Abe, Hideko. 2004. Lesbian bar talk in Shinjuku, Tokyo. In Okamoto, Shigeko and Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. (eds), Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People: 205–221. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abe, Hideko. 2010. Queer Japanese: Gender and Sexual Identities through Linguistic Practices. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abe, Takahito and Naoki, Sakaguchi. 2002. Tsugaru hōgen washa no sutairu kirikae (Style switching of speakers of Tsugaru dialect). Handai Shakai Gengogaku Kenkyū Nōto (Ōsaka University Sociolinguistics Research Notes) 4: 12–27.Google Scholar

Agha, Asif. 2003. The social life of cultural value. Language & Communication 23(3/4): 231–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agha, Asif. 2005. Voice, footing, and enregisterment. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15(1): 38–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agha, Asif. 2007. Language and Social Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Agha, Asif. 2010. Recycling mediatized personae across participation frameworks. Pragmatics and Society 1(2): 311–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agha, Asif. 2011. Meet mediatization. Language & Communication 31(3): 163–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ahearn, Laura. 2001. Language and agency. Annual Review of Anthropology 30: 109–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, Mark. 2009. Japan and the Specter of Imperialism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Ariizumi, Yukari. 2007. Bunmatsu keishiki no jendaa ga washa ni tsuite no inshō ni oyobosu eikyō (Influence of gendered sentence ending forms on impressions of the speaker). Shakaigengokagaku (The Japanese Journal of Language in Society) 9(2): 3–16.Google Scholar

Asahi, Yoshiyuki. 2007. Kazoku de keigo o tsukau beki ka (Should honorifics be used among family members?). In Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (eds). “Shin-Kotoba” Shiriizu 21: Watashitachi to Keigo (“New-Language” Series 21: Honorifics and Us): 70-71. Tōkyō: Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo.Google Scholar

Auer, Peter, Hinskens, Frans, and Kerswill, Paul. 2005. Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Backhaus, Peter. 2009. Politeness in institutional elderly care in Japan: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Politeness Research 5: 53–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Backhaus, Peter. 2010. Time to get up: Compliance-gaining in a Japanese eldercare facility. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 20(1): 69–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M.M. Bakhtin. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Bakhtin, Mikhail M. (tr. Holquist, Michael, and Emerson, Caryl). 1986. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Bardsley, Jan. 2011. The oyaji gets a makeover: Guides for Japanese salarymen in the new millenium. In Bardsley, Jan and Miller, Laura (eds), Manners and Mischief: Gender, Power, and Etiquette in Japan: 114–135. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barshay, Andrew E. 2004. The Social Sciences in Modern Japan: The Marxian and Modernist Traditions. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Bauman, Richard and Briggs, Charles L.. 2003. Voices of Modernity: Language Ideologies and the Politics of Inequality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Becker, George J. 1980. Realism in Modern Japanese Literature. New York: Frederick Unger Publishing Co.Google Scholar

Befu, Harumi. 2001. Hegemony of Homogeneity: An Anthropological Analysis of "Nihonjinron". Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press.Google Scholar

Bell, Allan and Gibson, Andy. 2011. Staging language: An introduction to the sociolinguistics of performance. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(5): 555–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benwell, Bethan. 2014. Language and masculinity. In Ehrlich, Susan, Meyerhoff, Miriam, and Holmes, Janet (eds), The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality (2nd edition): 240–259. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berry, Mary Elizabeth. 2006. Japan in Print: Information and Nation in the Early Modern Period. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Besnier, Niko. 2009. Gossip and the Everyday Production of Politics. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bhowmik, Davinder L. 2008. Writing Okinawa: Narrative Acts of Identity and Resistance. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Black, Maria and Coward, Rosalind. 1990/1981. Linguistics, social and sexual relations: A review of Dale Spender’s Man Made Language. In Cameron, Deborah (ed), The Feminist Critique of Language: A Reader: 111–133. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Blom, Jan-Petter and Gumperz, John J.. 1972. Social meaning in linguistic structures: Codeswitching in Norway. In Gumperz, John and Hymes, Dell (eds), Directions in Sociolinguistics: 407–434. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston.Google Scholar

Blommaert, Jan. 2005. Discourse: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blommaert, Jan and Verschueren, Jef. 1998. The role of language in European nationalist ideologies. In Shieffelin, Bambi B., Woolard, Kathryn A., and Kroskrity, Paul V. (eds), Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory: 189–210. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bohn, Mariko and Matsumoto, Yoshiko. 2008. Young women in the Meiji period as linguistic trendsetters. Gender and Language 2: 51–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. The economics of exchanges. Social Science Information 16: 645–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Boyer, Henri. 1999. Looking at the sociolinguistic situation of the Occitan region: End of language shift? Plurilinguismes 17: 133–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Briggs, Charles L. 1998. “You’re a liar–You’re just like a woman!”: Constructing dominant ideologies of language in Warao men’s gossip. In Schieffelin, Bambi B., Woolard, Kathryn A., and Kroskrity, Paul V. (eds), Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory: 229–255. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, Becky. 2003. Code-convergent borrowing in Louisiana French. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(1): 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen C.. 1987/1978. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, Roger and Gilman, Albert. 1960. The pronouns of power and solidarity. American Anthropologist 4 (6): 24–39.Google Scholar

Brunot, Ferdinand. 1927. Histoire de la langage français des origine à 1900. Paris: Librairie Armand Colin. (Also available online: gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5843550k/f12.image, last accessed September 15, 2013).Google Scholar

Bucholtz, Mary. 1999. You da man: Narrating the racial other in the production of white masculinity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3/4: 443–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bucholtz, Mary. 2003. Sociolinguistic nostalgia and the authentication of identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(3): 398–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bucholtz, Mary. 2009. From stance to style: Gender, interaction, and indexicality in Mexican immigrant youth slang. In Jaffe, Alexandra (ed), Stance: Sociolinguistic Perspectives: 146–170. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bucholtz, Mary. 2014. The feminist foundations of language, gender, and sexuality research. In Ehrlich, Susan, Meyerhoff, Miriam, and Holmes, Janet (eds), The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality (2nd edition): 24–47. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar

Bucholtz, Mary and Hall, Kira (eds). 1995. Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Bucholtz, Mary and Hall, Kira. 2004. Theorizing identity in language and sexuality research. Language in Society 33(4): 469–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bucholtz, Mary and Hall, Kira. 2005. Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4–5): 585–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bucholtz, Mary and Lopez, Qiuana. 2011. Performing blackness, forming whiteness: Linguistic minstrelsy in Hollywood film. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(5): 680–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bunkachō, . 1954. Dai2-ki Kokugo Shingikai: Hyōjungo no Tame ni (Bukai Hōkoku) (Subcommittee Report to the 2^nd Kokugo Shingikai: For the Sake of the Standard Language). www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/joho/kakuki/02/bukai03/01.html, last accessed February 17, 2014.Google Scholar

Bunka Shingikai (Kokugo Bunkakai). 2007. Keigo no Shishin (Guidance on Keigo). (www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/bunkasingi/pdf/keigo_tousin.pdf, last accessed September 18, 2007).Google Scholar

Bunkachō (Agency for Cultural Affairs). 1950. Kokugo Mondai Yōryō (An Outline of National Language Issues). (www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/joho/kakuki/01/tosin01/, last accessed September 19, 2012).Google Scholar

Bunkachō (Agency for Cultural Affairs). 1952. Kokugo Shingikai Hōkokusho, Kore kara no Keigo (National Language Council Report, Honorifics Henceforth). Tōkyō: Monbushō.Google Scholar

Bunkachō (Agency for Cultural Affairs) (ed). 1996a. Atarashii Jidai ni ōjita Kokugo Shisaku ni tsuite: Dai20-ki Kokugo Shingikai (Shingi Keika Hōkoku) (National Language Policies for A New Age: Interim Report of the 20th Kokugo Shingikai). Tōkyō: Bunkachō.Google Scholar

Bunkachō (Agency for Cultural Affairs). 1996b. Keigo no mondai (Issues concerning honorifics). In Bunkachō (ed), Kokugo Shingikai Hōkokusho 20 (National Language Council Report 20): 300–304. Tōkyō: Ōkurashō Insatsukyoku.Google Scholar

Bunkachō (Agency for Cultural Affairs). 2000. Kokugo Shingikai Tōshin, Gendai-shakai ni Okeru Keii-hyōgen (National Language Council Report, Expressions of Respect in Today’s Society). Tōkyō: BunkachōGoogle Scholar

Bunkachō (Agency for Cultural Affairs). 2005. Heisei 16-nendo “Kokugo ni kansuru Yoron-chōsa” no Kekka ni tsuite (On the Results of the “Public Opinion Survey on Honorifics”). (www.bunka.go.jo/kokugo_nihongo/yoronchousa/h16/kekka.html, last accessed October 27, 2014).Google Scholar

Bunkachō (Agency for Cultural Affairs). 2006. Kokugo ni kansuru Yoron Chōsa: Heisei 17-nendo: Heisei 18-nen 2-gatsu Chōsa: Nihonjin no Keigo Ishiki (Opinion Survey on National Language: 2005 Fiscal Year: February 2006 Survey: Japanese Honorific Consciousness). (www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/yoronchousa/h17/kekka.html, last accessed August 14, 2012).Google Scholar

Butler, Judith. 1991. Imitation and gender insubordination. In Fuss, Diana (ed), Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories: 13–31. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Butler, Judith. 1993. Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of ‘Sex’. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Byon, Andrew Sangpil. 2006. The role of indirectness and honorifics in achieving linguistic politeness in Korean requests. Journal of Politeness Research 2: 247–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cameron, Deborah. 1990. Demythologizing sociolinguistics: Why language does not reflect society. In Joseph, John E. and Taylor, Talbot J. (eds), Ideologies of Language: 79–93. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Cameron, Deborah. 1995. Verbal Hygiene. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Cameron, Deborah. 1997. Performing gender identity: Young men’s talk and the construction of heterosexual masculinity. In Johnson, Sally and Meinhof, Ulrike Hanna (eds), Language and Masculinity: 47–64. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Cameron, Deborah. 2001. Working With Spoken Discourse. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Cameron, Deborah. 2005. Language, gender, and sexuality: Current issues and new directions. Applied Linguistics 26(4): 482–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cameron, Deborah. 2009. Theoretical issues for the study of gender and spoken interaction. In Pichler, Pia and Eppler, Eva (eds), Gender and Spoken Interaction: 1–17. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Cameron, Deborah. 2014. Gender and language ideologies. In Ehrlich, Susan, Meyerhoff, Miriam, and Holmes, Janet (eds), The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality (2nd edition): 281–296. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar

Cameron, Deborah and Kulick, Don. 2003. Language and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carroll, Tessa. 2001. Language Planning and Language Change in Japan. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chamberlain, Basil H. 1895. Essay in Aid of a Grammar and Dictionary of the Luchuan Language. Tōkyō: Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan.Google Scholar

