Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 34
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
August 2012
Print publication year:
2012
Online ISBN:
9781139060851

Book description

Mammalian skull structure is notably diverse; however at a basic level the jaw mechanism is remarkably similar, if not essentially the same, in the majority of mammals. Using simple models that are compared with real animals at every step, this book examines the basic structural features of the mammalian jaw mechanism from a mechanical point of view. It explores how the mechanical constraints placed on the jaw have contributed to the evolution of an efficient basic structure, used by many mammals, which precludes mechanical difficulties and uses a minimum amount of bone tissue. Throughout the book the emphasis is on conceptual understanding, with explanations linked together to form a complete story that can be applied to both fossil and extant mammals. Summarising over forty years of research from one of the leading pioneers in 3D jaw mechanics, this is a must-have for anyone interested in mammalian jaw morphology.

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References

Alexander, R. M. (1981). Factors of safety in the structure of animals. Science Progress (Oxford), 67, 109–130.
Ardran, G. M., Kemp, F. H., and Ride, W. D. L. (1958). A radiographic analysis of mastication and swallowing in the domestic rabbitOryctolagus cuniculus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 130, 257–274.
Avis, V. (1959). The relation of the temporal muscle to the form of the coronoid process. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 17, 99–104.
Avis, V. (1961). The significance of the angle of the mandible: an experimental and comparative study. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 19, 55–61.
Barghusen, H. R. (1973). The adductor jaw musculature of Dimetrodon (Reptilia, Pelycosauria). Journal of Paleontology, 47, 823–834.
Baron, P. and Dubussy, T. (1980). Biomechanical analysis of the main masticatory muscles in the rabbit. Journal de Biologie Buccale, 8, 265–281.
Beatty, J. (1980). Optimal-design models and the strategy of model building in evolutionary biology. Philosophy of Science, 47, 532–561.
Becht, G. (1953). Comparative biologic-anatomical researches on mastication in some mammals. I and II. Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Series C, 56, 508–527.
Beecher, R. M. (1977). Function and fusion at the mandibular symphysis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 47, 325–336.
Beecher, R. M. (1979). Functional significance of the mandibular symphysis. Journal of Morphology, 159, 117–130.
Biknevicius, A. R. (1996a). Functional discrimination in the masticatory apparatus of juvenile and adult cougars (Puma concolor) and spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 1934–1942.
Biknevicius, A. R. (1996b). Incisor size and shape: implications for feeding behaviors in saber-toothed “cats”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 510–521.
Biknevicius, A. R. and Ruff, C. B. (1992). The structure of the mandibular corpus and its relationship to feeding behaviours in extant carnivores. Journal of Zoology, London, 228, 479–507.
Bowman, K. (1951). The functioning of the temporomandibular joint after extirpation of the disc. Acta Chirurgerie Scandinavica, 100, 130–135.
Bramble, D. M. (1978). Origin of the mammalian feeding complex: models and mechanisms. Paleobiology, 4, 271–301.
Brehnan, K., Boyd, R. L., Laskin, J., Gibbs, C. H., and Mahan, P. (1981). Direct measurement of loads at the temporomandibular joint in Macaca arctoides. Journal of Dental Research, 60, 1820–1824.
Brodie, A. G. (1969). The three arcs of mandibular movement as they affect the wear of teeth. Angle Orthodontist, 39, 217–226.
Bryant, H. N. and Russell, A. P. (1992). The position of the carnassials in sabertoothed carnivorans: a test of Greaves’s model. American Society of Zoologists Meeting (abstracts), 140A.
Bryant, H. N. and Russell, A. P. (1995). Carnassial functioning in nimravid and felid sabertooths: theoretical basis and robustness of inferences. In: Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology. ed. J. J. Thomason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 116–135.
Buckland-Wright, J. C. (1978). Bone structure and the patterns of force transmission in the cat skull (Felis catus). Journal of Morphology, 155, 35–62.
Butler, P. M. (1939). The teeth of the Jurassic mammals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. (B), 109, 329–356.
Butler, P. M. (1952a). The milkmolars of Perissodactyla, with remarks on molar occlusion. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 121, 777–817.
Butler, P. M. (1952b). Molarization of the premolars in the Perissodactyla. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 121, 819–843.
Cachel, S. M. (1979). A functional analysis of the primate masticatory system and the origin of the anthropoid postorbital system. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 50, 1–18.
