Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x24gv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-12T08:38:10.641Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Managing Rising Powers: The Role of Status Concerns

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2014

Deborah Welch Larson
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Alexei Shevchenko
Affiliation:
California State University
T. V. Paul
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montréal
Deborah Welch Larson
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
William C. Wohlforth
Affiliation:
Dartmouth College, New Hampshire
Get access

Summary

The Emergence of Rising Powers

At the December 2009 Copenhagen meeting on climate change, when President Barack Obama arrived for a hastily arranged bilateral meeting with Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, he was faced with not only Premier Wen but also the heads of the governments of Brazil, South Africa, and India. As a further snub, the president was subjected to a finger-wagging harangue by a lower-level Chinese official. At least President Obama was allowed into the room; Europeans were shut out while Obama and the emerging markets negotiated.

The Copenhagen climate change conference illustrates how the United States and Europe can no longer decide global issues alone but often need the approval of new powers such as Brazil, India, China, and Turkey: emerging powers that have distinctive national interests and may not be amenable to accepting arrangements drafted by the established powers. The diffusion of power reflects three decades of stunning economic growth in China, followed closely by India’s emergence as a major economic power and the enrichment of commodity producers such as Russia and Brazil due to the increasing demand for raw materials and energy. The redistribution of economic power was dramatized by the 2008–2009 financial crisis, when emerging markets continued to grow while the more advanced states sputtered. In order to sort out the problems created by the financial crisis, in 2008 the Group of 7 (G7) finance ministers dominated by the Western countries and Japan was replaced by the Group of 20 (G20), which includes India, China, and South Africa. In 2003, Goldman Sachs famously predicted that Brazil, Russia, India, and China (the BRIC) would surpass the share of global GDP of the Group of 6 (G6) by 2040, a prediction that now appears too conservative, as the financial institution has moved up the date for Brazil, Russia, India, and China (the BRIC) to outdo the G7 to 2032.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Wilson, Dominic and Purushothaman, Roopa, Dreaming with BRICS: The Path to 2050, Global Economic Paper No. 99 (New York: Goldman Sachs, October 2003), 4Google Scholar
Tajfel, Henri, “The Psychological Structure of Intergroup Relations,” in Differentiation between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, ed. Tajfel, Henri (London: Academic Press, 1978), 27–98Google Scholar
Tajfel, Henri and Turner, John C., “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict,” in The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, eds. Austin, William G. and Worchel, Stephen (Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1979), 33–47Google Scholar
Tajfel, Henri, Social Identity and Intergroup Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982)Google Scholar
van Knippenberg, Ad, “Intergroup Differences in Group Perceptions,” in The Social Dimension: European Developments in Social Psychology, vol. 2, ed. Tajfel, Henri (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984) 560–578CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, Michael A. and Abrams, Dominic, Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes (London: Routledge, 1988)Google Scholar
Mercer, Jonathan, “Anarchy and Identity,”International Organization 49, no. 2 (Spring 1995), 229–252CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, Deborah Welch and Shevchenko, Alexei, “Shortcut to Greatness: The New Thinking and the Revolution in Soviet Foreign Policy,”International Organization 57, no. 1 (Winter 2003), 77–109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clunan, Anne L., The Social Construction of Russia’s Resurgence: Aspirations, Identity, and Security Interests (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009)Google Scholar
