Scholar
Frank, T. (1959). Rome and Italy of the Republic. Vol. I of Frank, T. (ed.), An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome. Paterson: Pageant Books.Google Scholar
Franklin, J. L. (2001). Pompeis Difficile Est: Studies in the Political Life of Imperial Pompeii. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Frier, B. W. (1980). Landlords and Tenants in Imperial Rome. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. (1970). Social Status and Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. (1971a). Honorarium decurionatus. Historia, 20(2/3), 30925.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. (1971b). Taxatio and pollicitatio in Roman Africa. Journal of Roman Studies, 61, 11629.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. (1974). Aspects of the decline of the urban aristocracy in the Empire. In Temporini, H. (ed.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Vol. II.1. Berlin: de Gruyter, 22952.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. (1975). Descendants of freedmen in local politics: Some criteria. In Levick, B. (ed.), The Ancient Historian and His Materials: Essays in Honour of C. E. Stevens on his Seventieth Birthday. Farnborough: Gregg International, 16780.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. and Saller, R. P. (2014). The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture. 2nd edn. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Gordon, M. L. (1931). The freedman’s son in municipal life. Journal of Roman Studies, 21, 6577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, M. (1957). Composition of the Senate, AD 68–235. Journal of Roman Studies, 47, 7481.Google Scholar
Harper, K. (2016). People, plagues, and prices in the Roman world: The evidence from Egypt. Journal of Economic History, 76, 80339.Google Scholar
Hegyi, G., Néda, Z. and Santos, M. A. (2007). Wealth distribution and Pareto’s law in the Hungarian medieval society. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 380, 2717.Google Scholar
Hemelrijk, E. A. (2013). Roman citizenship and the integration of women into the local towns of the Latin west. In de Kleijn, G. and Benoist, S. (eds.), Integration in Rome and in the Roman World. Leiden: Brill, 14760.Google Scholar
Hin, S. (2008). Counting Romans. In de Ligt, L. and Northwood, S. (eds.), People, Land, and Politics. Leiden: Brill, 187238.Google Scholar
Hopkins, K. (1978). Conquerors and Slaves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hopkins, K. (1983). Death and Renewal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Huebner, S. R. (2017). A Mediterranean family? A comparative approach to the ancient world. In Huebner, S. R. and Nathan, G. (eds.), Mediterranean Families in Antiquity. Hoboken: Wiley, 126.Google Scholar
Jacques, F. (1984). Le privilège de liberté: politique impériale et autonomie municipale dans les cités de l’Occident romain (161–244). Rome: École française de Rome.Google Scholar
Jenkins, S. P. (2017). Pareto models, top incomes and recent trends in UK income inequality. Economica, 84, 26189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, A. C. (1959). Roman Egypt. Vol. II of T. Frank (ed.), An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome. Paterson: Pageant Books.Google Scholar
Jongman, W. (1988). The Economy and Society of Pompeii. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jongman, W. (2017). Pompeii revisited. In Flohr, M. and Wilson, A. (eds.), Economy of Pompeii. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 41728.Google Scholar
Kay, P. (2014). Rome’s Economic Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Klass, O. S., Biham, O., Levy, M., Malcai, O. and Solomon, S. (2006). The Forbes 400 and the Pareto wealth distribution. Economics Letters, 90, 2905.Google Scholar
Kohler, T. A., Smith, M. E., Bogaard, A., et al. (2017). Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica. Nature, 551, 61923.Google Scholar
Kolb, C. C. (1985). Demographic estimates in archaeology: Contributions from ethnoarchaeology on Mesoamerican peasants. Current Anthropology, 26(5), 58199.Google Scholar
Kron, G. (2014). Comparative evidence and the reconstruction of the ancient economy: Greco-Roman housing and the level and distribution of wealth and income. In De Callataÿ, F. (ed.), Quantifying the Greco-Roman Economy and Beyond. Bari: Edipuglia, 12346.Google Scholar
Lavan, M. (2019). Epistemic uncertainty, subjective probability, and ancient history. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 50(1), 91111.Google Scholar