Carroll, R. L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman.
Cartmill, M. (1980). Morphology, function, and evolution of the anthropoid postorbital septum. In: Evolutionary Biology of New World Monkeys and Continental Drift. ed. R. L. Ciochon and A. B. Chiarelli. New York: Plenum. pp. 243–274.
Colbert, E. H. (1945). The Dinosaur Book. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Costa, R. L., Jr. (1977). Dental Pathology and Related Factors in Archeological Eskimo Samples from Point Hope and Kodiak Island, Alaska. PhD dissertation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Costa, R. L., Jr. and Greaves, W. S. (1981). Experimentally produced tooth wear facets and the direction of jaw motion. Journal of Paleontology, 55, 635–638.
Covey, D. S. G. and Greaves, W. S. (1995). Jaw dimensions and torsion resistance during canine biting in the Carnivora. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 1055–1060.
Crompton, A. W. (1962). On the lower jaw of Diarthrognathus and the origin of the mammalian lower jaw. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 140, 697–753.
Crompton, A. W. and Hiiemäe, K. M. (1969). How mammalian molar teeth work. Discovery, 5, 23–34.
Crompton, A. W. and Hiiemäe, K. M. (1970). Molar occlusion and mandibular movements during occlusion in the American opossum, Didelphis marsupialis L. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 49, 21–47.
Crompton, A. W. and Sita-Lumsden, A. (1970). Functional significance of the therian molar pattern. Nature, 227, 197–199.
Currey, J. (1984). The Mechanical Adaptations of Bones. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Davis, D. D. (1955). Masticatory apparatus in the spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus. Fieldiana: Zoology, 37, 25–46.
Davis, D. D. (1964). The Giant Panda: a Morphological Study of Evolutionary Mechanisms. Fieldiana: Zoology Memoirs, 3, 1–339.
DeMar, R. and Barghusen, H. R. (1973). Mechanics and the evolution of the synapsid jaw. Evolution, 26, 622–637.
Dessem, D. A. (1985a). Interactions between muscle activity and jaw joint forces. Ph.D thesis. Chicago: The University of Illinois.
Dessem, D. A. (1985b). The transmission of muscle force across the unfused symphysis in mammalian carnivores. Fortschritte Zoologie, 30, 289–291.
Dessem, D. A. (1989). Interactions between jaw-muscle recruitment and jaw-joint forces in Canis familiaris. Journal of Anatomy, 164, 101–121.
de Vree, F. and Gans, C. (1976). Mastication in pygmy goats (Capra hircus). Annales Societé Royale Zoologique Belgique, 105, 255–306.
de Wolf-Exalto, A. E. (1951). On differences in the lower jaw of animalivorous and herbivorous mammals. I and II. Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschapen, Amsterdam, Series C, 54, 237–246, 405–410.
Druzinsky, R. E. and Greaves, W. S. (1979). A model to explain the posterior limit of the bite point in reptiles. Journal of Morphology, 160, 165–168.
DuBrul, E. L. (1980). Sicher’s Oral Anatomy (7th edition). St. Louis: C.V. Mosby.
DuBrul, E. L. and Sicher, H. (1954). The Adaptive Chin. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
Emerson, S. B. and Radinsky, L. (1980). Functional analysis of sabertooth cranial morphology. Paleobiology, 6, 295–312.
Erhardson, S., Sheikholeslam, A., Forsberg, C.-M., and Lockowandt, P. (1993). Vertical forces developed by the jaw elevator muscles during unilateral maximal clenching and their distribution on teeth and condyles. Swedish Dental Journal, 17, 23–34.
Evans, F. G. (1957). Stress and Strain in Bones. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
Every, R. G. (1970). Sharpness of teeth in man and other primates. Postilla, 143, 1–30.
Fariña, R. A. (1985). Some functional aspects of mastication in Glyptodontidae (Mammalia). Fortschritte der Zoologie, 30, 277–280.
Freeman, P.W. (1984). Functional cranial analysis of large animalivorous bats (Microchiroptera). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 21, 387–408.
Freeman, P.W. (1995). Nectarivorous feeding mechanisms in bats. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 56, 439–463.
Freeman, P.W. and Lemon, C.A. (1991). Morphometrics of the Family Emballonuridae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 206, 54–61.
Gans, C. (1988). Muscle insertions do not incur mechanical advantage. Acta ZoologicaCracoviensia, 31, 615–624.
