Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-r5zm4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-22T05:13:04.421Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 30 - Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

from Section 6 - Miscellaneous Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2018

Gary K. K. Lau
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Sarah T. Pendlebury
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Peter M. Rothwell
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke
Diagnosis, Investigation and Treatment
, pp. 438 - 455
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, HP, Kassell, NF, Torner, JC et al. (1983). CT and clinical correlations in recent aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: A preliminary report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Neurology 33:981988Google Scholar
Agid, R, Andersson, T, Almqvist, H et al. (2010) Negative CT angiography findings in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: When is digital subtraction angiography still needed? American Journal of Neuroradiology 31:696705CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Khindi, T, Macdonald, RL, Schweizer, TA. (2010) Cognitive and functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Stroke 41:e519536CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andreasen, TH, Bartek, J Jr., Andresen, M et al. (2013). Modifiable risk factors for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 44:36073612CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreoli, A, di Pasquale, G, Pinelli, G et al. (1987). Subarachnoid haemorrhage: Frequency and severity of cardiac arrhythmias. A survey of 70 cases studied in the acute phase. Stroke 18:558564Google Scholar
Backes, D, Rinkel, GJ, Kemperman, H et al. (2012) Time-dependent test characteristics of head computed tomography in patients suspected of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 43:21152119Google Scholar
Beck, J, Rohde, S, Berkefeld, J et al. (2006). Size and location of ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms measured by 3-dimentsional rotational angiography. Surgical Neurology 65:1825CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berendes, E, Walter, M, Cullen, P et al. (1997). Secretion of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet 349:245249Google Scholar
Beseoglu, K, Holtkamp, K, Steiger, HJ et al. (2013). Fatal aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: Causes of 30-day in-hospital case fatalities in a large single-centre historical patient cohort. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 115:7781Google Scholar
Bor, AS, Rinkel, GJ, van Norden, J et al. (2014). Long-term, serial screening for intracranial aneurysms in individuals with a family history of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: A cohort study. Lancet Neurology 13:385392CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brouwers, PJ, Wijdicks, EF, Hasan, D et al. (1989). Serial electrocardiographic recording in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 20:11621167CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brouwers, PJ, Wijdicks, EF, van Gijn, J (1992). Infarction after aneurysm rupture does not depend on distribution or clearance rate of blood. Stroke 23:374379Google Scholar
Brown, RD Jr., Broderick, JP (2014). Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: Epidemiology, natural history, management options, and familial screening. Lancet Neurology 13:393404CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charidimou, A, Linn, J, Vernooij, MW et al. (2015). Cortical superficial siderosis: Detection and clinical significance in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and related conditions. Brain 138 (8):21262139Google Scholar
Connolly, ES Jr., Rabinstein, AA, Carhuapoma, JR et al. (2012) Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A guideline for healthcare professional from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 43:17111737Google Scholar
Cruickshank, A, Auld, P, Beetham, R et al. (2008). Revised national guidelines for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for bilirubin in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 45:238244Google Scholar
de Rooij, NK, Linn, FH, van der Plas, JA et al. (2007). Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: A systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 78:13651372CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dey, M, Stadnik, A, Riad, F et al. (2015). Bleeding and infection with external ventricular drainage: A systematic review in comparison with adjudicated adverse events in the ongoing Clot Lysis Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage Phase III (CLEAR-III LVH) trial. Neurosurgery 76:291300Google Scholar
Dorhout Mees, SM, Rinkel, GJ, Feigin, VL et al. (2007) Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3:CD000277Google Scholar
Ducros, A (2012). Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Lancet Neurology 11:906917Google Scholar
Fearnley, JM, Stevens, JM, Rudge, P (1995). Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. Brain 118:10511066Google Scholar
Feigin, VL, Anderson, N, Rinkel, GJ (2005). Corticosteroids for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and primary intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3:CD004583Google Scholar
Feigin, VL, Lawes, CM, Bennett, DA et al. (2009). Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: A systematic review. Lancet Neurology 8:355369Google Scholar