Larson, Deborah Welch and Shevchenko, Alexei, “Status Seekers: Chinese and Russian Responses to U.S. Primacy,”International Security 34, no. 4 (Spring 2010), 63–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, Michael A., “Social Identity Theory,” in Contemporary Social Psychological Theories, ed. Burke, Peter J. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006), 111–136Google Scholar
Rachman, Gideon, Zero-Sum World: Politics, Power and Prosperity after the Crash (London: Atlantic Books, 2010)Google Scholar
Patrick, Stewart, “Irresponsible Stakeholders? The Difficulty of Integrating Rising Powers,”Foreign Affairs 89, no. 5 (November/December 2010), 47–48Google Scholar
Herszenhorn, David M., “For Syria, Reliant on Russia for Weapons and Food, Old Bonds Run Deep,”New York Times, February 19, 2012, 11Google Scholar
Lamont, James and Dyer, Geoff, “Delhi Resists Rising Western Pressure to Toe Line on Tehran Sanctions,”Financial Times, March 2, 2012, 4Google Scholar
Castañeda, Jorge G., “Not Ready for Prime Time,Foreign Affairs 89, no. 5 (September/October 2010), 118Google Scholar
Gilpin, Robert, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 30–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Organski, A.F.K., World Politics (New York: Knopf, 1958), 325–333Google Scholar
Organski, A.F.K. and Kugler, Jacek, The War Ledger (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 23Google Scholar
Scheinman, Lawrence, Atomic Energy Policy in France under the Fourth Republic (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965), xvii-xviii, 216–217Google Scholar
Kohl, Wilfred L., French Nuclear Diplomacy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), 35, 150–156Google Scholar
Sagan, Scott D., “Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb,”International Security 21, no. 3 (Winter 1996/1997), 76–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tammen, Ronald et al., Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century (New York: Chatham House Publishers, 2000), 35Google Scholar
Brown, Rupert and Haeger, Gabi, “‘Compared to What?’ Comparison Choice in an Internation Context,”European Journal of Social Psychology 29, no. 1 (February 1999), 31–423.0.CO;2-6>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, Randall, Weberian Sociological Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 162–163CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knippenbeg, Ad van and Ellemers, Naomi, “Strategies in Intergroup Relations,” in Group Motivation: Social Psychological Perspectives, eds. Hogg, Michael A. and Abrams, Dominic (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1993), 21Google Scholar
Lebow, Richard Ned, A Cultural Theory of International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naomi Ellemers, Ad van Knippenberg, and Wilke, Henk, “The Influence of Permeability of Group Boundaries and Stability of Group Status on Strategies of Individual Mobility and Social Change,”British Journal of Social Psychology 29, no. 3 (September 1990), 233–246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, Judith G., Ethnic Politics in Europe: The Power of Norms and Incentives (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004)Google Scholar
Dore, R. P., “The Prestige Factor in International Affairs,”International Affairs 51, no. 2 (April 1975), 190–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellemers, Naomi, “The Influence of Socio-structural Variables on Identity Management Strategies,”European Review of Social Psychology 4, no. 1 (1993), 27–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, John C., “Social Comparison and Social Identity: Some Prospects for Intergroup Behavior,”European Journal of Social Psychology 5, no. 1 (March 1975), 5–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, James, “Mahan, a ‘Place in the Sun,’ and Germany’s Quest for Sea Power,”Comparative Strategy 23, no. 1 (January–March 2004), 52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mawdsley, Evan, The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union 1929–1953 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1998), 31Google Scholar
Lemaine, Gérard, “Social Differentiation and Social Originality,”European Journal of Social Psychology 4, no. 1 (January/March 1974), 17–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, Robert H., Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 23–30Google Scholar
Frank, Robert H., Luxury Fever: Why Money Fails to Satisfy in an Era of Excess (New York: Free Press, 1999), chapter 9Google Scholar