Gans, C. and de Vree, F. (1987). Functional bases of fiber length and angulation in muscle. Journal of Morphology, 192, 63–85.
Gaunt, W. A. (1959). The development of the deciduous cheek teeth of the cat. Acta Anatomica, 38, 187–212.
Gentry, A. W. and Hooker, J. J. (1988). The phylogeny of the Artiodactyla. In: The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods. Volume 2: Mammals. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 35B. ed. M. J. Benton. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 234–272.
Gingerich, P. D. (1971). Functional significance of mandibular translation in vertebrate jaw mechanics. Postilla, 152, 1–10.
Gingerich, P. D. (1972). Molar occlusion and jaw mechanics of the Eocene primate Adapis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 36, 359–368.
Gordon, J. E. (1968). The New Science of Strong Materials. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gordon, J. E. (1978). Structures. New York: Plenum Press.
Gorniak, G. C. and Gans, C. (1980). Quantitative assay of electromyograms during mastication in domestic cats (Felis catus). Journal of Morphology, 163, 253–281.
Granger, W. (1908). A revision of the American Eocene horses. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 24, 221–264.
Greaves, W. S. (1971). Functional anatomy of the merycoidodont head (Mammalia, Artiodactyla). PhD dissertation. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Greaves, W. S. (1973a). Evolution of the merycoidodont masticatory apparatus (Mammalia, Artiodactyla). Evolution, 26, 659–667.
Greaves, W. S. (1973b). The inference of jaw motion from tooth wear facets. Journal of Paleontology, 47, 1000–1001.
Greaves, W. S. (1974). Functional implications of mammalian jaw joint position. Forma et functio, 7, 363–376.
Greaves, W. S. (1978a). The jaw lever system in ungulates: a new model. Journal of Zoology, London, 184, 271–285.
Greaves, W. S. (1978b). The posterior zygomatic root in oreodonts. Journal of Paleontology, 52, 740–743.
Greaves, W. S. (1980). The mammalian jaw mechanism – the high glenoid cavity. American Naturalist, 116, 432–440.
Greaves, W. S. (1982). A mechanical limitation on the position of the jaw muscles of mammals: the one-third rule. Journal of Mammalogy, 63, 261–266.
Greaves, W. S. (1983). A functional analysis of carnassial biting. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 20, 353–363.
Greaves, W. S. (1985a). The mammalian postorbital bar as a torsion-resisting helical strut. Journal of Zoology, London, 207, 125–136.
Greaves, W. S. (1985b). The generalized carnivore jaw. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 85, 267–274.
Greaves, W. S. (1988a). The maximum average bite force for a given jaw length. Journal of Zoology, London, 214, 295–306.
Greaves, W. S. (1988b). A functional consequence of an ossified mandibular symphysis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 77, 53–56.
Greaves, W. S. (1991a). A relationship between premolar loss and jaw elongation in selenodont artiodactyls. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 101, 121–129.
Greaves, W. S. (1991b). The orientation of the force of the jaw muscles and the length of the mandible in mammals. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 102, 367–374.
Greaves, W. S. (1993). Reply to Drs. Ravosa and Hylander. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 90, 513–514.
Greaves, W. S. (1995). Functional predictions from theoretical models of the skull and jaws in reptiles and mammals. In: Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology. ed. J. J. Thomason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 99–115.
Greaves, W. S. (1998). The relative positions of the jaw joint and the tooth row in mammals. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76, 1203–1208.
Greaves, W. S. (2000). Location of the vector of jaw muscle force in mammals. Journal of Morphology, 243, 293–299.
Greaves, W. S. (2002). Modeling the distance between the molar tooth rows in mammals. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80, 388–393.
Greaves, W. S. (2004). Estimating the line of action of posteriorly inclined resultant jaw muscle forces in mammals using a model that minimizes functionally important distances in the skull. In: Shaping Primate Evolution. ed. F. Anapol, R. Z. German, and N. G. Jablonski. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 334–350.
Greaves, W. S. (2008). Mammals with a long diastema typically also have dominant masseter and pterygoid muscles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 153, 625–629.
Greaves, W. S. and Covey, D. S. G. (1992). Torsion of the skull due to canine biting and the dimensions of the jaw in carnivores. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12, 31A (Abstract).
Greaves, W. S. and Mucci, R. J. (1997). Mechanical loads in the postorbital bar during mastication in artiodactyls and primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement, 24, 119 (Abstract).