Ferro, JM, Pinto, AN (1994). Sexual activity is a common precipitant of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovascular Diseases 4:375CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foreman, PM, Chua, M, Harrigan, MR et al. (2015). Antifibrinolytic therapy in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage increases the risk for deep vein thrombosis: A case-control study. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 139:6669Google Scholar
Gigante, P, Hwang, BY, Appelboom, G et al. (2010) External ventricular drainage following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. British Journal of Neurosurgery 24:625632CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Germanwala, AV, Huang, J and Tamargo, RJ (2010). Hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 21:263270Google Scholar
Gross, BA and Du, R (2012). Rate of re-bleeding of arteriovenous malformations in the first year after rupture. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 19:10871088Google Scholar
Hellingman, CA, van den Bergh, WM, Beijer, IS et al. (2007). Risk of rebleeding after treatment of acute hydrocephalus in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 38:9699CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hillman, J, Fridriksson, S, Nilsson, O et al. (2002). Immediate administration of tranexamic acid and reduced incidence of early rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A prospective randomized study. Journal of Neurosurgery 97:771778CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, J, van Gelder, JM (2002). The probability of sudden death from rupture of intracranial aneurysms: A meta-analysis. Neurosurgery 51:11011107Google Scholar
Ibrahim, GM, Fallah, A, Macdonald, RL (2013). Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic predictors of the occurrence of seizures following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 119:347352Google Scholar
Jaja, BN, Cusimano, MD, Etminan, N et al. (2013). Clinical prediction models for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review. Neurocritical Care 18:143153CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufmann, TJ, Houston, J III, Mandrekar, JN et al. (2007). Complications of diagnostic cerebral angiography: Evaluation of 19,826 consecutive patients. Radiology 243:812819CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, R, Das, KK, Sahu, RK et al. (2014). Angio negative spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: Is repeat angiogram required in all cases? Surgical Neurology International 5:125Google ScholarPubMed
Larsen, CC, Astrup, J (2013). Rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A literature review. World Neurosurgery 79:307312Google Scholar
Lecker, I, Wang, DS, Romaschin, AD et al. (2012) Tranexamic acid concentrations associated with human seizures inhibit glycine receptors. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 122:46544666CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, H, Pan, R, Wang, H et al. (2013). Clipping versus coiling for ruptured intracranial aneurysms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 44:2937Google Scholar
Linn, FH, Rinkel, GJ, Algra, A et al. (1998). Headache characteristics in subarachnoid haemorrhage and benign thunderclap headache. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 65:791793Google Scholar
Linn, FH, Voorbij, HA, Rinkel, GJ et al. (2005). Visual inspection versus spectrophotometry in detecting bilirubin in cerebrospinal fluid. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 76:14521454Google Scholar
Lovelock, CE, Rinkel, GJ, Rothwell, PM (2010). Time trends in outcome of subarachnoid hemorrhage: Population-based study and systematic review. Neurology 74:14941501CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lummel, N, Bernau, C, Thon, N et al. (2015). Prevalence of superficial siderosis following singular, acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology 57:349356Google Scholar
Macdonald, RL (2014). Delayed neurological deterioration after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Nature Reviews Neurology 10:4458Google Scholar
Macdonald, RL, Schweizer, TA (2017). Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet 389:655666Google Scholar
Mast, H, Young, WL, Koennecke, HC et al. (1997). Risk of spontaneous haemorrhage after diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Lancet 350:10651068Google Scholar
Molyneux, AJ, Kerr, RS, Yu, LM et al. (2005). International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: A randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding subgroups and aneurysm occlusion. Lancet 366:809817CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molyneux, AJ, Birks, J, Clarke, A et al. (2015). The durability of endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping of ruptured cerebral aneurysms: 18 year follow-up of the UK cohort of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT). Lancet 385:691697Google Scholar
Niemann, DB, Wills, AD, Maartens, NF et al. (2003). Treatment of intracerebral hematomas caused by aneurysm rupture: Coil placement followed by clot evacuation. Journal of Neurosurgery 99:843847Google Scholar
Nieuwkamp, DJ, Setz, LE, Algra, A et al. (2009). Changes in case fatality of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and region: A meta-analysis. Lancet Neurology 8:635642Google Scholar
Parr, MJA, Finfer, SR, Morgan, MK (1996). Reversible cardiogenic shock complicating subarachnoid haemorrhage. British Medical Journal 313:681683Google Scholar
