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4 - Haecceitism and anti-haecceitism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 September 2009

J. A. Cover
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
John O'Leary-Hawthorne
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
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Summary

Chapter 3 explored at some length the first of two problems of modal individuation, namely Leibniz's essentialism. The central question there concerned what does and does not go into the complete concept that defines an individual in the required, modally robust way. In this chapter, we explore as promised a second and deeper problem of modal individuation. The question here is how a complete concept – thick or thin – could serve to “define” an individual at all. In order to present this problem with due clarity and focus, we begin with some careful scenesetting.

There is little disagreement about this much of Leibniz's metaphysics: it is a robust substance-accident realism, complete with individual substances underlying the attributes in which they are clothed, and a commitment to some version of essentialism. Nevertheless, there is a deep tension in Leibniz's philosophy that seems to have gone unnoticed by commentators, and perhaps by Leibniz himself. The tension happens to bear on issues of contemporary philosophical relevance, and may be cast in now-familiar terms borrowed from Scotus by recent discussions of identity and modality. In “How to Russell a Frege-Church,” David Kaplan distinguishes two broad approaches to questions of transworld identity:

The doctrine that holds that it does make sense to ask – without reference to common attributes and behavior – whether this is the same individual in another possible world … that a common “thisness” may underlie extreme dissimilarity or distinct thisnesses may underlie great resemblance, I call Haecceitism …

The opposite view, Anti-Haecceitism, holds that for entities of distinct possible worlds there is no notion of transworld being. They may, of course, be linked by a common concept and distinguished by another concept – as Eisenhower and Nixon are linked across two moments of time by the concept the president of the United States and distinguished, at the same pair of moments, by the concept the most respected member of his party – but there are, in general, many concepts linking any such pair and many distinguishing them. Each, in his own setting, may be clothed in attributes which cause them to resemble one another closely. But there is no metaphysical reality of sameness or difference which underlies the clothes. Our interests may cause us to identify individuals of distinct worlds, but we are then creating something … of a kind different from anything given by the metaphysics. Although the Anti-Haecceitist may seem to assert that no possible individual exists in more than one possible world, that view is properly reserved for the Haecceitist who holds to an unusually rigid brand of metaphysical determinism.

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Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1999

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