Gregory, W. K. (1951). Evolution Emerging. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan.
Gromova, V. I. (1968). Introduction. In: Fundamentals of Paleontology. ed. Y. A. Orlov. Jerusalem: Israel Program of Scientific Translation, 3, 1–585.
Gysi, A. (1921). Studies of the leverage problem of the mandible. Dental Digest, 27, 74–84, 144–150, 203–208.
Herring, S. W. (1975). Adaptations for gape in the hippopotamus and its relatives. Forma et functio, 8, 85–100.
Herring, S. W. and Herring, S. E. (1974). The superficial masseter and gape in mammals. American Naturalist, 108, 561–576.
Herring, S. W. and Scapino, R. P. (1973). Physiology of feeding in miniature pigs. Journal of Morphology, 141, 427–460.
Hiiemäe, K. M. (1971). The structure and function of the jaw muscles in the rat (Rattus norvegicus L.). III. The mechanics of the muscles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 50, 111–132.
Hiiemäe, K. M. (1978). Mammalian mastication: a review of the activity of the jaw muscles and the movements they produce in chewing. In: Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth. ed. P. M. Butler and K. A. Joysey. New York: Academic Press. pp. 359–398.
Hiiemäe, K. M. and Ardran, G. M. (1968). A cineflurographic study of mandibular movement during feeding in the rat (Rattus norvegicus). Journal of Zoology, London, 154,139–154.
Hiiemäe, K. M. and Kay, R. F. (1972). Trends in the evolution of primate mastication. Nature, 240, 486–487.
Hildebrand, M. (1974). Analysis of Vertebrate Structure. New York: John Wiley.
Hopson, J. A. (1971). Postcanine replacement in the gomphodont cynodont Diademodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Supplement No. 1), 50, 1–21.
Hopson, J. A. and Barghusen, H. R. (1986). An analysis of therapsid relationships. In: The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles. ed. N. Hotton, et al. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 83–106.
Hopson, J. A. and Radinsky, L. B. (1980). Vertebrate paleontology: new approaches and new insights. Paleobiology, 6, 250–270.
Hylander, W. L. (1975). The human mandible: lever or link?American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 43, 227–242.
Hylander, W. L. (1978). Incisal bite force direction in humans and the functional significance of mammalian mandibular translation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 48, 1–8.
Hylander, W. L. (1979a). An experimental analysis of temporomandibular joint reaction force in macaques. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 51, 433–456.
Hylander, W. L. (1979b). Mandibular function in Galago crassicaudatus and Macaca fascicularis: an in vivo approach to stress and strain of the mandible. Journal of Morphology, 159, 253–296.
Hylander, W. L. (1979c). The functional significance of primate mandibular form. Journal of Morphology, 160, 223–240.
Hylander, W. L. (1984). Stress and strain in the mandibular symphysis of primates: A test of competing hypotheses. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 64, 1–46.
Hylander, W. L. (1985a). Mandibular function and temporomandibular joint loading. In: Developmental Aspects of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders. Monograph 16, Center for human growth and development. ed. D. S. Carlson, J. A. McNamara, and K. A. Ribbens. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, pp. 19–35.
Hylander, W. L. (1985b). Mandibular function and biomechanical stress and scaling. American Zoologist, 25, 315–330.
Hylander, W. L. and Bays, R. (1978). An in vivo strain-gauge analysis of the squamosal-dentary joint reaction force during mastication and incisal biting in Macaca mulatta and Macaca fasicularis. Archives of Oral Biology, 24, 689–697.
Hylander, W. L., Johnson, K. R. and Crompton, A. W. (1992). Muscle force recruitment and biomechanical modeling: an analysis of masseter muscle function in Macaca fascicularis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 88, 365–387.
Hylander, W. L., Picq, P. G. and Johnson, K. R. (1991a). Function of the supraorbital region of primates. Archives of Oral Biology, 36, 273–281.
Hylander, W. L., Picq, P. G. and Johnson, K. R. (1991b). Masticatory-stress hypotheses and the supraorbital region of primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86, 1–36.
Janis, C. M. (1995). Correlations between craniodental morphology and feeding behavior in ungulates: reciprocal illumination between living and fossil taxa. In: Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology. ed. J. J. Thomason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 76–98.
Jerison, H. J. (1973). Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. New York: Academic Press.