Perry, JJ, Stiell, IG, Sivilotti, ML (2011). Sensitivity of computed tomography performed within six hours of onset of headache for diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage: Prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal 343:d4277Google Scholar
Pinto, AN, Canhao, P, Ferro, JM (1996). Seizures at the onset of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Journal of Neurology 243:161164Google Scholar
Raaymakers, TWM, Rinkel, GJE, Limburg, M et al. (1998). Mortality and morbidity of surgery for unruptured intracranial aneurysms: A meta-analysis. Stroke 29:15311538Google Scholar
Raps, EC, Rogers, JD, Galetta, SL et al. (1993). The clinical spectrum of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Archives of Neurology 50:265268Google Scholar
Rinkel, GJE. (2005). Intracranial aneurysm screening: Indications and advice for practice. Lancet Neurology 4:122128Google Scholar
Rinkel, GJE, van Gijn, J, Wijdicks, EFM (1993). Subarachnoid haemorrhage without detectable aneurysm. A review of the causes. Stroke 24:14031409Google Scholar
Rinkel, GJE, Wijdicks, EFM, Hasan, D et al. (1991). Outcome in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and negative angiography according to pattern of haemorrhage on computed tomography. Lancet 338:964968Google Scholar
Ruijs, AC, Dirven, CM, Algra, A et al. (2005). The risk of rebleeding after external lumbar drainage in patients with untreated ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Acta Neurochirurgie 147:11571161Google Scholar
Sailer, AM, Wagemans, BA, Nelemans, PJ et al. (2014). Diagnosing intracranial aneurysms with MR angiography: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 45:119126Google Scholar
Schievink, WI (1997). Intracranial aneurysms. New England Journal of Medicine 336:2840CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, TH, Solomon, RA (1996). Perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Review of the literature. Neurosurgery 39:433440Google Scholar
Steiner, T, Juvela, S, Unterberg, A et al. (2013). European Stroke Organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovascular Diseases 35:93112Google Scholar
Suarez, JI, Tarr, RW and Selman, WR (2006). Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. New England Journal of Medicine 354:387396Google Scholar
Smith, ER, Carter, BS, Ogilvy, CS (2002). Proposed use of prophylactic decompressive craniectomy in poor-grade aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients presenting with associated large sylvian haematomas. Neurosurgery 51:117124Google Scholar
Toussaint, LG III, Friedman, JA, Wijdicks, EF et al. (2005). Survival of cardiac arrest after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 57:2531Google Scholar
UCAS Japan Investigators (2012). The natural course of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in a Japanese cohort. New England Journal of Medicine 366:24742482Google Scholar
van Gijn, J, Rinkel, GJ (2001). Subarachnoid haemorrhage: Diagnosis, causes and management. Brain 124:249278CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vermeer, SE, Rinkel, GJE, Algra, A (1997). Circadian fluctuations in onset of subarachnoid haemorrhage. New data on aneurysmal and perimesencephalic haemorrhage and a systematic review. Stroke 28:805808Google Scholar
Vermeulen, M, van Gijn, J (1990). The diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 53:365372CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vermeulen, M, Lindsay, KW, van Gijn, J (1992). Subarachnoid Haemorrhage. London: SaundersGoogle Scholar
Vlak, MH, Algra, A, Brandenburg, R et al. (2011). Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on sex, age, comorbiditiy, country, and time period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurology 10:626636Google Scholar
Warlow, CP, Dennis, MS, van Gijn, J et al. (1996a). What pathological type of stroke is it? Stroke: A Practical Guide to Management, pp. 146189. Oxford: Blackwell ScientificGoogle Scholar
Warlow, CP, Dennis, MS, van Gijn, J et al. (1996b). Specific treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. In Stroke: A Practical Guide to Management, pp. 438468. Oxford: Blackwell ScientificGoogle Scholar
Wermer, MJ, Kool, H, Albrecht, KW et al. (2007a). Aneurysm Screening after Treatment for Ruptured Aneurysms Study Group. Subarachnoid hemorrhage treated with clipping: Long-term effects on employment, relationships, personality and mood. Neurosurgery 60:9197Google Scholar
Wermer, MJ, van der Schaaf, IC, Algra, A et al. (2007a). Risk of rupture of unruptured intracranial aneurysms in relation to patient and aneurysm characteristics: An updated meta-analysis. Stroke 38:14041410Google Scholar
Westerlaan, HE, van Dijk, JM, Jansen-van der Weider, MC et al. (2011). Intracranial aneurysms in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: CT angiography as a primary examination tool for diagnosis – systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology 258:134145Google Scholar
Wiebers, DO, Whisnant, JP, Huston, J III et al. (2003). Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: Natural history, clinical outcome and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment. Lancet 362:103110Google Scholar
Wijdicks, EFM (1995). Worse-case scenario: Management in poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovascular Diseases 5:163169Google Scholar
Williams, LN, Brown, RD Jr. (2013). Management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurology: Clinical Practice 3:99108Google Scholar
Yamada, S, Takagi, Y, Nozaki, K et al. (2007). Risk factors for subsequent hemorrhage in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of Neurosurgery 107:965972Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×