Le Roux, P. (1991). Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d’Irni. Cahiers Du Centre Gustave Glotz, 2, 99124.Google Scholar
Lo Cascio, E. (1978). Gli alimenta, l’agricoltura italica e l’approvvigionamento di Roma. Rendiconti dell’ Accademia dei Lincei, 8, 31152.Google Scholar
Lopez Barja de Quiroga, P. (1995). Freedmen social mobility in Roman Italy. Historia, 44(3), 32648.Google Scholar
Łoś, A. (1996). Les fils d’affranchis dans l’Ordo Pompeianus. Publications de l’École Française de Rome, 215(1), 14552.Google Scholar
Maiuri, A. (1942). L’ultima fase edilizia di Pompei. Rome: Istituto di studi romani.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. J. (1988). The olive boom: Oil surpluses, wealth and power in Roman Tripolitania. Libyan Studies, 19, 2141.Google Scholar
Meijer, F. (2005). Macht zonder grenzen: Rome en zijn imperium. Amsterdam: Athenaeum-Polak & Van Gennep.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, H. (1988). Elections, Magistrates and Municipal Élites: Studies in Pompeian Epigraphy. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, H. (1996). Order and disorder in late Pompeian politics. Publications de l’École Française de Rome, 215(1), 13944.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, H. (1997). Mobility and social change in Italian towns during the Principate. In Parkins, H. (ed.), Roman Urbanism: Beyond The Consumer City. London: Routledge, 5780.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, H. (2015). Status and social hierarchies: The case of Pompeii. In Kuhn, A. B. (ed.), Social Status and Prestige in the Graeco-Roman World. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 87114.Google Scholar
Mrozek, S. (1975). Prix et rémunération dans l’Occident romain, 31 av. n. è.–250 de n. è. Gdańsk: Zakład Narodowy im Ossolińskich, Oddział w Gdańsku.Google Scholar
Newman, M. E. J. (2005). Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf’s law. Contemporary Physics, 46, 32351.Google Scholar
Nicolet, C. (1966). L’ordre équestre à l’époque républicaine (312–43 av. J.-C.). Paris: E. de Boccard.Google Scholar
Nicolet, C. (1976). Le cens senatorial sous la république et sous Auguste. Journal of Roman Studies, 66, 2038.Google Scholar
Oates, W. J. (1934). A note on Cato, De Agri Cultura, LVI. American Journal of Philology, 55(1), 6770.Google Scholar
Ogwang, T. (2011). Power laws in top wealth distributions: Evidence from Canada. Empirical Economics, 41(2), 47386.Google Scholar
Ogwang, T. (2013). Is the wealth of the world’s billionaires Paretian? Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 392, 75762.Google Scholar
Osanna, M. (2018). Games, banquets, handouts, and the population of Pompeii as deduced from a new tomb inscription. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 31, 31022.Google Scholar
Packer, J. E. (1971). The Insulae of Imperial Ostia. Rome: American Academy in Rome.Google Scholar
Pareto, V. (1897). Cours d’économie politique, Vol. II. Lausanne: F. Rouge.Google Scholar
Patriarca, M., Heinsalu, E. and Chakraborti, A. (2010). Basic kinetic wealth-exchange models: Common features and open problems. European Physical Journal B, 73(1), 14553.Google Scholar
Patterson, J. R. (2006). Landscapes and Cities: Rural Settlement and Civic Transformation in Early Imperial Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Piketty, T. (2017). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pirson, F. (1997). Rented accommodation at Pompeii: The evidence of the Insula Arriana Polliana VI 6. In Laurence, R. and Wallace-Hadrill, A. (eds.), Domestic Space in the Ancient Mediterranean. Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 16581.Google Scholar
Pleket, H. W. (1971). Sociale stratificatie en sociale mobiliteit in de Romeinse keizertijd. Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis, 84, 21551.Google Scholar
Pobjoy, M. (2000). Building inscriptions in Republican Italy: Euergetism, responsibility, and civic virtue. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, 73, 7792.Google Scholar
Pölönen, J. (2002). The division of wealth between men and women in Roman succession (ca 50 BC–AD 250). In Setälä, P. (ed.), Women, Wealth and Power in the Roman Empire. Rome: Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, 14779.Google Scholar
Purcell, N. (1985). Wine and wealth in ancient Italy. Journal of Roman Studies, 75, 119.Google Scholar
Rathbone, D. (1993). The census qualifications of the assidui and the prima classis. In Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. (ed.), De agricultura: In memoriam Pieter Willem de Neeve (1945–1990). Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben, 12152.Google Scholar