Joeckel, R. M. (1990). A functional interpretation of the masticatory system and paleoecology of Entelodonts. Paleobiology, 16, 459–482.
Kallen, F. C. and Gans, C. (1972). Mastication in the little brown bat,Myotis lucifugus. Journal of Morphology, 136, 385–420.
Kemp, T. S. (1979). The primitive cynodont Procynosuchus: functional anatomy of the skull and relationships. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (B), 285, 73–122.
Kermack, K. A., Musset, F. and Rigney, H. W. (1981). The skull of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 71, 1–58.
Kieser, J. A., Gebbie, T. and Ksiezycka, K. (1996). A mathematical model for hypothetical force distribution between opposing jaws. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 51, 701–705.
Kirk, E. C. (1930). A study of the dynamics involved in the evolution of the human dentures in the relation of centric occlusion. Dental Cosmos, 72, 631–643.
Koolstra, J. H. and Van Eijden, T. M. G. J. (1999). Three-dimensional dynamical capabilities of the human masticatory muscles. Journal of Biomechanics, 32, 145–152.
Lafferty, J. F., Winter, W. G. and Gambaro, S. A. (1977). Fatigue characteristics of posterior elements of vertebrae. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 59-A, 154–158.
Laithwaite, E. R. (1977). Biological analogues in engineering practice. Interdisiplinary Science Review, 2, 100–108.
Landry, S. O., Jr. (1970). The Rodentia as omnivores. Quarterly Review of Biology, 45, 351–372.
Lauder, G. (1991). Biomechanics and evolution: integrating physical and historical biology in the study of complex systems. In: Biomechanics in Evolution. ed. J. M. V. Rayner, and R. J. Wootton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–19.
Leibman, F. M. and Kussick, L. (1965). An electromyographic analysis of masticatory muscle imbalance with relation to skeletal growth in dogs. Journal of Dental Research, 44, 768–774.
Marinelli, W. (1933). Die functionelle Bedeutung der Postorbitalspange bei Giraffe und Pferd. Biologia Generalis, 9, 201–222. [Cited in Willemse, 1950]
Matthew, W. D. (1901). Fossil mammals of the Tertiary of northeastern Colorado. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, 1, 353–447.
Maynard Smith, J. and Savage, R. J. G. (1959). The mechanics of mammalian jaws. School Science Review, 40, 289–301.
Mellett, J. S. (1977). Paleobiology of North American Hyaenodon (Mammalia, Creodonta). Contributions to Vertebrate Evolution, 1, 1–134.
Mills, J. R. E. (1966). The functional occlusion of the teeth of Insectivora. Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 46,1–25.
Møller, E. (1966). The chewing apparatus. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 69, supplement 1–229.
Moss, M. L. (1968). Functional cranial analysis of mammalian mandibular ramal morphology. Acta Anatomica, 71, 423–447.
Nagel, R. J. and Sears, V. H. (1958). Dental Prosthetics. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby.
Naples, V. L. (1982). Cranial osteology and function in the tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus. American Museum Novitates, 2739, 1–41.
Naples, V. L. (1985). Form and function of the masticatory musculature in the tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus. Journal of Morphology, 183, 25–50.
Naples, V. L. (1987). Reconstruction of cranial morphology and analysis of function in the Pleistocene ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae). Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, N 389, 1–21.
Naples, V. L. (1995). The artificial generation of wear patterns on tooth models as a means to infer mandibular movement during feeding in mammals. In: Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology. ed. J.J. Thomason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 136–150.
Newman, H. N. and Levers, B. G. H. (1979). Tooth eruption and function in an early Anglo-Saxon population. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 72, 341–350.
Noble, V. E., Kowalski, E. M. and Ravosa, M. J. (2000). Orbit orientation and the function of the mammalian postorbital bar. Journal of Zoology, London, 250, 405–418.
Norman, D. B. and Weishampel, D. B. (1985). Ornithopod feeding mechanisms: their bearing on the evolution of herbivory. American Naturalist, 126, 151–164.
Osborn, H. F. (1918). Equidae of the Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene of North America, iconographic type revision. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, 2, 1–217.
Osborn, J. W. (1993). Orientation of the masseter muscle and the curve of Spee in relation to crushing forces on the molar teeth of primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 92, 99–106.
Ostrom, J. H. (1961). Cranial morphology of the hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 122, 33–186.