Coates, Jennifer. 2004. Women, Men and Language (3rd edition). London: Pearson Longman.Google Scholar

Cole, Debbie and Pellicer, Regine. 2012. Uptake (un)limited: The mediatization of register shifting in US public discourse. Language in Society 41: 449–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Connell, R. W. 2005. Masculinities (2nd edition). Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Cook, Haruko Minegishi. 1996. The Japanese verbal suffixes as indicators of distance and proximity. In Pütz, Martin and Dirven, Rene (eds), The Construal of Space in Language and Thought: 3–27. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cook, Haruko Minegishi. 1998. Situational meanings of Japanese social deixis: The mixed use of the masu and plain forms. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 8(1): 87–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cook, Haruko Minegishi. 2006. Japanese politeness as an interactional achievement: Academic consultation sessions in Japanese universities. Multilingua 25(3): 269–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cook, Haruko Minegishi. 2008. Style shifts in Japanese academic consultations. In Jones, Kimberly and Ono, Tsuyoshi (eds), Style Shifting in Japanese: 9–38. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cook, Haruko Minegishi. 2011 . Are honorifics polite? Uses of referent honorifics in a Japanese committee meeting. Journal of Pragmatics 43: 3655–3672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copeland, Rebecca. 2005. Mythical bad girls: The corpse, the crone, and the snake. In Miller, Laura and Bardsley, Jan (eds), Bad Girls of Japan: 15–32. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coupland, Nikolas. 2001. Dialect stylization in radio talk. Language in Society 30: 345–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coupland, Nikolas. 2007. Style: Language Variation and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coupland, Nikolas. 2014. Language, society, and authenticity: Themes and perspectives. In Lacoste, Véronique, Leimgruber, Jakob, and Breye, Thiemo (eds), Indexing Authenticity: Sociolinguistic Perspectives: 14–39. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Du Bois, John W. 2007. The stance triangle. In Englebretson, Robert (ed), Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Duchêne, Alexandre and Heller, Monica (eds). 2012. Language in Late Capitalism: Pride and Profit. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dudden, Alexis. 1999. Japan’s engagement with international terms. In Liu, Lydia H. (ed), Tokens of Exchange: The Problem of Translation in Global Circulations: 165–191. Durham: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duke, Benjamin. 2009. The History of Modern Japanese Education: Constructing the National School System, 1872–1890. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar

Dunn, Cynthia Dickel. 2005. Pragmatic functions of humble forms in Japanese ceremonial discourse. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15(2): 213–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dunn, Cynthia Dickel. 2011. Formal forms or verbal strategies? Politeness theory and Japanese business etiquette training. Journal of Pragmatics 43(4): 3643–3654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ebata, Yoshio. 2001. Nihon no aisatsu hyōgen to aisatsu kōdō no chirigengogakuteki kenkyū (Geolinguistic research on Japanese formulaic expressions and behavior). Shakaigengokagaku (The Japanese Journal of Language in Society) 3(2): 27–38.Google Scholar

Eckert, Penelope. 2000. Linguistic Variation as Social Practice. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar

Eckert, Penelope. 2002. Demystifying sexuality and desire. In Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn, Podesva, Robert J., Roberts, Sarah J., and Wong, Andrew (eds), Language and Sexuality: Contesting Meaning in Theory and Practice: 99–110. Stanford: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar

Eckert, Penelope. 2003. Elephants in the room. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(3): 392–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckert, Penelope. 2008. Variation and the indexical field. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(4): 453–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckert, Penelope. 2012. Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 87–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckert, Penelope and McConnell-Ginet, Sally. 1992. Think practically and look locally: Language and gender as community-based practice. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 461–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckert, Penelope and McConnell-Ginet, Sally. 2013. Language and Gender (2nd edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckert, Penelope and Rickford, John R. (eds). 2001. Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Endō, Orie. 1997. Onna no Kotoba no Bunkashi (A Cultural History of Japanese Women’s Language). Tōkyō: Gakuyō Shobō.Google Scholar

Endō, Orie. 2002. Joseigo to yū shisō (The ideology of “women's language”). Kotoba (Word) 23: 40–58.Google Scholar

Endō, Orie. 2006. A Cultural History of Japanese Women’s Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Errington, Joseph. 1992. State speech for peripheral publics. Pragmatics 5(2): 213–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Errington, Joseph. 2001. Colonial linguistics. Annual Review of Anthropology 30: 19–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Essertier, Joseph. 2010. Elegance, propriety, and power in the “modernization” of literary language in Meiji Japan. In Bourdaghs, Michael K. (ed), The Linguistic Turn in Contemporary Japanese Literary Studies: Politics, Language, Textuality: 245–264. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan.Google Scholar

Fabian, Johannes. 1990. Power and Performance: Ethnographic Explorations through Proverbial Wisdom and Theater in Shaba, Zaire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Fairclough, Norman. 2006. Language and Globalization. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Fishman, Pamela. 1983. Interaction: The work women do. In Thorne, Barrie, Kramarae, Cheris, and Henley, Nancy (eds), Language, Gender and Society: 89–102. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar

Foucault, Michel. 1990/1978. The History of Sexuality: Vol. 1 An Introduction. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar

Franks, Heidi. 2002. Identity and script variation: Japanese lesbian and housewife letters to the editor. In Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn, Podesva, Robert J., Roberts, Sarah J. and Wong, Andrew (eds), Language and Sexuality: Contesting Meaning in Theory and Practice: 207–224. Stanford: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar

Fukuda, Takeshi. 2008. Josei wa Hanashikata de 9-wari Kawaru (A Woman [Can] Change 90% [of her persona] by Her Way of Speaking). Tōkyō: Keizaikai Shuppan.Google Scholar

Fukuda, Takeshi. 2012. Hito wa Hanashikata de 9-wari Kawaru (A Person [Can] Change 90% [of his or her persona] by His or Her Way of Speaking). Tōkyō: Keizaikai Shuppan.Google Scholar

Fujimura, Masayuki. 2006. Wakamono sedai no 'otokorashisa' to sono mirai (‘Masculinity’ among youth and its future). In Tsunehisa, Abe, Sumio, Obinata, and Masako, Amano (eds), Danseishi 3: ‘Otokorashisa’ no Gendaishi (Men’s History Vol. 3: The Contemporary History of ‘Masculinity’): 191–227. Tōkyō: Nihon Keizai Hyōronsha.Google Scholar

Fujiwara, Hiroshi. 1977. Kyōiku to hyōjungo, hōgen (Education and Standard Japanese, dialects). In Bunkachō (ed), Kotoba Shiriizu 6: Hyōjungo to Hōgen (Language Series 6: Standard Japanese and Dialects): 87–92. Tōkyō: Bunkachō.Google Scholar

Gal, Susan. 1992. Multiplicity and contention among ideologies: A commentary. Pragmatics 2(3): 445–449.Google Scholar

Gal, Susan. 1995. Language, gender and power: An anthropological review. In Hall, Kira and Bucholtz, Mary (eds), Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self: 169–182. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Gal, Susan. 1998. Multiplicity and contention among language ideologies: A commentary. In Schieffelin, Bambi B, Woolard, Kathryn A, and Kroskrity, Paul V (eds), Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory: 317–331. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gal, Susan. 2005. Language ideologies compared: Metaphors of public/private. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15(1): 23–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gal, Susan. 2012. Sociolinguistic regimes and the management of “diversity.” In Duchêne, Alexandre and Heller, Monica (eds), Language in Late Capitalism: Pride and Profit: 22–42. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Gal, Susan and Irvine, Judith T.. 1995. The boundaries of languages and disciplines: How ideologies construct difference. Social Research 62(4): 967–1001.Google Scholar

Gardy, Philippe and Lafont, Robert. 1981. Diglossia as conflict: The Occitan example. Langages 15(61): 75–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garrett, Paul. 2010. Attitudes to Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kenkyūkai, Gendai Nihongo (ed). 1999. Josei no Kotoba: Shokuba-hen (Women’s Language: The Workplace). Tōkyō: Hitsuji Shobō.Google Scholar

Kenkyūkai, Gendai Nihongo (ed). 2002. Dansei no Kotoba: Shokuba-hen (Men’s Language: The Workplace). Tōkyō: Hitsuji Shobō.Google Scholar

Geyer, Naomi. 2008a. Discourse and Politeness: Ambivalent Face in Japanese. London: Continuum.Google Scholar

Geyer, Naomi. 2008b. Style shift as facework: The use of plain and masu forms in faculty meetings. In Jones, Kimberly and Ono, Tsuyoshi (eds), Style Shifting in Japanese: 39–70. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Giles, Howard and Billings, Andrew. 2004. Assessing language attitudes: Speaker evaluation studies. In Davies, Alan and Elder, Catherine (eds), The Handbook of Applied Linguistics: 187–209. Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gluck, Carol. 2011. The end of elsewhere: Writing modernity now. American Historical Review 116(3): 676–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Henshūbu, Goken (ed). 2008. Shakaijin no Jōshiki Keigo Doriru (Common-sense Honorific Drills for Adults). Tōkyō: Goken.Google Scholar

Gottlieb, Nanette. 1995. Kanji Politics: Language Policy and Japanese Script. London: Kegan Paul International.Google Scholar

Gottlieb, Nanette. 2005. Language and Society in Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gottlieb, Nanette. 2012. Language Policy in Japan: The Challenge of Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Graburn, Nelson H. H., Ertl, John, and Tierney, R. Kenji (eds). 2008. Multiculturalism in the New Japan: Crossing the Boundaries Within. Oxford: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar

Grin, François. 1998. Language policy in multilingual Switzerland: Overview and recent developments. Paper presented at the Cicle de confèrencies sobre politica lingüistica (Cycle of conferences on language policy), Dirrecció general de politico lingüistica (General Directorate for Language Policy), Barcelona, December 4, 1998.Google Scholar

Gumperz, John J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hansen, Kelly J. 2009. A Heteroglossic Theory of Proto-Genbun Itchi in Edo and Early Meiji Writings. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Hawai’i.Google Scholar

Hansen-Thomas, Holly. 2007. Language ideology, citizenship, and identity: The case of modern Germany. Journal of Language and Politics 6(2): 249–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanya, Nobuhiko. 2009. Dekiru Hito no Keigo no Tadashii Tsukaikata (Correct Honorific Usage for Competent People). Tōkyō: Asuka Efu Purodakutsu.Google Scholar

Hara, Kiyoshi. 2005. Regional dialect and cultural development in Japan and Europe. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 175/176: 193–211.Google Scholar

Haugen, Einar. 1966. Dialect, language, nation. American Anthropologist 68(4): 922–935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heinrich, Patrick. 2012. The Making of Monolingual Japan: Language Ideology and Japanese Modernity. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heinrich, Patrick and Galan, Christian (eds). 2011a. Language Life in Japan: Transformations and Prospects. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Heinrich, Patrick and Galan, Christian. 2011b. Modern and late modern perspectives on language life in Japan. In Heinrich, Patrick and Galan, Christian (eds), Language Life in Japan: Transformations and Prospects: 1–13. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar

Heller, Monica. 2011. Paths to Post-Nationalism: A Critical Ethnography of Language and Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hershatter, Gail. 2012. Disquiet in the House of Gender. The Journal of Asian Studies 71(4): 873–894.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hill, Jane H. 1993. Hasta la vista, baby: Anglo Spanish in the American Southwest. Critique of Anthropology 13: 145–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hill, Jane H. 2008. The Everyday Language of White Racism. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hiramoto, Mie. 2010. Dialect contact and change of the northern Japanese plantation immigrants in Hawai’i. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 25(2): 229–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hirataka, Fumiya. 1992. Language-spread policy of Japan. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 95: 93–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hirota, Masaki. 1995. Kindai eriito josei no aidentiti to kokka (Modern era elite women’s identity and the state). In Haruko, Wakita and Hanley, S. B (eds), Jendā no Nihonshi 2: Shutai to Hyōgen, Shigoto to Seikatsu (Japanese History of Gender 2: Subjectivity and Expression, Work and Everyday Life): 199–228. Tōkyō: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppansha.Google Scholar

Holmes, Janet. 1995. Women, Men and Politeness. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Hongō, Yōji. 2008. Zettai Haji o Kakanai Keigo no Tsukaikata: Tsukatte Imasen ka? Tondemonai Keigo o! (Honorific Usage That Will Not Embarrass You: Aren’t You Using Honorifics All Wrong?). Tōkyō: Nihon Bungeisha.Google Scholar

Hongō, Yōji. 2010. Shigoto de Sa ga Tsuku Keigo no Tsukaikata (Honorific Usage that Can Differentiate You from Others at Work). Tōkyō: Bunkasha Bunko.Google Scholar

Hopson, Nathan. 2013. Systems of irresponsibility and Japan’s internal colony. The Asia-Pacific Journal 11, (52/2). (www.academia.edu/6158257/Systems_of_Irresponsibility_and_Japan_s_Internal_Colony, last accessed January 4, 2014).Google Scholar

Horii, Rei’ichi. 1993 . Joseigo no seiritsu (The formation of women’s language). Nihongogaku (Japanese Linguistics) 12: 100–108.Google Scholar

Horii, Rei’ichi. 1995. Ōsaka Kotoba Jiten (Dictionary of Ōsaka Dialect). Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō Shuppan.Google Scholar

Hosotani, Fumiko. 2004. Ōsaka-shi hōgen washa no sutairu kirikae (Style switching of speakers of Ōsaka City dialect). Handai Shakai Gengogaku Kenkyū Nōto (Ōsaka University Sociolinguistics Research Notes) 4: 42–59.Google Scholar

Hoshina, Kōichi. 1936. Kokugo to Nihon Seishin (The National Language and the Japanese Spirit). Tōkyō: Jitsugyō no Nihonsha.Google Scholar

Howell, David L. 1997. The Meiji state and the logic of Ainu “protection.” In Hardacre, Helen and Kern, Adam L (eds), New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan: 612–634. New York: Brill.Google Scholar

Howell, David L. 2004. Making “useful citizens” of Ainu subjects in early twentieth century Japan. Journal of Asian Studies 63(1): 5–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Howell, David L. 2005. Geographies of Identity in Nineteenth-Century Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Hudson, Mutsuko Endo. 2011. Student honorifics usage in conversations with professors. Journal of Pragmatics 43: 3689–3706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ide, Sachiko. 1982. Taigū hyōgen no danjosa (Gender differences in interpersonal expressions). In Kunihiro, Tetsuya (ed), Nichieigo Hikaku Kōza 5: Bunka to Shakai (A Comparative Study of Japanese and English 5: Culture and Society): 105–169. Tōkyō: Taishūkan.Google Scholar

Ide, Sachiko. 1986. The background of Japanese sociolinguistics. Journal of Pragmatics 10: 281–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ide, Sachiko. 1989. Formal forms and discernment: Two neglected aspects of universals of linguistic politeness. Multilingua 8 (2/3): 223–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ide, Sachiko, 2006. Wakimae no Goyōron (Pragmatics of Wakimae). Tōkyō: Taishūkan.Google Scholar

Ide, Sachiko and McGloin, Naomi (eds). 1990. Aspects of Japanese Women's Language. Tōkyō: Kurosio Publishers.Google Scholar

Ide, Sachiko and Yoshida, Megumi. 1999. Sociolinguistics: Honorifics and gender differences. In Tsujimura, Natsuko (ed), The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics: 444–580. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Ikegami, Eiko. 2005. Bonds of Civility: Aesthetic Networks and the Political Origins of Japanese Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ikuta, Shoko. 2008. Speech style shift as an interactional discourse strategy: The use and non-use of desu/-masu in Japanese conversational interviews. In Jones, Kimberly and Ono, Tsuyoshi (eds), Style Shifting in Japanese: 71–90. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Inoue, Fumiko. 2009. Kansai ni okeru hōgen to kyōtsūgo (Dialect and common language in Kansai). Gengo (Language) 38(7): 49–57.Google Scholar

Inoue, Fumio. 1989. Kotobazukai Shinfūkei: Keigo to Hōgen (New Landscape of Language Use: Honorifics and Dialect). Tōkyō: Akiyama Shoten.Google Scholar

Inoue, Fumio. 1998. Nihongo Uotchingu (Watching Japanese). Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar

Inoue, Fumio. 2000. Nihongo no Nedan (The Price of the Japanese Language). Tōkyō: Taishūkan Shoten.Google Scholar

Inoue, Fumio. 2011. Standardization and de-standardization processes in spoken Japanese. In Heinrich, Patrick and Galan, Christian (eds), Language Life in Japan: Transformations and Prospects: 109–123. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar

Inoue, Hisashi. 1986/2002. Kokugo Gannen (The First Year of the National Language). Tōkyō: Chūō Kōronsha.Google Scholar

Inoue, Miyako. 1994. Gender and linguistic modernization: Historicizing Japanese women’s language. In Bucholtz, Mary, Liang, A. C., Sutton, Laurel A., and Hines, Caitlin (eds), Proceedings of the 3rd Berkeley Women and Language Conference: 322–333. Berkeley: University of California, Department of Linguistics, Berkeley Women and Language Group.Google Scholar

Inoue, Miyako. 2002. Gender, language, and modernity: Toward an effective history of Japanese women’s language. American Ethnologist 29(2): 392–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Inoue, Miyako. 2003. The listening subject of Japanese modernity and his auditory double: Citing, sighting, and siting the modern Japanese woman. Cultural Anthropology 18(2): 156–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Inoue, Miyako. 2004. Gender, language, and modernity: Toward an effective history of “Japanese women’s language.” In Okamoto, Shigeko and Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. (eds), Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People: 57–75. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Inoue, Miyako. 2006. Vicarious Language: The Political Economy of Gender and Speech in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Irvine, Judith. 1989. When talk isn’t cheap: language and political economy. American Ethnologist 16: 248–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Irvine, Judith. 1992. Ideologies of honorific languages. Pragmatics 2(3): 251–262.Google Scholar

Irvine, Judith R. and Gal, Susan. 2000. Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In Kroskrity, Paul V. (ed), Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities: 35–83. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press/Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar

Ishiguro, Osamu. 1943. Utsukushii Nihongo (The Beautiful Japanese Language). Tōkyō: Kōfūkan.Google Scholar

Itō, Kazuyuki. 1991. Meiji chūki no kokugo seisaku – “Kokugo Chōsa I’inkai” o megutte (On the language policies in the middle Meiji period: The National Language Research Committee). Shakaigaku Kenkyūka Kiyō (Sociology Bulletin) 33: 1–8.Google Scholar

Itō, Kimio. 2009/1993. Otoko no sei mo mata hitotsu de wa nai (Men’s sex is not singular, either). Nihon no Feminizumu (Feminism in Japan)12: 67–96.Google Scholar

Itō, Kimio. 2009. Hajime ni: Danseigaku no tōjō (Introduction: Emergence of men’s studies). Nihon no Feminizumu (Feminism in Japan) 12: 2–28.Google Scholar

Itō, Mamoru. 2004. The representation of femininity in Japanese television dramas of the 1990s. In Iwabuchi, Koichi (ed), Feeling Asian Modernities:Transnational Consumption of Japanese TV Dramas: 25–42. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar

Iwabuchi, Etsutarō (moderator). 1977. Zadankai: Hyōjungo to hōgen o megutte (Round-table discussion: On Standard Japanese and dialect). In Bunkachō (ed), Kotoba Shiriizu 6: Hyōjungo to Hōgen (Language Series 6: Standard Japanese and Dialect): 6–21. Tōkyō: Bunkachō.Google Scholar

Iwabuchi, Koichi. 1994. Complicit exoticism: Japan and its other. The Australian Journal of Media & Culture 8(2). (wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/readingroom/8.2/Iwabuchi.html, last accessed June 24, 2003).Google Scholar

Iwashita, Noriko. 2010. Shakaijin ni Nattara Kore dake wa Shitte okitai Keigo no Kihon (The Basics of Honorifics You at Least Want to Know When You Become an Adult Member of Society). Tōkyō: Yamato Shobō.Google Scholar

Jaffe, Alexandra. 2012. Introduction: The sociolinguistics of stance. In Jaffe, Alexandra (ed), Stance: Sociolinguistic Perspectives: 3–28. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Jakobson, Roman. 1960. Closing statements: Linguistics and poetics. In Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed), Style In Language: 350–377. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Jansen, Marius B. 2000. The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University.Google Scholar

Jaworski, Adam and Thurlow, Crispin. 2009. Taking an elite stance: Ideology and the discursive production of social distinction. In Jaffe, Alexandra (ed), Stance: Sociolinguistic Perspectives: 195–226. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jespersen, Otto. 1922. Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar

Jinnouchi, Masataka. 1999. Tsugi no yō na bamen de anata ga tsukau kotoba wa? (What words will you use in these situations?). In Kazuyuki, Satō and Masato, Yoneda (eds), Dō Naru Nihon no Kotoba: Hōgen to Kyōtsūgo no Yukue (What Will Happen to the Languages of Japan?: The Future of Dialects and Kyōtsūgo): 135–141. Tōkyō: Taishūkan Shoten.Google Scholar

Jinnouchi, Masataka. 2007. Wakamono sedai no hōgen shiyō (Dialect use among youth). In Takashi, Kobayashi (ed), Shiriizu Hōgengaku: Hōgen no Kinō (Dialectology Series: The Functions of Dialects): 27–65. Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar

Johnstone, Barbara. 2013. Indexing the local. In Coupland, Nikolas (ed), The Handbook of Language and Globalization: 386–405. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Josei no Seikatsu Manā Kenkyūkai (eds). 2001 . Utsukushii Kaiwa no Kotsu no Kotsu: Sukareru Hito wa Mazu Hanashikata ga Chigau (The Tricks of the Knack of Beautiful Conversation: Popular People's Conversations are, First and Foremost, Distinctive). Tōkyō: KK Besuto Serāzu.Google Scholar

Jugaku, Akiko. 1979. Nihongo to Onna (The Japanese Language and Women). Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar

Kajiwara, Shigeru. 2010. Keigoryoku no Kihon: Kanjin na Tokoro wa Dare mo Oshiete Kurenai 72 no Tekunikku (The Basics of Effective Honorifics: Seventy-two Techniques on the Key Points that No One Will Teach You). Tōkyō: Nihon Jitsugyō Shuppansha.Google Scholar

Kanba, Wataru. 2006. “Naze ka Sukareru Josei” no Hanashikata no Rūru. (Rules of Speaking of Women who are Likable for Some Reason). Tōkyō: Seishun Shuppansha.Google Scholar

Karatani, Kōjin (tr. Brett de Bary). 1993. Origins of Modern Japanese Literature. Durham: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Takehiko, Kariya. 2010. From credential society to “learning capital” society. In Ishida, Hiroshi and Slater, David H. (eds), Social Class in Contemporary Japan: Structures, Sorting and Strategies: 87–113. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Katō, Kazuo. 2001. Shi o mukaeru kotoba: Shōmetsu no kiki ni hinshita hōgen (Words facing death: Dialects on the verge of extinction). Nihongogaku (Japanese Language Studies) 20(6): 26–36.Google Scholar

Keenan [Ochs], Elinor. 1974. Norm-makers, norm-breakers: Uses of speech by men and women in a Malagasy community. In Bauman, Richard and Sherzer, Joel (eds), Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking: 125–143. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kibe, Nobuko. 1999. Kyōtsūgo tte honto ni yoi yokoba na no? (Is kyōtsūgo really a good language?). In Kazuyuki, Satō and Masato, Yoneda (eds), Dō Naru Nihon no Kotoba: Hōgen to Kyōtsūgo no Yukue (What Will Happen to Languages of Japan?: The Future of Dialects and Kyōtsūgo): 70–74. Tōkyō: Taishūkan Shoten.Google Scholar

Kibe, Nobuko. 2013. Jadde Hōgen na Omoshitoka (Because Dialects are Interesting). Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar

Kida, Mariko. 2003. The use of Standard and Nonstandard (Ōsaka) Linguistic Forms in Japanese Conversation. Unpublished paper.Google Scholar

Kiesling, Scott F. 2002. Playing the straight man: Displaying and maintaining male heterosexuality in discourse. In Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn, Podesva, Robert J., Roberts, Sarah J. and Wong, Andrew (eds), Language and Sexuality: Contesting Meaning in Theory and Practice: 249–266. Stanford: CSLI.Google Scholar

Kiesling, Scott F. 2005. Homosocial desire in men’s talk: Balancing and re-creating cultural discourses of masculinity. Language in Society 34(5): 695–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kiesling, Scott F. 2007. Men, masculinities, and language. Language and Linguistics Compass 1(6): 653–673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kiesling, Scott F. 2011. Masculinities, desire, and discourse. Gender and Language 5(2): 213–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kijima, Yoshimasa. 2009. ‘Otokorashisa’ no sōchaku: Hosuto kurabu ni okeru jendā disupurei (Wearing ‘masculinity’: Gender displays at host clubs). In Shinji, Miyadai, Izumi, Tsuji, and Takayuki, Okai (eds), ‘Otokorashi’ no Kairaku: Popyurā Karuchā kara Mita Sono Jittai (The Pleasures of ‘Masculinity’: The Reality as Seen from Popular Culture): 137–168. Tōkyō: Keisō Shobō.Google Scholar

Kikuchi, Yasuto. 1994. Keigo (Honorifics). Tōkyō: Kadokawa Shoten.Google Scholar

Kikuchi, Yūhō. 1969/1903. Chikyōdai (Foster Sisters). In Shigeki, Senuma (ed), Meiji Katei Shōsetsu Shū (Collection of Meiji Domestic Novels): 89–240. Tōkyō: Chikuma Shobō.Google Scholar

Kikuzawa, Sueo. 1929. Fujin no kotoba no tokuchō ni tsuite (On the characteristics of women’s language). Kokugo Kyōiku (National Language Education) 14(3): 66–75.Google Scholar

Kim, Alan Hyun-Oak. 2014. Metafa–Taikei to shite no Keigo: Nihongo ni okeru sono Shihai Genri (Grammatical Encoding of Politeness: A Systemic Metaphorization of Japanese Honorifics). Tōkyō: Akashi Shoten.Google Scholar

Kinase, Takashi. 2001. Ainu ‘suibō’ ron no shosō to kindai nihon (Various aspects of the theory of Ainu extinction). In Tōru, Shinohara (ed), Kindai Nihon no Tashazō to Jigazō (Modern Japan: Self-Portraits and Views from Outside): 54–84. Tōkyō: Kashiwa Shobō.Google Scholar

Kindaichi, Kyōsuke. 1942. Kokugo Kenkyū (A Study of the National Language). Tōkyō: Yakumo Shorin.Google Scholar

Kinsui, Satoshi. 2003. Vācharu Nihongo: Yakuwarigo no Nazo (Virtual Japanese: The Mysteries of Role Language). Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar

Kinsui, Satoshi. 2006 . Nihongo Sonzai Hyōgen no Rekishi (The History of Japanese Expressions of Being). Tōkyō: Hitsuji Shobō.Google Scholar

Kinsui, Satoshi. (ed). 2007. Yakuwarigo Kenkyū no Chihei (The Horizon for Role Language Research). Tōkyō: Kurosio Publishers.Google Scholar

Kinsui, Satoshi. 2010. ‘Otoko kotoba’ no rekishi (A history of men’s language). In Nakamura, Momoko (ed), Jendā de Manabu Gengogaku (Studying Linguistics through Gender): 35–49. Tōkyō: Sekaishisōsha.Google Scholar

Kinsui, Satoshi. (ed). 2011. Yakuwarigo Kenkyū no Tenkai (Developments in Role Language Research). Tōkyō: Kurosio Publishers.Google Scholar

Kinsui, Satoshi. 2014. Fikushon no gengo to hōgen (The language of fiction and dialect). In Satoshi, Kinsui, Yukari, Tanaka, and Minako, Okamuro (eds), Dorama to Hōgen no Atarashii Kankei: “Kānēshon” kara “Yae no Sakura”, Soshite “Ama-chan” e (The New Relationship of Dramas and Dialect: From “Carnation” to Yae’s Cherry [Tree]” and “Ama-chan”): 11–21. Tōkyō: Kasama Shoin.Google Scholar

Kitadate, Sei’ichirō. 2012. Keigo no Gimon ga Subete Tokeru Hon (A Book that Answers All Questions about Honorifics). Tōkyō: Bungeisha.Google Scholar

Kitamura, Aya. 2009 Nihon Josei wa Doko ni Iru no ka?: Imeeji to Aidentiti no Seiji (Where is the Japanese Woman? The Politics of Image and Identity). Tōkyō: Keisō Shobō.Google Scholar

Kobayashi, Chigusa. 2007. Onna Kotoba wa Doko e Kieta ka (Where Has Women’s Language Gone?). Tōkyō: Kōbunsha.Google Scholar

Kobayashi, Takashi. 1996. Gendai-hōgen no tokushitsu (The special nature of contemporary dialects). In Takashi, Kobayashi, Kōichi, Shinozaki, and Takuichiro, Ōnishi (eds), Hōgen no Genzai (The Current State of Dialects): 3–17. Tōkyō: Meiji Shoin.Google Scholar

Kobayashi, Takashi. 2004. Akusesarii to shite no gendai hōgen (Today’s dialects as accessories). Shakaigengokagaku (The Japanese Journal of Language in Society) 7(1): 105–107.Google Scholar

Kobayashi, Takashi. 2007. Hōgen kinōron e no sasoi (Invitation to dialect function theory). In Takashi, Kobayashi (ed), Shiriizu Hōgengaku: Hōgen no Kinō (Dialectology Series: The Functions of Dialects): v–xiii. Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar

Kobayashi, Takashi and Kōichi, Shinozaki (eds). 2003. Gaidobukku: Hōgen Kenkyū (Guidebook: Dialect Research). Tōkyō: Hitsuji Shobō.Google Scholar

Kenkyūjo, Kokugakuin Daigaku Nihon Bunka (eds). 1996. Tōkyōgo no Yukue: Edogo kara Tōkyōgo, Tōkyōgo kara Sutandādo Nihongo e (The [Past and] Future of the Tōkyō Variety [of Japanese]: From the Edo Variety to the Tōkyō Variety, from the Tōkyō Variety to Standard Japanese). Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō Shuppan.Google Scholar

Kenkyūjo, Kokuritsu Kokugo. 1957. Keigo to Keigo Ishiki (Honorifics and Honorific Consciousness). Kokugo Kenkyūjo Hōkokusho, 11. Tōkyō: Kokuritsu Insatsukyoku.Google Scholar

Kenkyūjo, Kokuritsu Kokugo. 1983. Keigo to Keigo Ishiki: Okazaki ni okeru 20-nen go no Hikaku (Socio- Psychological Survey on Japanese Polite Expression: After 20 Years from the Preceding Survey in Okazaki City [Aichi Prefecture]). Tōkyō: Sanseidō.Google Scholar

Kenkyūjo, Kokuritsu Kokugo. 2007.“Shin-Kotoba” Shiriizu 21: Watashitachi to Keigo (“New-Language” Series 21: Honorifics and Us). Tōkyō: Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo.Google Scholar

Komori, Yōichi. 1988. Buntai to shite no Monogatari (The Tale as a Literary Style). Tōkyō: Chikuma Shobō.Google Scholar

Komori, Yōichi. 2000. Nihongo no Kindai (The Japanese Language in Modern Times) (2nd edition). Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar

Kornicki, Peter. 2001. The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar

Koyama, Shizuko. 1991. Ryōsai kenbo to iu Kihan (Good Wife and Wise Mother as a Norm). Tōkyō: Keisō Shoten.Google Scholar

Koyama, Wataru. 2003. Language and Its Double: A Critical History of Dialects, Languages, and Metalanguages in Japan. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Chicago.Google Scholar

Koyama, Wataru. 2004. The linguistic ideologies of modern Japanese honorifics and the historic reality of modernity. Language and Communication 24: 413–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kroskrity, Paul V. 2000. Regimenting languages: Language ideological perspectives. In Kroskrity, Paul V. (ed), Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities: 1–34. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press/Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar

Kulick, Don. 1993. Speaking as a woman: Structure and gender in domestic arguments in a Papua New Guinean village. Cultural Anthropology 8(3): 99–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kumagai, Shigeko. 2011. Tohoku dialects as a speech of rednecks: Language crossing in Japanese TV programs. A Collection of Papers in Humanities Division at Shizuoka University 61: 153–169.Google Scholar

Kumagai, Shigeko. 2012. Naze, kyōtsūgo washa ga hōgen o mochiiru no ka: Mediayō Tōhoku-ben ga tsukuridasu imeeji (Why do common language speakers use dialect: Images that mediatized Tōhoku dialect constructs). Kenkyūshi Kotoba (Research Journal Word) 33: 20–34.Google Scholar

Kumagai, Shigeko and Okamoto, Shigeko. 2013. Meanings of Stereotypical Media Representations of a Stigmatized Japanese Regional Dialect: Implications for L2 Teaching. Paper presented at the American Association for Applied Linguistics Annual Conference, Dallas, TX, March, 2013.Google Scholar

Kumagai, Tomoko. 2007. “Keigo” no imēji wa “desu – masu”-chō? (Is the image of “honorifics” a “desu, -masu” style?). In Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (ed), ”Shin-Kotoba” Shiriizu 21: Watashitachi to Keigo (“New-Language” Series 21: Honorifics and Us): 72–73. Tōkyō: Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo.Google Scholar

Kurazumi, Yūko. 2008. Kindai joshi dōtoku kyōiku no rekishi (A history of ethics education for modern women). Tōkyō Daigaku Daigakuin Kyōikugaku Kenkyūka Kenkyūshitsu Kiyō (Research Journal of the Department of Education at the University of Tōkyō) 34: 49–57.Google Scholar

Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Lakoff, Robin. 1975. Language and Woman’s Place. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Lambert, William. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, Robert C., and Fillenbaum, Samuel. 1960. Evaluational reactions to spoken language. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60(1): 44–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Land, Victoria and Kitzinger, Celia. 2005. Speaking as a lesbian: Correcting the heterosexist presumption. Research on Language and Social Interaction 38(4):371–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lauwereyns, Shizuka. 2002. Hedges in Japanese conversation: The influence of age, sex, and formality. Language Variation and Change 14(2): 239–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lavandera, Beatriz R. 1978. Where does the linguistic variable stop? Language in Society 7(2): 171–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

LeBlanc, Robin M. 2012. Lessons from the ghost of salaryman past: The global costs of the breadwinner imaginary. The Journal of Asian Studies 71(4): 857–871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, Soo Im, Murphy-Shigematsu, Stephen, and Befu, Harumi (eds). 2006. Japan’s Diversity Dilemmas: Ethnicity, Citizenship, and Education. New York: iUniverse Inc.Google Scholar

Lee, Yeounsuk. 1996. Kokugo to iu Shisō (The Ideology of “the National Language”). Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar

Lee, Yeounsuk. 1997. Yanagita Kunio to ‘kokugo’ (Yanagita Kunio and ‘national language’). In Katsuhiko, Tanaka, Naoshi, Yamawaki, and Keisuke, Kasuya (eds), Gengo, Kokka, soshite Kenryoku (Language, State, and Power): 106–130. Tōkyō: Shinseisha.Google Scholar

LePage, Robert B. and Tabouret-Keller, Andree. 1985. Acts of Identity: Creole-based Approaches to Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Levon, Erez. 2012. The voice of others: Identity, alterity and gender normativity among gay men in Israel. Language in Society 41: 187–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levy, Indra. 2006. Sirens of the Western Shore: The Westernesque Femme Fatale, Translation, and Vernacular Style in Modern Japanese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lieberson, Stanley. 2009. Procedures for improving sociolinguistic surveys of language maintenance and language shift. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 1980(25):11–27.Google Scholar

Lippi-Green, Rosina. 2012. English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in The United States (2nd edition). London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Long, Daniel. 1996. Quasi-standard as a linguistic concept. American Speech 71: 118–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Long, Daniel. 1999. Hōgen ninchi chizu ni mirareru jimoto hōgen no aidentiti (Home dialect identities as seen in perceptual dialect maps). In Hiroshi, Shōji (ed), Kotoba no 20 Seiki (Language in the 20th Century): 194–207. Tōkyō: Domesu Publishers.Google Scholar

Lunsing, Wim and Maree, Claire. 2004. Shifting speakers: Negotiating reference in relation to sexuality and gender. In Okamoto, Shigeko and Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. (eds), Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People: 92–109. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Machi, Hiromitsu. 2004 . Amami shotō hōgen no sedaikan hen’yō (Generational variation in Amami Islands dialect). Shakaigengokagaku (The Japanese Journal of Language in Society) 7(1): 75–83.Google Scholar

Maeda, Ai. 1993. Kindai Dokusha no Seiritsu (The Establishment of the Modern Reader). Tōkyō: Chikuma Shobō.Google Scholar

Maeda, Isamu. 1977. Ōsakaben (Ōsaka Dialect). Tōkyo: Asahi Shinbunsha.Google Scholar

Maegaard, Marie, Jensen, Torben Juel, Kristiansen, Tore, and Jorgensen, Jens Normann. 2013. Diffusion of language change: Accommodation to a moving target. Journal of Sociolinguistics 17(1): 3–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maher, John C. 2001. Akor itak – Our language, your language: Ainu in Japan. In Fishman, Joshua A. (ed), Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? Reversing Language Shift, Revisited: A 21st Century Perspective: 323–349. Buffalo: Multilingual Matters Ltd.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maher, John C. and Macdonald, Gaynor (eds). 1995. Diversity in Japanese Culture and Language. London: Kegan Paul International.Google Scholar

Maher, John C. and Yashiro, Kyoko. 1995. Multilingual Japan. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Mæhlum, Brit. 1996. Codeswitching in Hemnesberget – Myth or reality? Journal of Pragmatics 25: 749–761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Makino, Seiichi. 2002. When does communication turn mentally inward? A case study of Japanese formal-to-informal switching. In Akatsuka, Noriko and Strauss, Susan (eds), Japanese/Korean Linguistics 10: 121–135. Stanford: Center for Studies of Language and Information.Google Scholar

Marcellesi, Jean-Baptiste. 1979. Some problems of cultural hegemony in France: National and regional languages. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 21: 63–80.Google Scholar

Maree, Claire. 2011. Crossing into Print – Writing Queerness/Reinforcing Heteronormative Beauty in Self-help Manuals. Paper presented at the 2011 International Pragmatics Conference, Manchester, England.Google Scholar

Maree, Claire. 2013. ‘Onee kotoba’-ron (A Theory of ‘Onee Language’). Tōkyō: Seidosha.Google Scholar

Mashimo, Saburō. 1948. Fujingo no kenkyū (A Study of Women’s Language). Tōkyō: Tōa Shuppansha.Google Scholar

Matsumoto, David. 1996. Unmasking Japan: Myths and Realities about the Emotions of the Japanese. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Matsumoto, Yoshiko. 1989. Politeness and conversational universals – Observations from Japanese. Multilingua 82(2–3): 207–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Matsumoto, Yoshiko. 1996. Does less feminine speech in Japanese mean less femininity? In Warner, Natasha, Ahlers, Jocelyn, Bilmes, Leela, Oliver, Monica, Wertheim, Suzanne, and Chen, Melinda (eds), Gender and Belief Systems: Proceedings of the 4th Berkeley Women and Language Conference: 455–467. Berkeley: Berkeley Women and Language Group.Google Scholar

Matsushita, Daizaburō. 1924. Hyōjun Nihon Bunpō (Standard Japanese Grammar). Tōkyō: Kigensha.Google Scholar

Maynard, Senko. 1991. Pragmatics of discourse modality: A case of da and desu/masu forms in Japanese. Journal of Pragmatics 15–16: 551–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maynard, Senko. 1993. Discourse Modality: Subjectivity, Emotion, and Voice in the Japanese Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maynard, Senko. 2004. Danwa Gengogaku. (Discourse Linguistics). Tōkyō: Kurosio.Google Scholar

McConnell-Ginet, Sally. 2011. Gender, Sexuality, and Meaning: Linguistic Practice and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

McElhinny, Bonnie. 2002. Language, sexuality and political economy. In Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn, Podesva, Robert J., Roberts, Sarah J., and Wong, Andrew (eds), Language and Sexuality: Contesting Meaning in Theory and Practice: 111–134. Stanford: CSLI.Google Scholar

McElhinny, Bonnie. 2014. Theorizing gender in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology: Towards effective interventions in gender inequity. In Ehrlich, Susan, Meyerhoff, Miriam, and Holmes, Janet (eds), The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality, 2nd edition: 48–66. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mesthrie, Rajend. 2000. Critical sociolinguistics: Approaches to language and power. In Mesthrie, Rajend, Swann, Joan, Deumert, Ana and Leap, William L. (eds), Introducing Sociolinguistics: 316–353. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Miyake, Kaho. 1971/1888. Yabu no Uguisu (Songbirds in the Grove). Tōkyō: Chūō Kōronsha. Aozora Bunko (www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000802/card46650.html, accessed December 1, 2014).Google Scholar

Milani, Tommaso. 2014. Queering masculinities. In Ehrlich, Susan, Meyerhoff, Miriam, and Holmes, Janet (eds), The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexaulity (2nd edition): 260–278. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miller, Laura. 1989. The Japanese language and honorific speech: Is there a Nihongo without keigo? Penn Linguistics Review 13: 38–46.Google Scholar

Miller, Laura. 2003. Male beauty work in Japan. In Roberson, James E. and Suzuki, Nobue (eds), Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan: Dislocating the Salaryman Doxa: 37–58. London: Routledge Curzon.Google Scholar

Mills, Sara and Mullany, Louise. 2011. Language and Feminism: Theory, Methodology and Practice. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milroy, James. 2001. Language ideologies and the consequences of standardization. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5(4): 530–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milroy, James and Milroy, Lesley 1999. Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English (3rd edition). Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge.Google Scholar

Milroy, Lesley. 2000. Britain and the United States: Two nations divided by the same language (and different language ideologies). Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 10: 56–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Minami, Fujio. 1987. Keigo (Honorifics). Tōkyō: Iwanami Shinsho.Google Scholar

Miyake, Yoshimi (1995). A dialect in the face of the standard: A Japanese case study. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: 217–225. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society, Linguistics Department, University of California, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miyaji, Yutaka. 1971. Gendai no keigo (Contemporary keigo). In Toshiki, Tsujimura, Kazuo, Kasuga, Muneaki, Morino, Mitsuaki, Sakurai, Hisao, Komatsu, and Yutaka, Miyaji (eds), Kōza Kokugoshi 5: Keigoshi (Series on the History of National Language 5: The History of Keigo): 367–425. Tōkyō: Taishūkan Shoten.Google Scholar

Miyajima, Tatsuo. 1977. Gengo seisaku no rekishi (The history of language policy). In Yasuyuki, Suzuki (ed), Kokugo Kokuji Mondai no Riron (Theories of National Language and National Writing Issues): 7–19. Tōkyō: Mugi Shobō.Google Scholar