Rathbone, D. (2009). Earnings and costs: Living standards and the Roman economy (first to third centuries AD). In Bowman, A. and Wilson, A. (eds.), Quantifying the Roman Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 299326.Google Scholar
Robinson, D. J. (1997). The social texture of Pompeii. In Bon-Harper, S. and Jones, R.. (eds.), Sequence and Space in Pompeii. Oakville: Oxbow, 13544.Google Scholar
Russell, J. C. (1977). The population and mortality at Pompeii. Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research, 19, 10714.Google Scholar
Saller, R. P. (1994). Patriarchy, Property and Death in the Roman Family. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Saller, R. P. (2000). Status and patronage. In Bowman, A. K., Garnsey, P., and Rathbone, D. (eds.), The High Empire, AD 70–192. Vol. XI of The Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 81754.Google Scholar
Santos, M. A., Coelho, R., Hegyi, G., Néda, Z. and Ramasco, J. (2007). Wealth distribution in modern and medieval societies. European Physical Journal Special Topics, 143, 815.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. (1999). Emperors, aristocrats, and the grim reaper: Towards a demographic profile of the Roman elite. Classical Quarterly, 49(1), 25481.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. (2010). Real wages in early economies: Evidence for living standards from 1800 BCE to 1300 CE. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 53(3), 42562.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J. (2009). The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman empire. Journal of Roman Studies, 99, 6191.Google Scholar
Schoonhoven, A. V. (1999). Residences for the rich? Some observations on the alleged residential and elitist character of Regio VI of Pompeii. BABesch, 74, 219–46.Google Scholar
Schoonhoven, A. V. (2006). Metrology and Meaning in Pompeii: The Urban Arrangement of Regio VI. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Sijpesteijn, P. J. and Worp, K. A. (1978). Zwei Landlisten aus dem Hermupolites: (P. Landlisten). Zutphen: Terra Publishing.Google Scholar
Smith, M. E., Dennehy, T., Kamp-Whittaker, A., Colon, E. and Harkness, R. (2014). Quantitative measures of wealth inequality in ancient central Mexican communities. Advances in Archaeological Practice, 2, 31123.Google Scholar
Stephan, R. P. (2013). House Size and Economic Growth: Regional Trajectories in the Roman World. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Strocka, V. M. (1984). Casa del Principe di Napoli: (VI 15, 7.8). Tübingen: Wasmuth.Google Scholar
Szaivert, W. and Wolters, R. (2005). Löhne, Preise, Werte: Quellen zur römischen Geldwirtschaft. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Google Scholar
Tacoma, L. E. (2006). Fragile Hierarchies: The Urban Elites of Third-Century Roman Egypt. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Talbert, R. J. A. (1984). The Senate of Imperial Rome. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tchernia, A. (1986). Le vin de d’Italie romaine : essai d’histoire économique d’après les amphores. Rome: École française de Rome.Google Scholar
Van Buren, A. W. (1951). Pompeii – Nero – Poppaea. In Mylonas, G. E. (ed.), Studies Presented to David Moore Robinson on his Seventieth Birthday. Saint Louis: Washington University, 9704.Google Scholar
Van Minnen, P. (1994). House-to-house enquiries: An interdisciplinary approach to Roman Karanis. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 100, 22751.Google Scholar
Vermeulen, P. (2018). How fat is the top tail of the wealth distribution? Review of Income and Wealth, 64(2), 35787.Google Scholar
Von Freyberg, H.-U. (1988). Kapitalverkehr und Handel im römischen Kaiserreich: 27 v. Chr.–235 n. Chr. Freiburg im Breisgau: Rudolf Haufe Verlag.Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. (1994). Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Willems, P. G. H. and Willems, J. (1902). Le sénat romain en l’an 65 après Jésus-Christ. Louvain: Peeters.Google Scholar
Wiseman, T. P. (1970). The definition of ‘eques romanus’ in the late Republic and early Empire. Historia, 19(1), 6783.Google Scholar
Wiseman, T. P. (1971). New Men in the Roman Senate, 139 BC–AD 14. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zuiderhoek, A. (2009). The Politics of Munificence in the Roman Empire: Citizens, Elites, and Benefactors in Asia Minor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×