Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T01:27:53.820Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Two - An Anthropological Review of the Upper Paleolithic in the Southern Levant

from Part One

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2018

By
Anna Belfer-Cohen  and
Nigel Goring-Morris
Edited by
Assaf Yasur-Landau ,
Eric H. Cline  and
Yorke Rowan
Assaf Yasur-Landau
Affiliation:
University of Haifa, Israel
Eric H. Cline
Affiliation:
George Washington University, Washington DC
Yorke Rowan
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
The Social Archaeology of the Levant
From Prehistory to the Present
 , pp. 29 - 46
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arensburg, B., and Belfer-Cohen, A. 1998. Sapiens and Neandertals: Rethinking the Levantine Middle Paleolithic Hominids. In Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, ed. Akazawa, T., Aoki, K., and Bar-Yosef, O., 311–22. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Bachdach, J. 1982. Das Jungpaläolithikum von Jabrud in Syrien. PhD diss., University of Cologne.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1970. The Epi-Palaeolithic Cultures of Palestine. PhD diss., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 2007. The Archaeological Framework of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution. Diogenes 54 (2): 3–18.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O.; Arnold, M.; Mercier, N., Belfer-Cohen, A.; Goldberg, P.; Housley, R.; Laville, H.; Meignen, L.; Vogel, J. C.; and Vandermeersch, B. 1996. The Dating of the Upper Paleolithic Layers in Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel. JAS 23: 297–306.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., and Belfer-Cohen, A. 2010. The Levantine Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic. In South-Eastern Mediterranean Peoples between 130,000 and 10,000 Years Ago, ed. Garcea, E. A. A., 144–67. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., and Zilhão, J., eds. 2006. Towards a Definition of the Aurignacian: Proceedings of the Symposium Held in Lisbon, Portugal, June 25–30, 2002. Trabalhos de arqueologia 45. Lisbon: Instituto Português de Arqueologia; Cambridge, MA; American School of Prehistoric Research, Peabody Museum, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Barzilai, O.; Hershkovitz, I.; and Marder, O. 2016. The Early Upper Palaeolithic Period at Manot Cave, Western Galilee, Israel. JHE 31: 85–100.Google Scholar
Becker, M. S. 2003. Spatial Patterning in the Upper Palaeolithic: A Perspective from the Abu Noshra Sites. In More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, ed. Goring-Morris, A. N. and Belfer-Cohen, A., 134–50. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A., and Bar-Yosef, O. 1981. The Aurignacian in Hayonim Cave. Paléorient 7 (2): 19–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A., and Goring-Morris, A. N. 2007. From the Beginning: Levantine Upper Palaeolithic Cultural Change and Continuity. In Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, ed. Mellars, P., Boyle, K., Bar-Yosef, O., and Stringer, C., 199–206. MIM. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A., and Goring-Morris, A. N. 2011. Becoming Farmers: The Inside Story. CA 52 (suppl. 4): S209–20.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A., and Goring-Morris, A. N. 2014a. The Upper Palaeolithic and Earlier Epi-Palaeolithic of Western Asia. In The Cambridge World Prehistory, Vol. 3: West and Central Asia and Europe, ed. Renfrew, A. C. and Bahn, P. G., 1381–407. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A., and Goring-Morris, A. N. 2014b. On the Rebound – A Levantine View of Upper Palaeolithic Dynamics. In Modes de contacts et de déplacements au Paléolithique eurasiatique: Actes du Colloque international de la commission 8 (Paléolithique supérieur) de l’UISPP, Université de Liège, 28–31 mai 2012, ed. Otte, M. and Le Brun-Ricalens, F., 27–36. ERAUL 140; ArchéoLogiques 5. Liège: University of Liège; Luxembourg: Centre National de Recherche Archéologique, Musée National d’Histoire et d’Art.Google Scholar
Bergman, C. A. 1987. Ksar Akil, Lebanon: A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Later Palaeolithic Levels of Ksar Akil, Vol. 2: Levels XIII–VI. BAR International Series 329. Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Bergman, C. A., and Newcomer, M. H. 1983. Flint Arrowhead Breakage: Examples from Ksar Akil, Lebanon. JFA 10: 238–43.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1980. Willow Smoke and Dogs’ Tails: Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems and Archaeological Site Formation. AA 45: 4–20.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 2001. Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Ethnographic and Environmental Data Sets. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bosch, M. D.; Mannino, M. A.; Prendergast, A. L.; O’Connell, T. C.; Demarchi, B.; Taylor, S. M.; Niven, L.; van der Plicht, J.; and Hublin, J.-J. 2015a. New Chronology for Ksâr ʼAkil (Lebanon) Supports Levantine Route of Modern Human Dispersal into Europe. PNAS 112: 7683–8.Google Scholar
Bosch, M. D.; Mannino, M. A.; Prendergast, A. L.; O’Connell, T. C.; Demarchi, B.; Taylor, S. M.; Niven, L.; van der Plicht, J.; and Hublin, J.-J. 2015b. Reply to Douka et al.: Critical Evaluation of the Ksâr ʼAkil Chronologies. PNAS 112: E7035.Google Scholar
Coinman, N. R. 2003. The Upper Paleolithic of Jordan: New Data from the Wadi al-Hasa. In More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, ed. Goring-Morris, A. N. and Belfer-Cohen, A., 151–70. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. 2010. Cultural Modernity: Consensus or Conundrum? PNAS 107: 7621–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conard, N. J., and Bolus, M. 2006. The Swabian Aurignacian and Its Place in European Prehistory. In Towards a Definition of the Aurignacian: Proceedings of the Symposium Held in Lisbon, Portugal, June 25–30, 2002, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. and Zilhão, J., 211–39. Trabalhos de arqueologia 45. Lisbon: Instituto Português de Arqueologia; Cambridge, MA; American School of Prehistoric Research, Peabody Museum, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Douka, K.; Bergman, C. A.; Hedges, R. E. M.; Wesselingh, F.P. T.; and Higham, T. F. G. 2013. Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and Implications for the Colonization of Europe by Anatomically Modern Humans. PLOS ONE 8 (9): e72931. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072931 (accessed September 26, 2017).Google Scholar
Douka, K.; Higham, T. F. G.; and Bergman, C. A. 2015. Statistical and Archaeological Errors Invalidate the Proposed Chronology for the Site of Ksar Akil. PNAS 112: E7034.Google Scholar
Ferring, C. R. 1976. Sde Divshon: An Upper Paleolithic Site on the Divshon Plain. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. 1: The Avdat/Aqev Area, Part 1, ed. Marks, A. E., 99–206. ISEMRI 2 (1). Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.Google Scholar
Ferring, C. R. 1984. Intrasite Spatial Patterning: Its Role in Settlement Pattern – Subsistence Systems Analysis. In Intrasite Spatial Analysis in Archaeology, ed. Hietala, H. J., 116–126. NDA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Garrod, D. A. E. 1934. The Stone Age of Palestine. Antiquity 8 (30): 133–50.Google Scholar
Garrod, D. A. E. 1953. The Relations between South-West Asia and Europe in the Later Palaeolithic Age. JWH 1: 13–38.Google Scholar
Garrod, D. A. E. 1957. Notes sur le Paléolithique superieur du Moyen Orient. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 54: 439–46.Google Scholar
Gibbons, A. 2016. Five Matings for Moderns, Neandertals. Science 351 (6279): 1250–1.Google Scholar
Gilead, I. 1984. Is the Term “Epipaleolithic” Relevant to Levantine Prehistory? CA 25: 227–9.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, A. N., and Belfer-Cohen, A. 2006. A Hard Look at the “Levantine Aurignacian”: How Real Is the Taxon? In Towards a Definition of the Aurignacian: Proceedings of the Symposium Held in Lisbon, Portugal, June 25–30, 2002, ed. Bar-Yosef, O. and Zilhão, J., 297–314. Trabalhos de arqueologia 45. Lisbon: Instituto Português de Arqueologia; Cambridge, MA; American School of Prehistoric Research, Peabody Museum, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, A. N., and Belfer-Cohen, A. 2017. The Early and Middle Epipalaeolithic of Cisjordan. In Quaternary of the Levant: Environments, Climate Change, and Humans, ed. Enzel, Y. and Bar-Yosef, O., 639–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, A. N., and Belfer-Cohen, A. 2018. The Ahmarian in the Context of the Earlier Upper Palaeolithic in the Near East. In The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archeology of the Levant and Beyond, ed. Nishiaki, Y. and Akazawa, T., 87–104. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Singapore: Springer.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, A. N., and Davidzon, A. 2006. Straight to the Point: Upper Paleolithic Ahmarian Lithic Technology in the Levant. Anthropologie 44: 93–111.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, A. N.; Hovers, E.; and Belfer-Cohen, A. 2009. The Dynamics of Pleistocene Settlement Patterns and Human Adaptations in the Levant: An Overview. In Transitions in Prehistory: Essays in Honor of Ofer Bar-Yosef, ed. Shea, J. J. and Lieberman, D. E., 187–254. ASPRMS. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Groucutt, H. S.; Petraglia, M. D.; Bailey, G.; Scerri, E. M. L.; Parton, A.; Clark-Balzan, L.; Jennings, R. P.; Lewis, L.; Blinkhorn, J.; Drake, N. A.; Breeze, P. S.; Inglis, R. H.; Devès, M. H.; Meredith-Williams, M.; Boivin, N.; Thomas, M. G.; and Scally, A. 2015. Rethinking the Dispersal of Homo sapiens out of Africa. EA 24: 149–64.Google Scholar