Oxnard, C. E. (1971). Tensile forces in skeletal structures. Journal of Morphology, 134, 425–436.
Oyen, O. J. (1987). Bone strain in the orbital region of growing vervet monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 72, 39–40.
Oyen, O. J. and Tsay, T. P. (1991). A biomechanical analysis of craniofacial form and bite force. American Journal of Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 99, 298–309.
Parrington, F. R. (1934). On the cynodont genus Galesaurus, with a note on the functional significance of the changes in the evolution of the theriodont skull. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 13, 38–67.
Pennycuick, C. J. (1967). The strength of the pigeon’s wing bones in relation to their function. Journal of Experimental Biology, 46, 219–233.
Perry, C. C. and Lissner, H. R. (1962). The Strain Gauge Primer (2nd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Peterson, O. A. (1914). The osteology of Promerycochoerus. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 9, 149–219.
Piffault, C. and Duhamel, J. (1963). A propos des réactions subies par les condyles maxillaires a l’équilibre. Revieu D’odonto-Stomatologie, 21, 13–17.
Piveteau, J. (1961). Traité de paléontologie. VI 1 Paris: Masson et Cie.
Radinsky, L. B. (1981). Evolution of skull shape in carnivores. I. Representative modern carnivores. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 15, 369–388.
Radinsky, L. B. (1985). Patterns in the evolution of ungulate jaw shape. American Zoologist, 25, 303–314.
Ravosa, M. J. (1988). Browridge development in Cercopithecidae: A test of two models. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 76, 535–555.
Ravosa, M. J. (1991a). Ontogenetic perspective on mechanical and nonmechanical models of primate circumorbital morphology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 85, 95–112.
Ravosa, M. J. (1991b). Interspecific perspective on mechanical and nonmechanical models of primate circumorbital morphology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86, 369–396.
Ravosa, M. J. and Hylander, W. L. (1993). Functional significance of an ossified mandibular symphysis: A reply. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 90, 509–512.
Ravosa, M. J., Hylander, W. L. and Kowalski, E. M. (2000). Masticatory stress, orbital orientation and the evolution of the primate postorbital bar. Journal of Human Evolution, 38, 667–693.
Rensberger, J. M. (1973). An occlusion model for mastication and dental wear in herbivorous mammals. Journal of Paleontology, 47, 515–528.
Rensberger, J. M. (1986). Early chewing mechanisms in mammalian herbivores. Paleobiology, 12, 474–494.
Rigler, L. and Mlinsek, B. (1968). Die Symphyse der Mandibula beim Rinde. Anatomischer Anzeiger, 122, 293–314.
Roberts, D. and Tattersall, I. (1974). Skull form and the mechanics of mandibular elevation in mammals. American Museum Novitates, 2536, 1–9.
Romer, A. S. (1956). Osteology of the Reptiles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Romer, A. S. (1966). Vertebrate Paleontology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Root-Bernstein, R. S. (1989). Discovering. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Rosenberg, H. and Gans, C. (1977). Preliminary analysis of mastication in Sphenodon punctatus. American Zoologist, 17, 871, (Abstract).
Rosenberger, A. L. (1986). Platyrrhines, catarrhines and the anthropoid transition. In: Major Topics in Primate and Human Evolution. ed. B. A. Wood, L. Martin, and P. Andrews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–88.
Rosenzweig, M. L. (1966). Community structure in sympatric Carnivora. Journal of Mammalogy, 47, 602–612.
Ross, C. F. (1995). Muscular and osseous anatomy of the primate anterior temporal fossa and the functions of the postorbital septum. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 98, 275–306.
Ross, C. F. and Hylander, W. L. (1996). In vivo and in vitro bone strain in the owl monkey circumorbital region and the function of the postorbital septum. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 101, 183–215.
Rudwick, M. J. S. (1964). The inference of function from structure in fossils. British Journal of the Philosophy of Science, 15, 27–40.
Russell, M. D. (1985). The supraorbital torus: “A Most Remarkable Peculiarity”. Current Anthropology, 26, 337–360.
Russell, M. D. (1986). In-vivo testing and refinement of the frame model of the craniofacial skeleton. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 69, 259.
Ryan, A. S. (1979a). A preliminary scanning electron microscope examination of wear striation direction on primate teeth. Journal of Dental Research, 58, 525–530.
Ryan, A. S. (1979b). Wear striation direction on primate teeth: a scanning electron microscope examination. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 50, 155–168.