Barkow, Jerome H., Darwin, Sex, and Status: Biological Approaches to Mind and Culture (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), 187–191Google Scholar
Gries, Peter Hays, “Identity and Conflict in Sino-American Relations,” in New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy, eds. Johnston, Alastair Iain and Ross, Robert S. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006), 325Google Scholar
Ding, Sheng, “To Build a ‘Harmonious World’: China’s Soft Power Wielding in the Global South,”Journal of Chinese Political Science 13, no. 2 (August 2008), 193–213CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Yongjin, “The Discourse of China‘s Soft Power and its Discontents,” in Soft Power: China’s Emerging Strategy in International Politics, ed. Li, Mingjiang (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), 51, 60nGoogle Scholar
Walicki, Andrzej, The Slavophile Controversy: History of a Conservative Utopia in Nineteenth-Century Russian Thought, trans. Andrews-Rusiecka, Hilda (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1989), 166Google Scholar
McDaniel, Tim, The Agony of the Russian Idea (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 24–25, 44Google Scholar
Nye, Joseph S., Jr., The Future of Power (New York: Public Affairs, 2011), 210Google Scholar
Sachdev, Itesh and Bourhis, Richard Y., “Power and Status Differentials in Minority and Majority Intergroup Relations,”European Journal of Social Psychology 21, no. 1 (January 1991), 1–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheepers, Daan, Ellemers, Naomi, and Sintemaartensdijk, Nieska, “Suffering from the Possibility of Status Loss: Physiological Responses to Social Identity Threat in High Status Groups,”European Journal of Social Psychology 39, no. 6 (October 2009), 1075–1092CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheepers, Daan and Ellemers, Naomi, “When the Pressure is Up: The Assessment of Social Identity Threat in Low and High Status Groups,”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41, no. 2 (March 2005), 192–200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbalet, J. M., Emotion, Social Theory, and Social Structure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 161–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branscombe, N. R. and Wann, D. L., “Collective Self-esteem Consequences of Out-Group Derogation When a Valued Social Identity is On Trial,”European Journal of Social Psychology 24, no. 6 (November–December 1994), 641–657CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tversky, Amos and Kahneman, Daniel, “Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference Dependent Model,”Quarterly Journal of Economics 106, no. 4 (November 1991), 1039–1061CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemper, Theodore D., Status, Power and Ritual Interaction: A Relational Reading of Durkheim, Goffman, and Collins (Burlington: Ashgate, 2011), 18Google Scholar
Mummendey, Amélie and Schreiber, Hans-Joachim, “’Different’ Just Means ‘Better’: Some Obvious and Some Hidden Pathways to In-group Favouritism,”British Journal of Social Psychology 23, no. 4 (November 1984), 363–368CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diane M. Mackie, Thierry Devos, and Smith, Eliot R., “Intergroup Emotions: Explaining Offensive Action Tendencies in an Intergroup Context,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79, no. 4 (October 2000), 602–616CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe, “India, An Emerging Power, but How Far” in Emerging States: The Wellspring of a New World Order, ed. Jaffrelot, Christophe, trans. Schoch, Cynthia (London: Hurst, 2008), 88–89Google Scholar
Ciorciari, John D., “India’s Approach to Great-Power Status,”The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 35, no. 1 (Winter 2011), 61–89Google Scholar
Cohen, Stephen P., India: Emerging Power (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001), 62Google Scholar
Rajan, M. S., India and International Affairs (New Delhi: Lancers Books, 1999), 6–7Google Scholar
Nayar, Baldev Raj and Paul, T.V., India in the World Order: Searching for Major-Power Status (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 133Google Scholar
Hinton, Harold C., China’s Turbulent Quest (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1970), 75–77Google Scholar
Mancall, Mark, China at the Center: 300 Years of Foreign Policy (New York: Free Press, 1984), 421–422Google Scholar