Henshilwood, C. S.; d’Errico, F.; van Niekerk, K. L.; Coquinot, Y.; Jacobs, Z.; Lauritzen, S.-E.; Menu, M.; and García-Moreno, R. 2011. A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science 334 (6053): 219–22.Google Scholar
Hershkovitz, I.; Marder, O.; Ayalon, A.; Bar-Matthews, M.; Yasur, G.; Boaretto, E.; Caracuta, V.; Alex, B.; Frumkin, A.; Goder-Goldberger, M.; Gunz, P.; Holloway, R. L.; Latimer, B.; Lavi, R.; Matthews, A.; Slon, V.; Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.; Berna, F.; Bar-Oz, G.; Yeshurun, R.; May, H.; Hans, M. G.; Weber, G. W.; and Barzilai, O. 2015. Levantine Cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) Foreshadows the First European Modern Humans. Nature 520: 216–19.Google Scholar
Hovers, E., and Belfer-Cohen, A. 2005. “Now You See It, Now You Don’t” – Modern Human Behavior in the Middle Paleolithic. In Transitions before the Transition: Evolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age, ed. Hovers, E. and Kuhn, S. L., 295–304. ICA. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Hovers, E., and Belfer-Cohen, A. 2013. On Variability and Complexity: Lessons from the Levantine Middle Paleolithic Record. CA 54 (suppl. 8): S337–57.Google Scholar
Jones, M.; Marks, A. E.; and Kaufman, D. 1983. Boker: The Artifacts. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. 3: The Avdat/Aqev Area, Part 3, ed. Marks, A. E., 283–332. ISEMRI 2 (3). Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.Google Scholar
Kuhlwilm, M.; Gronau, I.; Hubisz, M. J.; de Filippo, C.; Prado-Martinez, J.; Kircher, M.; Fu, Q.; Burbano, H. A.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; de la Rasilla, M.; Rosas, A.; Rudan, P.; Brajkovic, D.; Kucan, Ž.; Gušic, I.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Andrés, A. M.; Viola, B.; Pääbo, S.; Meyer, M.; Siepel, A.; and Castellano, S. 2016. Ancient Gene Flow from Early Modern Humans into Eastern Neanderthals. Nature 530: 429–33.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S. L., and Stiner, M. C. 2007. Body Ornamentation as Information Technology: Towards an Understanding of the Significance of Early Beads. In Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological and Perspectives on the Origins and Dispersal of Modern Humans, ed. Mellars, P., Boyle, K., Bar-Yosef, O., and Stringer, C., 45–54. MIM. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Lengyel, G.; Boaretto, E.; Fabre, L.; and Ronen, A. 2006. New AMS 14C Dates from the Early Upper Paleolithic Sequence of Raqefet Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. Radiocarbon 48: 253–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maher, L. A. 2016. A Road Well Travelled? Exploring Terminal Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherer Activities, Networks and Mobility in Eastern Jordan. In Fresh Fields and Pastures New: Papers Presented in Honor of Andrew M. T. Moore, ed. Lillios, K. T. and Chazan, M., 55–82. Leiden: Sidestone.Google Scholar
Marks, A. E., ed. 1983. Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. 3: The Avdat/Aqev Area, Part 3. ISEMRI 2 (3). Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.Google Scholar
Marks, A. E., and Friedel, D. A. 1977. Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Avdat/Aqev Area. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. 2: The Avdat/Aqev Area, Part 2, and the Har Harif, ed. Marks, A. E., 131–58. ISEMRI 2 (2). Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.Google Scholar
Mellars, P. 2006. A New Radiocarbon Revolution and the Dispersal of Modern Humans in Eurasia. Nature 439: 931–5.Google Scholar
Newcomer, M. H. 1968–1969. The Chamfered Pieces from Ksar Akil (Lebanon). Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology 8–9: 177–91.Google Scholar
Neuville, R. 1934. Le préhistorique de Palestine. RB 43: 237–59.Google Scholar
Neuville, R. 1951. Le paléolithique et le mésolithique du desert de Judée. Archives de l’Institut de Paléontologie Humaine Mémoire 24. Paris: Masson.Google Scholar
Otte, M.; Shidrang, S.; and Flas, D., eds. 2012. The Aurignacian from Yafteh Cave and Its Context (2005–2008 Excavations). ERAUL 132. Liège: University of Liège.Google Scholar
Perrot, J. 1968. La préhistoire palestinienne. In Supplement au dictionnaire de la Bible, Vol. 8, 286–446. Paris: Letougey & Ane.Google Scholar