Scapino, R. P. (1965). The third joint of the canine jaw. Journal of Morphology, 116, 23–50.
Scapino, R. P. (1972). Adaptive radiation of mammalian jaws. In: Morphology of the Maxillo-mandibular Apparatus. ed. G. H. Schumacher. IXth International Congress of Anatomists. Leipzig: G. Thieme, pp. 33–39.
Scapino, R. P. (1976a). The jaw symphysis in cats and bears. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 44, 204 (Abstract).
Scapino, R. P. (1976b). Function of the digastric muscle in carnivores. Journal of Morphology, 50, 843–860.
Scapino, R. P. (1981). Morphological investigation into functions of the jaw symphysis in carnivorans. Journal of Morphology, 167, 339–375.
Schultz, C. B. and Falkenbach, C. H. (1940–1968). Contributions to the revision of the oreodonts (Merycoidodontidae), Nos. 1–8. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 77, 213–306 (1940); 79, 1–105 (1941); 88, 159–285 (1947); 93, 69–198 (1949); 95, 87–150 (1950); 105, 143–256 (1954); 109, 373–482 (1956); 139, 1–498 (1968).
Schumacher, G. H. (1973). The head muscles and hyolaryngeal skeleton of turtles and crocodilians. In: Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 4. ed. C. Gans, and T.S. Parsons. New York: Academic Press, pp. 101–199.
Scott, W. B. (1937). A History of Land Animals in the Western Hemisphere (2nd edition). New York: Macmillan.
Shute, C. C. D. (1954). Function of the jaws in mammals. Journal of Anatomy, London, 88, 565 (Abstract).
Simpson, G. G., Roe, A. and Lewonton, R. C. (1960). Quantitative Zoology (revised edition). New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
Smith, R. J. (1978). Mandibular biomechanics and temporomandibular joint function in primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 49, 341–350.
Snodgrass, R. E. (1950). Comparative studies on the jaws of mandibulate arthropods. Smithsonian Miscellanious Collections, 116, 1–85.
Spencer, M. A. (1991). Primate Masticatory System Configuration and Function: A Three-dimensional Biomechanical Approach. Unpublished PhD proposal, pp. 1–147. Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook.
Spencer, M. A. (1994). Changes in masticatory muscle activity with bite point position: an electromyographic test of biomechanical hypotheses. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 18, 184. (Abstract)
Spencer, M. A. (1995). Masticatory system configuration and diet in anthropoid primates. PhD dissertation, State University of New York, Stony Brook.
Spencer, M. A. (1996). Functional constraints on masticatory system form in anthropoid primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 22, 218 (Abstract).
Spencer, M. A. (1997). Force production in the primate masticatory system: electromyographic tests of biomechanical hypotheses. Journal of Human Evolution, 34, 25–54.
Spencer, M. A. (1998). Tooth root morphology and diet in primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 107, 206 (Abstract).
Spencer, M. A. (1999). Constraints on masticatory system evolution in anthropoid primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 108, 483–506.
Spencer, M. A. and Demes, B. (1993). Biomechanical analysis of masticatory system configuration in Neandertals and Inuits. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 91, 1–20.
Stern, J. T., Jr. (1974). Computer modeling of gross muscle dynamics. Journal of Biomechanics, 7, 411–428.
Stöckmann, W. (1975). Die Form der Mandibel Afrikanischer Bovidae (Mammalia) und ihre Beeinflussung durch die Ernährung. PhD dissertation. Hamburg, Germany: University of Hamburg.
Stöckmann, W. (1979). Formenunterschiede der Mandibel Africanischer Bovidae (Mammalia) und ihre Beziehungen zur Zusammensetzung der Nahrung. Zoologische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Oekologie und Geographie der Tiere, 106, 344–373.
Storch, G. (1968). Functionsmorphologische Untersuchungen an der Kaumuskulatur und an Korrelierten Schädelstrukturen der Chiropteren. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellshaft, 517, 1–92.
Tattersall, I. (1972). The functional significance of airorhynchy in Megaladapis. Folia Primatologica, 18, 20–26.
Teaford, M. F. (1985). Molar microwear and diet in the genus Cebus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 66, 363–370.
Thomason, J. J. (1991). Cranial strength in relation to estimated biting forces in some mammals. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 2326–2333.