Kux, Dennis, India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941–1991 (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1992), 121, 123Google Scholar
Liu, Xuecheng, The Sino-Indian Border Dispute and Sino-Indian Relations (Lanham: University Press of America, 1994), 26–36Google Scholar
Sidhu, Waheguru Pal Singh and Yuan, Jing-dong, China and India: Cooperation or Conflict? (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003), 14–7Google Scholar
Mastny, Vojtech, “The Soviet Union’s Partnership with India,”Journal of Cold War Studies 12, no.3 (Summer 2010), 50–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raja Mohan, C., Crossing the Rubicon: The Shaping of India’s New Foreign Policy (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), xv, 149–150Google Scholar
Luce, Edward, In Spite of the Gods: The Rise of Modern India (New York: Anchor Books, 2007), 27n, 39Google Scholar
Perkovich, George, India’s Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 441, 448–449Google Scholar
Talbott, Strobe, Engaging India: Diplomacy, Democracy, and the Bomb (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2004), 58Google Scholar
Sinha, Aseema and Dorschner, Jon P., “India: Rising Power or a Mere Revolution of Rising Expectations?”Polity 42, no. 1 (January 2010), 90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narlikar, Amrita, New Powers: How to Become One and How to Manage Them (London: Hurst, 2010), 42Google Scholar
Narlikar, Amrita, “Is India a Responsible Great Power?”Third World Quarterly 32, no. 9 (October 2011), 1610CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ollapally, Deepa and Rajagopalan, Rajesh, “The Pragmatic Challenge to Indian Foreign Policy,”The Washington Quarterly 34, no. 2 (Spring 2011), 148CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stolberg, Sheryl Gay and Yardley, Jim, “Obama Courts Emergent India as Deeper Ally,”New York Times 9 (November 2010)Google Scholar
Raja Mohan, C., “Rising India: Partner in Shaping the Global Commons?”The Washington Quarterly 33, no. 3 (July 2010), 140Google Scholar
Narlikar, Amrita, “Peculiar Chauvinism or Strategic Calculation? Explaining the Negotiating Strategy of a Rising India,”International Affairs 82, no. 1 (January 2006), 72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurrell, Andrew and Narlikar, Amrita, “A New Politics of Confrontation? Brazil and India in Multilateral Trade Negotiations,”Global Society 20, no. 4 (October 2006), 415–433CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lima, Maria Regina Soares De and Hirst, Mônica, “Brazil as an Intermediate State and Regional Power: Action, Choice, and Responsibilities,”International Affairs 82, no. 1 (January 2006), 21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carvalho, José Murilo de, “Brazil: The Burden of the Past: The Promise of the Future,”Daedalus 129, no. 2 (Spring 2000), 65–68Google Scholar
Hurrell, Andrew, “Brazil: What Kind of Rising State in What Kind of Institutional Order?” in Rising States, Rising Institutions, eds. Alexandroff, Alan S. and Cooper, Andrew F. (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2010), 133Google Scholar
Sotero, Paulo and Armijo, Leslie Elliott, “Brazil: To Be Or Not to Be a BRIC?”Asian Perspective 31, no. 4 (October 2007), 46Google Scholar
Fishlow, Albert, Starting Over: Brazil Since 1985 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), 164–165Google Scholar
Jesus, Diego Santos Vieira de, “Building Trust and Flexibility: A Brazilian View of the Fuel Swap with Iran,”The Washington Quarterly 34, no. 2 (Spring 2011), 62Google Scholar
Sweig, Julia E., “A New Global Player,”Foreign Affairs 89, no. 6 (November/December 2010), 179Google Scholar
Narlikar, Amrita, New Powers: How to Become One and How to Manage Them (London: Hurst, 2010), 116–117Google Scholar
Hale, William, Turkish Foreign Policy 1774–2000 (London: Frank Cass, 2000), 118–120Google Scholar
Meral, Ziya and Paris, Jonathan, “Decoding Turkish Foreign Policy Hyperactivity,”Washington Quarterly 33, no. 4 (October 2010), 76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkey, Henry J., “Turkey’s Moment of Inflection,”Survival 52, no. 3 (June–July 2010), 40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pope, Hugh, “Pax Ottomana?”Foreign Affairs 89, no. 6 (November/December 2010), 1662–1663Google Scholar
Akyol, Mustafa, “An Unlikely Trio: Can Iran, Turkey, and the United States Become Allies,”Foreign Affairs 89, no. 5 (September/October 2010), 129Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×