Rebollo, N. R.; Weiner, S.; Brock, F.; Meignen, L.; Goldberg, P.; Belfer-Cohen, A.; Bar-Yosef, O.; and Boaretto, E. 2011. New Radiocarbon Dating of the Transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in Kebara Cave, Israel. JAS 38: 2424–33.Google Scholar
Ronen, A., ed. 1984. The Sefunim Prehistoric Sites: Mount Carmel, Israel. BAR International Series 230. Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Rust, A. 1950. Die Höhlenfunde von Jabrud, Syrien. Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Untersuchungen aus dem Museum vorgeschichtlicher Altertümer in Kiel, n.F. 8. Neumunster: Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Škrdla, P. 2003. Comparison of Boker Tachtit and Stránská skála MP/UP Transitional Industries. JIPS 33: 37–73.Google Scholar
Snir, A.; Nadel, D.; Groman-Yaroslavski, I.; Melamed, Y.; Sternberg, M.; Bar-Yosef, O.; and Weiss, E. 2015. The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long before Neolithic Farming. PLOS ONE 10 (7): e0131422. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131422 (accessed September 26, 2017).Google Scholar
Speth, J. D. 2010. The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big-Game Hunting: Protein, Fat, or Politics? ICA. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Tejero, J.-M.; Belfer-Cohen, A.; Bar-Yosef, O.; Gutkin, V.; and Rabinovich, R. 2018. Symbolic Emblems of the Levantine Aurignacians as a Regional Entity Identifier (Hayonim Cave, Lower Galilee, Israel). PNAS 115: 5145–50.Google Scholar
Tejero, J.-M.; Yeshurun, R.; Barzilai, O.; Goder-Goldberger, M.; Hershkovitz, I.; Lavi, R.; Schneller-Pels, N.; and Marder, O. 2016. The Osseous Industry from Manot Cave (Western Galilee, Israel): Technical and Conceptual Behaviours of Bone and Antler Exploitation in the Levantine Aurignacian. QI 403: 90–106.Google Scholar
Teyssandier, N. 2008. Revolution or Evolution: The Emergence of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. WA 40: 493–519.Google Scholar
Teyssandier, N.; Bon, F.; and Bordes, J.-G. 2010. Within Projectile Range: Some Thoughts on the Appearance of the Aurignacian in Europe. JAR 66: 209–29.Google Scholar
Tsanova, T. 2008. Les débuts du Paléolithique supérieur dans l’Est des Balkans: Réflexion à partir e l’étude taphonomique et techno-économique des ensembles lithiques des sites de Bacho Kiro (couche 11), Temnata (couches VI et 4) et Kozarnika (niveau VII). BAR International Series 1752. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Tsanova, T.; Zwyns, N.; Eizenberg, L.; Teyssandier, N.; Le Brun-Ricalens, F.; and Otte, M. 2012. Le plus petit dénominateur commun: Réflexion sur la variabilité des ensembles lamellaires du Paléolithique supérieur ancien d’Eurasie; Un bilan autour des exemples de Kozarnika (est des Balkans) et Yafteh (Zagros central). L’Anthropologie 116: 469–509.Google Scholar
Volkman, P. W. 1983. Boker Tachtit: Core Reconstructions. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. 3: The Avdat/Aqev Area, Part 3, ed. Marks, A. E., 123–90. ISEMRI 2 (3). Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.Google Scholar
Volkman, P. W. 1989. Boker Tachtit: The Technological Shift from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in the Central Negev, Israel. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.Google Scholar
Volkman, P. W., and Kaufman, D. 1983. A Reassessment of the Emireh Point as a Possible Type Fossil for the Technological Shift from the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic in the Levant. In The Mousterian Legacy: Human Biocultural Change in the Upper Pleistocene, ed. Trinkaus, E., 35–51. BAR International Series 164. Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Williams, J. K. 2003. An Examination of Upper Palaeolithic Flake Technologies in the Marginal Zone of the Levant. In More Than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, ed. Goring-Morris, A. N. and Belfer-Cohen, A., 196–208. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Williams, J. K., and Bergman, C. A. 2010. Upper Paleolithic Levels XIII–XVI (A and B) from the 1937–1938 and 1947–1948 Boston College Excavations and the Levantine Aurignacian at Ksar Akil, Lebanon. Paléorient 36 (2): 117–61.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J. 2013. Neandertal-Modern Human Contact in Western Eurasia: Issues of Dating, Taxonomy, and Cultural Associations. In Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans, Vol. 1: Cultural Perspectives, ed. Akazawa, T., Nishiaki, Y., and Aoki, K., 21–57. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Tokyo: Springer.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J. 2014. The Upper Palaeolithic of Europe. In The Cambridge World Prehistory, Vol. 3: West and Central Asia and Europe, ed. Renfrew, A. C. and Bahn, P. G., 1753–85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×