Thomason, J. J. and Russell, A. P. (1986). Mechanical factors in the evolution of the mammalian secondary palate: a theoretical analysis. Journal of Morphology, 189, 199–213.
Thompson, E. N., Biknevicius, A. R. and German, R. Z. (2003). Ontogeny of feeding function in the gray short-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica: empirical support for the constrained model of jaw biomechanics. Journal of Experimental Biology, 206, 923–932.
Thorpe, M. R. (1937). The Merycoidodontidae an extinct group of ruminant mammals. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, III (4), 1–428.
Turnbull, W. D. (1970). Mammalian masticatory apparatus. Fieldiana: Geology, 18, 147–356.
Vizcaíno, S. F. and Bargo, M. S. (1998). The masticatory apparatus of the armadillo Eutatus (Mammalia, Cingulata) and some allied genera: paleobiology and evolution. Paleobiology, 24, 371–383.
Vizcaíno, S. F. and De Iuliis, G. (2003). Evidence for advanced carnivory in fossil armadillos (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Dasypodidae). Paleobiology, 29, 123–138.
Wainwright, S. A., Biggs, W. D., Currey, J. D., and Gosline, J. M. (1976). Mechanical Design in Organisms. London: Edward Arnold.
Walker, A. (1976). A 3-dimensional analysis of the mechanics of mastication. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 44, 213 (Abstract).
Walker, A. (1978). Functional anatomy of oral tissues: mastication and deglutition. In: Textbook of Oral Biology. ed. J. H. Shaw, et al. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 277–296.
Walker, A. (1984). Mechanisms of honing in the male baboon canine. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 65, 47–60.
Walker, W. F., Jr. (1970). Vertebrate Dissection. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Washburn, S. L. (1947). The relation of the temporal muscle to the form of the skull. Anatomical Record, 99, 239–248.
Weijs, W. A. (1980). Biomechanical models and the analysis of form: A study of the mammalian masticatory apparatus. American Zoologist, 20, 707–719.
Weijs, W. A. (1981). Mechanical loading of the human jaw joint during unilateral biting. Acta Morphologica Neerlando-Scandinavica, 19, 261–262.
Weijs, W. A. and Dantuma, R. (1981). Functional anatomy of the masticatory apparatus in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.). Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 31, 99–147.
Weijs, W. A. and de Jongh, H. J. (1977). Strain in mandibular alveolar bone during mastication in the rabbit. Archives of Oral Biology, 22, 667–675.
Weishampel, D. B. (1993). Beams and machines: modeling approaches to the analysis of skull form and function. In: The Skull. Vol. 3. ed. J. Hanken, and B. K. Hall. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 303–344.
Weishampel, D. B. (1995). Fossils, function, and phylogeny. In: Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology. ed. J. J. Thomason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–54.
Werdelin, L. (1986). Comparison of skull shape in marsupial and placental carnivores. Australian Journal of Zoology, 34, 109–117.
Werdelin, L. (1987). Jaw geometry and molar morphology in marsupial carnivores: Analysis of a constraint and its macroevolutionary consequences. Paleobiology, 13, 342–350.
Werdelin, L. (1988). Circumventing a constraint: the case of Thylacoleo (Marsupialia: Thylacoleonidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 36, 365–571.
Werdelin, L. (1989). Constraint and adaptation in the bone-cracking canidOsteoborus (Mammalia: Canidae). Paleobiology, 15, 387–401.
Westneat, M. W. (2003). A biomechanical model for analysis of muscle force, power output and lower jaw motion in fishes. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 223, 269–281.
Whitmore, F. C., Jr. (1953). Cranial morphology of some Oligocene Artiodactyla. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers, 243-H, 117–159.
Willemse, M. C. A. (1950). The shifting of the molar row with regard to the orbit in Equus and Giraffa. Zoologica Mededilingus, Leiden, 30, 311–326.
Williams, G. (1956). The relationship between the length of the jaw and the length of the molar series in some eutherian mammals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, 126, 51–64.
Wilson, J. A. (1974). Early Tertiary vertebrate faunas, Vieja Group and Buck Hill Group, Trans-Pecos Texas: Protoceratidae, Camelidae, Hypertragulidae. Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin, 23, 1–34.
Witmer, L. M. and Rose, K. D. (1991). Biomechanics of the jaw apparatus of the gigantic Eocene bird Diatryma: implications for diet and mode of life. Paleobiology, 17, 95–120.

Metrics

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.