Miyajima, Tatsuo. 1999. Gengo seisakushi kenkyū (Research on the history of language policy). Shakaigengokagaku (The Japanese Journal of Language in Society) 2(1): 82–88.Google Scholar

Miyazaki, Ayumi. 2004. Japanese junior high school girls’ and boys’ first-person pronoun use and their social world. In Okamoto, Shigeko and Shibamoto Smith, Janet S (eds), Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People: 92–109. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Mizumoto, Terumi. 2006. Terebi dorama to jisshakai ni okeru josei bunmatsushi shiyō no zure ni miru jendā firuta (The gender filter as seen in discrepancies in women’s use of sentence-final forms in television dramas vs. real society). Nihongo Jendā Gakkai (ed), Nihongo to Jendā (Japanese Language and Gender): 73–94. Tōkyō: Hitsuji Shobō.Google Scholar

Mizumoto, Terumi, Sugako, Fukumori, and Kyōko, Takada. 2008. Dorama ni tsukawareru josei bunmatsushi: Kyakuhonka no ishiki chōsa (Feminine sentence-final particles used in Japanese TV dramas: A survey on scriptwriters’ consciousness). Nihongo to Jendā (Journal of the Society for Gender Studies in Japanese) 8: 11–26.Google Scholar

Monbushō, (Ministry of Education, Science and Culture). 1947. Gakushū Shidō Yōryō, Kokugokahen (Government Curriculum Guidelines, Language), Chapter 3 Section 3. (www.nier.go.jp/guideline/s22ejj/index.htm, last accessed September 25, 2012).Google Scholar

Monbushō, 1951. Shōgakkō Gakushū Shidō Yōryō, Kokugokahen (Government Curriculum Guidelines for Elementary School, Language), Chapter 3. (www.nier.go.jp/guideline/s26eja/index.htm, last accessed September 25, 2012).Google Scholar

Morford, Janet. 1997. Social indexicality in French pronominal address. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 7(1): 3–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mori, Yōko. 1985. Kekkonshiki (Wedding). Tōkyō: Shinchō Bunko.Google Scholar

Murakami, Nobuhiko. 1970. Joseishi kenkyū no kadai to tenbō.(Themes and prospects in Japanese women’s history research). Shisō (Ideas) 549: 83–95.Google Scholar

Myers-Scotton, Carol. 2002. Contact Linguistics: Bilingual Encounters and Grammatical Outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nagahara, Keiji and Yamamura, Kozo. 1988. Shaping the process of unification: Technological progress in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Japan. Journal of Japanese Studies 14(1): 77–109.Google Scholar

Nagasaki, Kazunori. 2004. Tadashii Keigo no Tsukaikata (How to Use Honorifics Correctly). Tōkyō: PHP Bunko.Google Scholar

Nakai, Sei’ichi. 2005. Hōgen no keigo: Nihongo keigo no chi’ikisei (Dialect honorifics: The regionality of Japanese honorifics). Nihongogaku (Japanese Linguistics) 24:110–123.Google Scholar

Nakamoto, Masachie. 1982. Tōkyō bunka to Okinawa bunka (Tōkyō [discourse] culture and Okinawan [discourse] culture). Gengo (Language) 11(8): 41–47.Google Scholar

Nakamura, Momoko. 2001. Kotoba to Jendā (Language and Gender). Tōkyō: Keisō Shobō.Google Scholar

Nakamura, Momoko. 2004. Discursive construction of the ideology of “women’s language”: “Schoolgirl language” in the Meiji Period (1968–1912). Nature-People-Society: Science and the Humanities 36: 43–80.Google Scholar

Nakamura, Momoko. 2005. Construction of “Men’s National Language” in Japan (1868–1926). Nature-People-Society: Science and the Humanities 36: 91–123.Google Scholar

Nakamura, Momoko. 2007a. “Onnakotoba” wa Tsukurareru (“Women’s Language” is Constructed). Tōkyō: Hitsuji Shobō.Google Scholar

Nakamura, Momoko. 2007b. Sei to Nihongo: Kotoba ga Tsukuru Onna to Otoko (Sex and the Japanese Language: Women and Men Constructed by Language). Tōkyō: NHK Shuppan Kyōkai.Google Scholar

Nakamura, Momoko. 2014a. Gender, Language and Ideology: A Genealogy of Japanese Women’s Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nakamura, Momoko. 2014b. Historical discourse approach to Japanese Women’s language: Ideology, indexicality, and metalanguage. In Ehrlich, Susan, Meyerhoff, Miriam, and Holmes, Janet (eds), The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality (2nd edition): 378–395. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nakamura, Shun’u. 1928/1901. Ichijiku (A Fig). In Kaizōsha (ed), Rekishi Katei Shōsetsu Shū (Collected Historical and Domestic Novels): 358–450. Tōkyō: Kaizōsha.Google Scholar

Nakamura, Takayasu 2003. Educational aspirations and the warming-up/cooling-down process: A comparative study between Japan and South Korea. Social Science Japan Journal 6(2): 199–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nakanishi, Tarō. 2008. “Aisatsu” ni okeru gengo unyōjō no taigū kankei ha’aku (The cognition of social relationships observed through colloquial greeting expressions). Shakaigengokagaku (The Japanese Journal of Language in Society) 11(1): 76–90.Google Scholar

Nakayama, Kenjiro. 1982. Yamaguchi-ken no hōgen (The dialect of Yamaguchi prefecture). In Ki’ichi, Iitoyo, Sukezumi, Hino, and Ryōichi, Satō (eds), Kōza Hōgengaku: Chūgoku, Shikoku Chihō no Hōgen (Seminar in Dialectology: Dialects of Chūgoku and Shikoku Areas):142–173. Tōkyō: Toshokankokai.Google Scholar

Natsume, Sōseki. 1942/1915. Michikusa (Grass on the Wayside). Tōkyō: Iwanami Bunko. Aozora Bunko (www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000148/card783.html, accessed December 2014).Google Scholar

Natsume, Sōseki. 1951/1908. Sanshirō (Sanshiro).Tōkyō: Iwanami Bunko. Aozora Bunko (www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000148/card794.html, last accessed December 2014).Google Scholar

NHK Hōsō Bunka Kenkyūjo (ed). 1997. Gendai no Kenmin Kishitsu: Zenkoku Kenmin Ishiki Chōsa (Contemporary Prefectural Character: National Survey of Prefectural [Residents’] Consciousness). Tōkyō: NHK Shuppan.Google Scholar

Nikkei Otona no OFF. 2012. Utsukushii Nihongo to Tadashii Keigo ga Mi ni Tsuku Hon (The Book [that will help you] Master Beautiful Japanese and Correct Honorifics). Tōkyō: Nikkei Hōmu Magajin.Google Scholar

Nishioka, Satoshi. 2009. Ryūkyūgo no kiki to keishō (Crisis and transmission of Ryūkyūan). Gengo (Language) 38(7): 40–48.Google Scholar

Noguchi, Mary Goebel. 2001. Introduction: The crumbling of a myth. In Noguchi, Mary Goebel and Fotos, Sandra (eds), Studies in Japanese Bilingualism: 1–23. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Noguchi, Mary Goebel and Fotos, Sandra (eds). 2001. Studies in Japanese Bilingualism. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Nolte, Sharon H. and Hastings, Sally Ann. 1991. The Meiji state’s policy toward women, 1890–1910. In Bernstein, Gail Lee (ed), Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945: 151–174. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Occhi, Debra J. 2008. Dialect speakers on dialect speech. Global COE Program International Conference Series No. 3: 99–109. Nagoya: Graduate School of Letters, Nagoya University.Google Scholar

Occhi, Debra J., SturtzSreetharan, Cindi L., and Shibamoto-Smith, Janet S.. 2010. Finding Mr. Right: New looks at gendered modernity in Japanese televised romances. Japanese Studies, Special Issue on Language in Public Spaces in Japan (Nanette Gottlieb, ed), 30(3): 409–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ochs, Elinor. 1992. Indexing gender. In Duranti, Alessandro and Goodwin, Charles (eds), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon: 335–358. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ogata, Keiko. 2013. Otona Kawaii Josei no Hanashikata & Manā (Adult Cute Women’s Ways of Speaking and Manner). Tōkyō: Kōeisha.Google Scholar

Ogawa, Naoko and Shibamoto Smith, Janet S.. 1996. The linguistic gendering of an alternative Japanese lifestyle: Speech variation in the gay communities of urban Japan. SALSA: Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium about Language and Society: 28–40. Austin: Department of Linguistics, University of Texas.Google Scholar

Ogawa, Naoko and Shibamoto Smith, Janet S.. 1997. The gendering of the gay male sex class: A preliminary case study based on Rasen no Sobyō. In Livia, Anna and Hall, Kira (eds), Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality: 402–415. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oguma, Eiji. 1995. Tan’itsu Minzoku Shinwa no Kigen: “Nihonjin” no Jigazō no Keifu (The Myth of the Homogeneous Nation: A Genealogy of ‘Japanese’ Self-Images). Tōkyō: Shin’yōsha.Google Scholar

Oguma, Eiji. 1998. “Nihonjin” no Kyōkai: Okinawa, Ainu, Taiwan, Chōsen ~ Shokuminchi Shihai kara Fukki Undō made (The Boundaries of “the Japanese”: Okinawa, Ainu, Taiwan, and Korea from Colonial Rule to the Reversion Movement). Tōkyō: Shin’yōsha.Google Scholar

Ohkubo, Kanako. 2009. Sonkeigo, kenjōgo no kinō ni kansuru kōsatsu: Kekkon hirōen no shikai no hatsuwa o rei ni (Thoughts on the functions of respect forms and humble forms: Examples from the speech of a moderator at a wedding reception). Shakaigengokagaku (The Japanese Journal of Language in Society) 12(1): 162–173.Google Scholar

Okada, Akito. 2012. Education reform and equal opportunity in Japan. Journal of International and Comparative Education 1(2): 116–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okada, Misato. 2008. When the coach is a woman: The situated meanings of so-called masculine directives in a Japanese boxing gym. In Mori, Junko and Ohta, Amy Snyder (eds), Japanese Applied Linguistics: Discourse and Social Perspectives: 160–187. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar

Okada, Mitsuharu Vincent. 2012. The plight of Ainu, indigenous people of Japan. Journal of Indigenous Social Development 1(1): 1–14.Google Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 1995. “Tasteless” Japanese: Less “feminine” speech among young Japanese women. In Hall, Kira and Bucholtz, Mary (eds), Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self: 297–325. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 1996a. Indexical meaning, linguistic ideology, and Japanese women’s speech. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: 290–301. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society, Linguistics Department, University of California, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 1996b. Representations of diverse female speech styles in Japanese popular culture. Proceedings of the 4th Berkeley Women and Language Conference: 575–587. Berkeley: Berkeley Women and Language Group, Linguistics Department, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 1997. Social context, linguistic ideology, and indexical expressions in Japanese. Journal of Pragmatics 28(6): 795–817.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 1998. The use and non-use of honorifics in sales talk in Kyoto and Osaka: Are they rude or friendly? Japanese/Korean Linguistics 7: 141–157. Stanford: CSLI.Google Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 1999. Situated politeness: Manipulating honorific and non-honorific expressions in Japanese conversations. Pragmatics 8(2): 51–74.Google Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 2004. Ideology in linguistic practice and analysis: Gender and politeness in Japanese revisited. In Okamoto, Shigeko and Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. (eds), Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People: 38–56. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 2008a. Speech style and the use of regional (Yamaguchi) and standard Japanese in conversations. In Jones, Kimberly and Ono, Tsuyoshi (eds), Style Shifting in Japanese: 229–250. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 2008b. The use of “regional” and “standard” Japanese in conversations: A case study from Osaka. In Mori, Junko and Ohta, Amy Snyder (eds), Japanese Applied Linguistics: Discourse and Social Perspectives: 132–159. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 2008c. Nihongo ni okeru josei no kotobazukai ni taisuru kihan no saikōsatsu (Rethinking the norms for Japanese women’s speech). In Satō Shinji and Doerr Neriko (eds), Bunka to Kotoba no ‘Hyōjun’ o Tou (Examination of the Cultural and Linguistic ‘Standard’), 83–105. Tōkyō: Akashi Shoten.Google Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 2010. Politeness in East Asia. In Locher, Miriam A. and Graham, Sage L (eds), Interpersonal Pragmatics (Handbooks of Pragmatics, vol. 6.): 71–100. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 2011a. Gengo to jendā kenkyū no arata na tenkai (Current issues in gender and language research). Nihongogaku (Japanese Linguistics) 30 (14): 232–243.Google Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 2011b. The use and interpretation of addressee honorifics and plain forms in Japanese: Diversity, multiplicity, and ambiguity. Journal of Pragmatics 43: 3673–3688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 2012. Situated Meanings of Honorifics and Plain Forms in Japanese Conversation: Diversity, Multiplicity, and Ambiguity. Paper presented at the 2012 Conference of the American Association for Applied Linguistics, Boston, MA, March 24–27, 2012.Google Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko. 2014. Rethinking Linguistic Norms for Japanese Women. In Sato, Shinji and Doer, Neriko (eds),Culture, Language, and Education: Beyond the “Standard” in Japanese and Japanese Language Education: 82–105. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko and Sato, Shie. 1992. Less feminine speech among young Japanese females. In Hall, Kira, Bucholtz, Mary, and Moonwomon, Birch (eds), Locating Power: Proceedings of the 2nd Berkeley Women and Language Conference: 478–488. Berkeley: Women and Language Group, University of California.Google Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko and Shibamoto Smith, Janet S (eds). 2004a. Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko and Shibamoto Smith, Janet S.. 2004b. Introduction. In Okamoto, Shigeko and Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. (eds), Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People: 3–20. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okamoto, Shigeko and Shibamoto Smith, Janet S.. 2008. Constructing linguistic femininity in contemporary Japan: Scholarly and popular representations. Gender and Language 2(1): 87–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okamoto, Shin’ichiro. 2001. Nagoya hōgen no shiyō ga hanashite no inshō ni oyobosu eikyō – Matched-guise technique o mochiite (Influence on impressions of speakers using Nagoya dialect – Using the matched guise technique). Shakaigengokagaku (The Japanese Journal of Language in Society) 3(2): 4–16.Google Scholar

Ōmuro, Mikio. 2004. Fukurō to Katatsumuri: Yanagita Kunio no Hibikiau Fūkei (Owls and Snails: The Resonating Landscape of Yanagita Kunio). Tōkyō: Chikuma Shobō.Google Scholar

Ōno, Masao. 2007. Hōgen to gakkō kyōiku (Dialect and education). In Takashi, Kobayashi (ed), Shiriizu Hōgengaku: Hōgen no Kinō (Dialectology Series: The Functions of Dialects): 27–65. Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar

Osa, Shizue. 1998. Kindai Nihon to Kokugo Nashonarizumu (Modern Japan and Kokugo Nationalism). Tōkyō: Yoshikawa Kōbunkai.Google Scholar

Ōshima, Rika. 2006. Tatta 3-pun de Bijin ni Naru Hanashikata (Ways of Speaking that will Turn you into a Beauty in 3 Minutes). Tōkyō: Asuka Efu Purodakutsu.Google Scholar

Ozaki, Kōyō. 1998/1897–1902. Konjikiyasha (The Userer). Tōkyō: Shinchōsha Bunko. Aozora Bunko (www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000091/card522.html).Google Scholar

Ozaki, Yoshimitsu. 2003. Yōhō ni chi’ikisa ga tomonau gengo hyōgen ni taisuru sōgo hyōka: Kantō to kansai no hikaku (Mutual evaluation of linguistic expressions that vary in usage according to region: Comparison between Kantō and Kansai). Shakaigengokagaku (The Japanese Journal of Language in Society) 5(2): 58–73.Google Scholar

Patterson, T. and Kelso, N.V.. 2015. Adm1-States, Provinces. Ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces.shp verson 3.0.0. Natural Earth Data. NaturalEarthData.com.Google Scholar

Pennycook, Alastair. 2007. Language, localization, and the real: Hip-hop and the global spread of authenticity. Journal of Language Identity and Education 6(2): 101–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pennycook, Alastair. 2010. Language as a Local Practice. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Perez, Louis G. 1999. Japan Comes of Age: Mutsu Munemitsu and the Revision of the Unequal Treaties. Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/London: Associated University Presses.Google Scholar

Pizziconi, Barbara. 2004. Japanese politeness in the work of Fujio Minami. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics 13: 269–280.Google Scholar

Pizziconi, Barbara. 2011. Japanese honorifics: the cultural specificity of a universal mechanism. In Kadar, Daniel Z. and Mills, Sara (eds), Politeness in East Asia: Theory and Practice: 45–70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Podesva, Robert. 2011. The California vowel shift and gay identity. American Speech 86(1): 32–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pujolar, Joan. 1997. Masculinities in a multilingual setting. In Sally, Johnson and Meinhof, Ulrike Hanna (eds), Language and Masculinity: 86–106. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Queen, Robin. 2014. Language and sexual identities. In Ehrlich, Susan, Meyerhoff, Miriam, and Holmes, Janet (eds), The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality (2nd edition): 203–219. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar

Rampton, Ben. 1995. Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Rampton, Ben. 1997. Second language research in late modernity: A response to Firth and Wagner. The Modern Language Journal 81(3): 329–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rampton, Ben. 2006. Language in Late Modernity: Interaction in an Urban School. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robins, Christopher. 2006. Revisiting Year One of Japanese national language: Inoue Hisashi’s literary challenge. Japanese Language and Literature 40: 37–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Romaniuk, Tanya. 2014. Text trajectories and media discourse: Tracking gendered representations in presidential politics. Gender and Language 8(2): 245–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saeki, Junko. 1998. “Iro” to “Ai” no Hikaku Bunkashi (The Comparative History of “Iro” and “Ai”). Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar

Sakai, Naoki. 2005. Introduction: nationality and the politics of the “mother tongue.” In Sakai, Naoki, de Bary, Brett, and Iyotani, Toshio (eds), Deconstructing Nationality: 1–38. Ithaca, NY: East Asia Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar

Sakai, Usuku. 2010. Yanagita Kunio to Ryūkyū: “Kainan Shōki” o Yomu (Yanagita Kunio and the Ryūkyūs: Reading “Kainan Shōki”). Tōkyō: Shinwasha.Google Scholar

Sakuma, Kanae. 1983/1956. Gendai Nihongohō no kenkyū (A Study of Modern Japanese Grammar). Tōkyō: Kurosio Publishers.Google Scholar

Sanada, Shinji. 1991. Hyōjungo wa Ika ni shite Seiritsu shita ka: Kindai Nihongo no Hatten no Rekishi (How the Standard Language was Established: A History of the Development of Modern Japanese). Tōkyō: Sōtakusha.Google Scholar

Sanada, Shinji. 1996. Chiiki-go no Dainamizumu: Kansai-hen (Dynamism of Regional Languages: Kansai). Tōkyō: Ōfu.Google Scholar

Sanada, Shinji. 1999. Tenbō: Gendai no Hōgen (Overview: Today’s Dialect). Tōkyō: Hakuteisha.Google Scholar

Sanada, Shinji. 2000. Hen’yō suru Ōsakakotoba (Changing Ōsaka language). Gengo (Language) 29(1): 49–53.Google Scholar

Sanada, Shinji. 2001. Hōgen wa Zetsumetsu-suru no ka: Jibun no Kotoba o Ushinatta Nihonjin (Will Dialects Die Out: Japanese who have Lost Their Own Language). Tōkyō: PHP Kenkyūjo.Google Scholar

Sanada, Shinji and Long, Daniel (eds). 1997. Shakaigengogaku Zushū (Japanese Sociolinguistics Illustrated). Tōkyō: Akiyama Shoten.Google Scholar

Sanada, Shinji, Masataka, Jinnouchi, Fumio, Inoue, Koichirō, Hidaka, and Makio, Ōno (eds). 2007. Hōgen no Kinō (The Function of Dialects). Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar

Sankoff, Gillian. 1980. Language use in multilingual societies: Some alternative approaches. In Sankoff, Gillian, The Social Life of Language: 29–46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sano, Naoko. 1997. “Shōsū gengo” no atarashii arikata: Okushitango no Baai (New trends in “minority languages”: The case of Occitan). In Katsuhiko, Tanaka, Naoshi, Yamawaki, and Keisuke, Kasuya (eds), Gengo, Kokka, soshite Kenryoku (Language, State, and Power): 269–290. Tōkyō: Shinseisha.Google Scholar

Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York: Harcourt Brace.Google Scholar

Sasaki, Tsuneo. 2014. Hito o Ugokasu Riidā no Hanashikata (Ways of Speaking of Leaders who Effectively Manage People). Tōkyō: PHP Kenkyū.Google Scholar

Satake, Hideo. 2005. Mēru buntai to sore o sasaeru mono (Email-message styles and what supports them). In Yoshiaki, Hashimoto (ed), Kōza: Shakaigengogaku 2: Media (Seminar in Sociolingusitics: Media): 56–68. Tōkyō: Hitsuji Shobō.Google Scholar

Satake, Kuniko. 2004. ‘Onna kototoba/otoko kotoba’ kihan no keisei – Meijiki jakunensha muke zasshi kara (The formation of norms for ‘women’s language and men’s language’ from magazines for young people in the Meiji era). Nihongogaku (Japanese Linguistics) 23: 64–74.Google Scholar

