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Tamanaha, B. Z. “The Folly of the ‘Social Scientific’ Concept of Legal Pluralism.” Journal of Law and Society vol. 20 (1993): 192–217.
Takruri, A. Al-Wajiz fi Sharh Usul al-Muhakmat al-Sharʿiyya. Amman: Dar al-Fikr li-l-Tibaʿa li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawziʿ, 1997.
Thomson, Hajj A. “Applying Islamic Fiqh in UK Arbitration Law.” Seminar on Arbitration First. London: The Islamic Culture Centre, 2005. 16–23.
Thomson, Hajj A. “Accommodating the Islamic Dissolution Law of Marriage within English Law.” Seminar on Dissolution of Marriage, London: The Islamic Culture Centre, 2006.
Thomson, Hajj A. “How Some Elements of Shariah Can be accommodated in British Legal System.” Seminar on Sharia: A Way of Life, London: The Islamic Culture Centre, 2008.
Tubuliyak, Sulaiman. Al-Ahkam al-Siyasa li-l-Aqalliyyat al-Muslima fi al-Fiqh al-Islami. Jordan: Dar al-Nafaʾis, 1997.
Voll, J. O. “Religious Diversity in the United States.” Al-Shajara: Journal of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC) vol.14/1 (2009): 1–18.
Warwick, T. Legal Pluralism: Toward a Multicultural Conception of Law. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1999.
Woodman, G. R. “Ideological Combat and Social Observation: Recent Debates about Legal Pluralism.” Journal of Legal Pluralism vol. 42 (1998): 21–59.
Woodman, G.R. “The Idea of Legal Pluralism.” In Legal Pluralism in the Arab World. Dupert, B., Berger, M. and al-Zawaini, L eds. 3–20. The Hague: Klewer Law International, 1999.
Yilmaz, I. “Muslim Law in Britain: Reflections in the Socio-Legal Sphere and Differential Legal Treatment.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 20/2 (2000): 353–60.
Zahalka, Iyad. Shariʿa Courts: Between Identity and Adjudication. Tel Aviv: Israel Bar Association Press, 2009.
Zidan, Abd al-Karim. Madkhal li-Dirasat al-Shariʿa al-Islamiyya. Beirut: 16th edition, 1999.
Zidan, Abd al-KarimNizam al-Qadaʾ ʿala al-Shariʿa al-Islamiyya. Beirut: Muasisatur-Risalah, 2002, 1422 according to the hijri count.
Interviews and Lectures
Abdul Rauf, Feisal. Interview by author. New York City, October 18, 2012. Head of the Cordoba Initiative in New York.
Amin, Mohammed. Interview by author. London, October 16, 2011. British Muslim of Pakistani descent, board member of the Islamic Council of Britain.
Bone, Amra. Interview by author. London, October 13, 2012. Islamic activist of Pakistani descent, the only female shariʿa judge in Britain, in Birmingham.
Edge, Iyan. Interview by author. London, October 13, 2012.
Fishman, S. Lecture given by Fishman at a conference and personal communication with author. Tel Aviv University, March 18, 2010.
Halawa, Hussein Mohammed. Interview by author. ECFR offices in Dublin, Ireland, February 12–13, 2012. General Secretary of the ECFR.
Suhaib, Hasan. Interview by author. Leyton Shariʿa Council, London, October 15, 2012.U
Hathout, Maher. Interview by author. Islamic Center, Los Angeles, April 1, 2012.
Hendi, Yahya. Interview by author. Washington, DC, November 1, 2012. Member of the Fiqh Council of North America, a religious councelor and lecturer at Georgetown University.
Johansen, Karen-Lise. Presentation given at a conference “Muslims, Citizenship and Community Participation: on Ideological Extremism,” 2008. Danish researcher working for the Danish government.
Khalil, Asim. Interview by author. New York City, October 23, 2012. Head of the Muslim Bar Association of New York.
Muhammad, Shams ad-Duha. Interview by author. London, October 13, 2012. Member of Jamaʿat al-Tabligh, and founding director and principal of the Ebrahim College in London
Sarsur, Shaykh Ibrahim Abdullah. Interview by author. Januray 17, 2014. Former head of the Southern Branch of the Islamic Movement.
Shanqiti, abu Bakir al. Interview by author. Virginia, November 2, 2012. Head of the International Institute of Islamic Thought in Virginia.
Verdicts by the Jordanian Shariʿa Court of Appeals
Maḥkamat al-Astiʾnāf al-Shariʿa fi Amman- Case no. 409/2004–59704, Naʿim al-Sahli v. ʿAbir al-Tahir wa-ʿIysa Abu Murad. Personal communications with Qadi al-Rawajba, a qadi at the Jordanian Shariʿa Court of Appeals.
Maḥkamat al-Astiʾnāf al-Shariʿa fi Amman- Case no. 336/2007–66725, Musa Khabbas Wafaʾ al-Khatib versus Ahmad Qasim. Personal communications with Qadi al-Rawajba, a qadi at the Jordanian Shariʿa Court of Appeals.
Fatwa (Religious Ruling)
Al-Lijnna al-Daʾ ima li-l-Buhuth al-ʿ Alamiyya wa-l-Fatwa. Without a date. The Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Fatwa in Saudi Arabia prohibits taking a loan with an interest for purchasing a house: http://islamqa.info/ar/ref/105331
Al-Majlis al-Urubi li-l-Iftaʾ wa-l-Buhuth (2008). Ruling 17/1 of the ECFR (which reiterated ruling 16/3) in Al-Majallat al-ʿIlmiyya li-l-Majlis al-Urubi li-l-Iftaʾ 12–13 (July 2008): 498–9.
Bin Baz, Shaykh ʿAbd al-ʿAziz. A speech given at the Sixteenth International Conference of Young Muslims, Majallat al-Buhuth al-Islamiyya 6, 346.
Majmaʿ al-Fiqh al-Islami. Third convention, Majallat Majmaʿ al-Fiqh al-Islami, 3, 1987, vol.2, 1152.
Nimr, Kamal Kamal ʿAbd al-Hamid. Majallat al-Buhuth al-Islamiyya 22, 250.
Qaradawi, Yusuf al. Al-Qaradawi Yadʿu al-Muslimin li-l-Astʿadad li-Yawm Zawal ma Yusamma Islaʾil.