Satō, Dōshin. 2011. Modern Japanese Art and the Meiji State: The Politics of Beauty. Los Angeles: Getty Publications.Google Scholar

Satō, Kazuyuki. 1996. Hōgen-shuryū-shakai: Kyōsei toshite no Hōgen to Hyōjungo: Tōhoku-hen (Dialect-Centered Societies: Standard Japanese and Dialect Coexistant: Tōhoku). Tōkyō: Ofu.Google Scholar

Satō, Kazuyuki. 1997. Hōgen shuryū shakai no keigo kyōiku (Honorific education in dialect dominant societies). Nihongogaku (Japanese Linguistics) 16(12): 23–33.Google Scholar

Satō, Kazuyuki 2004. Haken – Hōgen to genbun itchi seisaku (Hegemony: Dialects and genbun itchi policies). Gengo (Language) 33(9): 70–79.Google Scholar

Satō, Kazuyuki and Yoneda, Masato (eds). 1999. Dō Naru Nihon no Kotoba: Hōgen to Kyōtsūgo no Yukue (What Will Happen to Languages of Japan?: The Future of Dialects and Kyōtsūgo). Tōkyō: Taishūkan Shoten.Google Scholar

Sawai, Harumi. 1998. The present situation of the Ainu language. In Matsumura, Kazuto (ed), Studies in Endangered Languages: Papers from the International Symposium on Endangered Languages, Tōkyō, November 18–20, 1995: 177–189. Tōkyō: Hituzi Shobō.Google Scholar

Sawaki, Motoei. 2000. Tōzai hōgen kyōkai no hyakunen (A hundred years of the east-west dialect boundary). Kokubungaku: Kaishaku to Kanshō (Japanese Literature: Interpretation and Appreciation): 65(1): 19–24.Google Scholar

Schieffelin, Bambi B., Woolard, Kathryn A., and Kroskrity, Paul V. (eds). 1998. Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kenkyūkai, Shain Kyōiku. 2009. Kono Aite, Kono Bamen: Tadashii Keigo ga Omoshiroi hodo Mi ni Tsuku Hon (This Interlocutor, This Context: The Book [that will help you] Master Correct Honorifics Surprisingly Well). Tōkyō: Chūkei Shuppan.Google Scholar

Sherzer, Joel. 1987. A diversity of voices: men’s and women’s speech in ethnographic perspective. In Philips, Susan U., Steele, Susan, and Tanz, Christine (eds), Language, Gender & Sex in Comparative Perspective: 121–160. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Shibamoto, Janet S. 1986. Japanese women’s language: As spoken by women, as spoken by men. Proceedings of the First Berkeley Women and Language Conference: 171–182. Berkeley: Berkeley Women and Language Group/Linguistics Department.Google Scholar

Shibamoto, Janet S. 1987a. Japanese sociolinguistics. Annual Review of Anthropology 16:261–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shibamoto, Janet S. 1987b. The womanly woman: Manipulation of stereotypical and non-stereotypical features of Japanese female speech. In Philips, Susan U., Steele, Susan, and Tanz, Christine (eds), Comparative Perspectives on Gender, Sex and Language: 26–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shibamoto, Janet S. 1990. The ellipsis of wa and ga in Japanese female speech. In McGloin, Naomi H. and Ide, Sachiko (eds), Aspects of Japanese Women’s Language. Tōkyō: Kurosio Publishers.Google Scholar

Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. 1992. The giving of evidence: A study of sentence extensions and gender in Japanese. Journal of Japanese Linguistics 14: 67–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. 1999. From hiren to happī-endo: Romantic expression in the Japanese love story. In Palmer, Gary and Occhi, Debra J. (eds), Languages of Sentiment: Pragmatic and Conceptual Approaches to Cultural Constructions of Emotional Substrates: 147–166. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. 2002. Kotoba ni yoru sekushuaritii no kōchiku (The construction of sexuality through speech). Tokushū: Gengo no jendaa sutadiizu, Gengo (Special Issue on Gender Studies, Language) 31(2): 68–69.Google Scholar

Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. 2003. Gendered structures in Japanese. In Hellinger, Marlis and βussmann, Hadumod (eds), Gender Across Languages, Volume 3: 201–225. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. 2004. Language and gender in the (hetero)romance: “Reading” the ideal hero/ine through lover’s dialogue in Japanese romance fiction. In Okamoto, Shigeko and Shibamoto Smith, Janet S (eds), Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People: 113–130. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. 2005. Translating true love: Japanese romance fiction, Harlequin-style. In Santaemilia, José (ed), Gender, Sex and Translation: The Manipulation of Identities: 97–116. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.Google Scholar

Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. 2006. “Is She Registered Somewhere?”: Honorifics, Lovability, and Finding Miss Right in Japanese Romance Texts. Paper presented at “Honorification and Enregisterment in Discursive Practice: A Conference in Honor of Susan U. Philips.” Chicago, June 2006.Google Scholar

Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. 2008. Changing lovestyles: Fictional representations of contemporary Japanese men in love. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique 16(2):359–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shibamoto-Smith, Janet S. 2010. Ima, kotoba to jendā kenkyū no igi (The significance of language and gender research today). In Orie, Endō, Mieko, Kobayashi and Takashi, Sakurai (eds), Sekai o Tsunagu Kotoba: Kotoba to Jendā/Nihongo Kyōiku/Chūgoku Onnamoji (Words Connecting the World: Language and Gender/Japanese Language Education/Chinese Women’s Script: 1–30. Tōkyō: Sangensha.Google Scholar

Shibamoto-Smith, Janet S. 2011. Honorifics, “politeness,” and power in Japanese political debate. Journal of Pragmatics 43: 3707–3719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shibamoto-Smith, Janet S. 2013. Representations of “Japanese Women’s Language” in the Construction of Female Characters in TV Dramas (from Cultured Heroine to Silly Ninny). Paper presented at American Association for Applied Linguistics Annual Conference, Dallas, TX, March 16–19, 2013.Google Scholar

Shibamoto-Smith, Janet S. and Chand, Vineeta. 2013. Linguistic Anthropology. In Bayley, Robert, Cameron, Richard, and Lucas, Ceil (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics: 70–96. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Shibamoto Smith, Janet S. and Occhi, Debra J.. 2009. The green leaves of love: Japanese romantic heroines, authentic femininity, and dialect. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(4): 524–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shibata, Takeshi. 1958. Nihon no Hōgen (Japanese Dialects). Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar

Shibata, Takeshi. 1961. Okunikotoba no Yūmoa (The Humor of Dialects). Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō.Google Scholar

Shibata, Takeshi. 1978/1965. Hōgen no shōchō (The rise and fall of dialects). In Takeshi, Shibata (ed), Shakaigengogaku no Kadai (Issues in Sociolinguistics): 414–447. Tōkyō: Sanseidō.Google Scholar

Shibata, Takeshi. 1977. Hyōjungo, kyōtsūgo, hōgen (Standard language, common language, dialect). In Bunkachō (ed), "Kotoba" Shiriizu 6: Hyōjungo to Hōgen ("Language Series 6:Standard Language and Dialect): 22–32. Tōkyō: Bunkachō.Google Scholar

Shibata, Yoshiki. 2003. Kanransha (Ferris Wheel). Tōkyō: Shōdensha.Google Scholar

Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1990. The Languages of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Shibuya, Katsumi. 1995. Shijō to wakimae-ishiki no shōtotsu-suru tokoro (Where one’s true feelings conflict with the sense of discernment). Gengo (Language) 24(12): 110–121.Google Scholar

Shibuya, Rinko. 2006. Nihongo ni okeru “kindaiteki” sekushuaritii no keisei (The establishment of “modern” sexuality in the Japanese language). Jendā Shigaku (Historical Study of Gender) 2: 49–62.Google Scholar

Shimodaira, Kumiko. 2004. Josei no Utsukushii Hanashikata to Kaiwajutsu (Women’s Beautiful Ways of Speaking and Conversational Techniques). Tōkyō: Seibido Shuppan.Google Scholar

Shinzato, Rumiko. 2003. Wars, politics, and language: A case study of the Okinawan language. In Dedaić, Mirjana N. and Nelson, Daniel N. (eds), At War with Words: 283–313. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shioda, Takehiro. 2008. Akusento jiten no tanjō: Hōsō yōgo no akusento wa dono yō ni kimerarete kita no ka (The birth of the accent dictionary: How the accent [patterns] of broadcast language came to be determined). NHK Hōsō Bunka Kenkyūjo Nenpō (Annual Report of the NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute): 173–200.Google Scholar

Shioda, Takehiro. 2009. Senzen no hōsō yōgo i’inkai ni okeru “dentō zettaishugi” kara no dakkyaku: 1939-nen kettei goi kiroku (ichi) to tōji no jitenrui (Breaking away from “absolute traditionalism” of the [NHK] pre-war Broadcast Language Committee: The 1939 “Record of Decisions on [the pronunciation of] words). Hōsō Kenkyū no Chōsa (NHK Monthly Report on Broadcast Research): 58–77.Google Scholar

Shioda, Takehiro. 2011. Constraints on language use in public broadcasting. In Heinrich, Patrick and Galan, Christian (eds), Language Life in Japan: Transformations and Prospects: 124–139. London: Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar

Shohamy, Elana. 2006. Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shuck, Gail. 2004. Conversational performance and the poetic construction of an ideology. Language in Society 33(2): 195–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Siddle, Richard. 1995. The Ainu: Construction of an image. In Maher, John C. and Macdonald, Gaynor (eds), Diversity in Japanese Culture and Language: 73–94. London: Kegan Paul International.Google Scholar

Siddle, Richard. 1996. Race, Resistance, and the Ainu of Japan. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Silverstein, Michael. 1976. Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description. In Basso, Keith H. and Selby, Henry A. (eds), Meaning in Anthropology: 11–55. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar

Silverstein, Michael. 1979. Language structure and linguistic ideology. In Clyne, Paul R., Hanks, William F, and Hofbauer, Carol L (eds), The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels: 193–247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar

Silverstein, Michael. 1981. The limits of awareness. Sociolinguistic Working Paper Number 84: 3–30.Google Scholar

Silverstein, Michael. 1985. Language and the culture of gender: At the intersection of structure, usage, and ideology. In Mertz, Elizabeth and Parmentier, Richard J. (eds), Semiotic Mediation: Sociocultural and Psychological Perspectives: 219–259. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Silverstein, Michael. 1992. The uses and utility of ideology: Some reflections. Pragmatics 2(3): 311–323.Google Scholar

Silverstein, Michael. 1993. Metapragmatic discourse and metapragmatic function. In Lucy, John A. (ed), Reflexive Language: Reported Speech and Metapragmatics: 33–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Silverstein, Michael. 1996. Monoglot “standard” in American: Standardization and metaphors of linguistic hegemony. In Brenneis, Donald and Macaulay, Ronald K.S. (eds), The Matrix of Language: Contemporary Linguistic Anthropology: 284–306. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar