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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 April 2022

Edited by
Miranda P. M. Meuwissen ,
Peter H. Feindt ,
Alberto Garrido ,
Erik Mathijs ,
Bárbara Soriano ,
Julie Urquhart  and
Alisa Spiegel
Miranda P. M. Meuwissen
Affiliation:
Wageningen Universiteit, The Netherlands
Peter H. Feindt
Affiliation:
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Alberto Garrido
Affiliation:
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Erik Mathijs
Affiliation:
KU Leuven, Belgium
Bárbara Soriano
Affiliation:
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Julie Urquhart
Affiliation:
University of Gloucestershire
Alisa Spiegel
Affiliation:
Wageningen Universiteit, The Netherlands

Summary

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Type
Chapter
Information
Resilient and Sustainable Farming Systems in Europe
Exploring Diversity and Pathways
 , pp. 375 - 394
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Index

adaptability
of Altmark farming systems, 148–149
of arable farming in East of England, 269–271, 276
of arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria, 133–135
of Bourbonnais farming system, 176–179
CAP effects on, 66–68, 77–80, 82–85, 353–354
CAP revision to promote, 360–361
of dairy farming in Flanders, 119–121
of egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 256–259
of fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 222–223
of hazelnut production in Viterbo, 188, 196–198
policy effects on, 65–68, 77–80, 82–85, 353–354
as resilience capacity, 5, 65
risk impact on, 18
risk management and, 26, 29–31
in Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 240–241, 245–246
of sheep farming in Huesca, 161–162, 166
of Veenkoloniën farming systems, 204–209
adaptability-enabling policies, 65–66, 77–80
adaptive cycles, 9, 343–344, 365
farm demographics impact of, 42–43
in fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 218–221
agility, as resilience attribute, 346, 369–370
agricultural policy. See policies
agricultural practices, environmental sustainability of, 88–90, 100–105, 352–353
agricultural production
in Altmark farming systems, 150–152
of arable farming in East of England, 263–264, 277
of arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria, 125–128, 133–135, 138
of Bourbonnais farming system, 127, 173–174, 182
of dairy farming in Flanders, 112–116, 122
in egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 254–255, 260
for food safety, 88–90
of fruit and vegetables in Poland, 222, 231
of hazelnut production in Viterbo, 185–188, 199
resilience-enabling strategies for, 356–357
in Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 237–238, 247
of sheep farming in Huesca, 156–157, 167
of Veenkoloniën farming systems, 201–205, 212
agricultural systems
biodiversity input-based, 88–90
environmental sustainability of, 88–90, 100–105, 352–353
lock-in to, 88–92, 97–105, 352–353
agri-environmental programmes
adaptability effects of, 77–80
co-creation of, 336
failure of, 100
agri-tourism, in Bourbonnais farming system, 181
agroforestry, Bourbonnais farming system and, 130
alternative systems
assessment of, 292
food, 88–90
for fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 223–226
for hazelnut production in Viterbo, 192–198
for Romania small, mixed, family farms, 242–245
for sheep farming in Huesca, 163–164
Altmark farming systems, 130, 140–141, 152
challenges impacting essential system functions of, 146–147
ecological characteristics and challenges of, 143–144
economical characteristics and challenges of, 144–145
future strategies enhancing resilience of, 149–151
historical circumstances shaping, 142–143
institutional embedding in, 145–146
resilience capacities and attributes of, 147–149
simulation of structural changes in, 51–55
social environment and challenges of, 146
structural features of, 140–142
animal welfare
in egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 249, 254
Huesca sheep farming provision of, 157–158
Romanian small, mixed, family farm provision of, 238
anticipation, as resilience capacity, 344
arable farming/crops/sector
in East of England, 263–265, 277
challenges faced by, 97–105, 265–271
environmental sustainability and resilience of, 91–93, 95–97, 100–105
knowledge networks and learning in, 272–276
lock-ins to, 97–105
policy effects on, 70–82, 265–266, 275–276
resilience of, 269–271, 276
risk management in, 265–271
in Northeast Bulgaria, 125–128, 137–138
challenges faced by, 128–132
during and after communism, 126–127
current resilience of, 133–135
future resilience of, 135–137
private and public goods provided by, 127–128
in Veenkoloniën, 201–204, 211–212
future resilience of, 206–211
long-term challenges and risk management in, 207–208
past resilience of, 204–206
policy effects on, 70–82, 203
social self-organisation and infrastructure for innovation in, 208–209
transformative strategies for, 209–211
Aragón. See Huesca
attributes. See resilience attributes
Basic Farm Payment (BPS), 265–266
beef production, in Bourbonnais farming system, 127, 171–173, 182
challenges faced by, 175–177
economic viability and quality of life in, 135
food production and natural resources of, 173–174
perceived performance of functions of, 127, 173
quality of beef in, 174–175
resilience of, 180–181
social expectations on, 177–179
transformability of, 179–180
unimportant functions of, 175
Belgium
agriculture in, 112
dairy farming in, 112–114
dynamics and growth in, 114–116
policy effects on, 70–82, 119–121
public and private functions of, 117–119
resilience of, 114–116, 119–122
robustness of, 116–117, 119–121
social capital of, 116–117
structural change in, 51–55, 112, 114–116
biodiversity, Huesca sheep farming provision of, 157–158
biodiversity input-based practices, 88–90
Biodiversity Strategy, 356–357, 360–361
biographical narratives, 24–25
biological-input based practices, 88–90, 92–94, 96–97, 352–353
biotechnical systems, biodiversity input-based practices, 88–90
bocage landscape, of Bourbonnais farming system, 127, 171–173
Bourbonnais farming system, 127, 171–173, 182
challenges faced by, 175–177
perceived performance of functions of, 127, 173
economic viability and quality of life, 135
food production and natural resources, 173–174
quality of beef, 174–175
unimportant functions, 175
resilience of, 180–181
social expectations on, 177–179
transformability of, 179–180
bovine sector. See beef production
BPS. See Basic Farm Payment
Brexit, 265–266, 269, 275–276
buffer resources, 346
Bulgaria, arable farming in, 125–128, 137–138
challenges faced by, 128–132
during and after communism, 126–127
current resilience of, 133–135
future resilience of, 135–137
private and public goods provided by, 127–128
burden shifting archetype, 307–310
CAP. See Common Agricultural Policy
capacities. See resilience capacities
cattle farming. See beef production
causal loop
burden shifting archetype, 307–310
eroding-goals archetype, 310–311
fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 223–226
hazelnut production in Viterbo, 127, 190–191
limits to growth archetype, 312
resilience assessment and, 294–295
Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 242–245
success-to-the-successful archetype, 312–313
challenges of farming systems, 3–4, 72–73, 348–355. See also specific challenges
assessment of, 281–282, 284–289
co-creation of strategies dealing with, 333–336
farmer perceptions of, 23–27
farming system resilience and, 1–2
stakeholder perceptions of, 329–333
chemical input-based practices, 88–90, 93–97, 352–353
circular economies, 88–90
climate change, 349. See also extreme weather events
arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria and, 130
co-creation of resilience enabling policies for, 336
East of England arable farms and, 267, 269
hazelnut production in Viterbo and, 127, 133–134
insurance for weather-related risks due to, 76–77
Polish fruit and vegetable production and, 220, 226
risk management strategies for, 29
risks associated with, 18–19
Romanian small, mixed, family farms and, 237, 240
Swedish egg and broiler farms and, 250–262
CMO. See Common Market Organization
co-creation, 321–322
lessons learned from, 336–337
multi-scale methodology of, 322–324
digital platform, 326–328
physical meetings, 324–325
policy implications from, 338
stakeholder perceptions in
of current resilience, 328–333
of future resilience, 328–329, 333–336
cognitive learning, 27
Cohesion Policy, 68–69
commodity-based systems, 88–90, 92–97, 352–353
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
adaptability effects of, 66–68, 77–80, 82–85
Altmark farming systems and, 145–146
bottom-up approach to analysis of, 68–70
co-creation for improvement of, 336
demographic and structural change impact of, 55–56
development of proper resilience orientation for, 359–361
hazelnut production in Viterbo and, 187–188, 198
Huesca sheep farming and, 161–162
Polish fruit and vegetable production and, 220–221
reflections on effects of, 82–85
research methods and data in analysis of, 70–74
resilience effects of, 63, 66–68, 353–354
risk management support by, 20
robustness effects of, 66–68, 74–77, 82–85, 353–354
robustness orientation of, 347–348, 353–354
transformability effects of, 66–68, 80–85
Common Market Organization (CMO), in Viterbo hazelnut production, 187–188
complex systems, resilience of, 64
complexity, of resilience of farming systems, 343, 366
conflict, family, 50–51
consumers
Bourbonnais farming system practices and, 177–179, 181
environmental sustainability driven through, 100–105
Huesca sheep farming challenges and, 159–161
Polish fruit and vegetable production and, 223–225
Romanian small, mixed, family farms and, 240–241
Swedish egg and broiler farms and, 249, 255–256
contract farming, 22
cooperation
among arable farmers in Northeast Bulgaria, 132, 137
among egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 255–256
environmental sustainability driven through, 103–104
in fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 226
as resilience-enabling strategy, 361
risk management through, 22, 25
among Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 238–241
in sheep farming in Huesca, 165–166
cooperatives
in Bourbonnais farming system, 177
dairy, 116–117
relational learning through, 27
risk management through, 22, 25
corporate farms
lack of successors for, 51–55
private life overlap with, 47
Corylus avellana. See hazelnut production
Covid-19 pandemic
Bourbonnais beef production during, 178–179
East of England arable farming during, 269–271
farming system impact of, 3–4
resilience attributes in response to, 346, 369–370
resilience urgency generated by, 355
critical thresholds
challenges pushing farms towards, 348–355
as predictors of resilience, 344–345
crop insurance. See insurance
cross-scale effects, 347–348
cultural lock-ins, 88–90, 97–100
dairy farming
in Altmark, 143–144
in Flanders, 112–114
dynamics and growth in, 114–116
policy effects on, 70–82, 119–121
public and private functions of, 117–119
resilience of, 114–116, 119–122
robustness of, 116–117, 119–121
social capital of, 116–117
demographics
of Altmark farming systems, 147–148, 150
of arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria, 131–132
of Bourbonnais farming system, 176
EU changes in, 38–42
farm structural change link to, 39–41
farm system challenges involving, 351–352
of fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 217–218, 222–228
policy approaches to, 55–58
resilience and, 41–44, 55–58
resilience-enabling strategies for, 358–359
of Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 236
of sheep farming in Huesca, 159–160
structural change as resilience capacity, 51–55
digital platform, for co-creation, 321–322, 326–328
direct payments
adaptability effects of, 77–80
to dairy farms in Flanders, 119–120
demographic and structural change impact of, 55–56
to East of England arable farms, 265–266
to Huesca sheep farmers, 161–162
recommendations for reduction of, 360–361
robustness effects of, 74–77, 353–354
diversification
of Altmark farming systems, 147–148
in arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria, 136
of Bourbonnais farming system, 177
of fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 225–226
of Viterbo farming systems, 133–134
diversity, as resilience attribute, 331–333, 344–345, 369–370
downstream market concentration, in Viterbo hazelnut production, 133–134
drought
Altmark farming systems and, 143–144, 146–147
arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria and, 130
Bourbonnais farming system and, 130, 175–176
risk management strategies for, 29
Romanian small, mixed, family farms and, 237, 240
eco-friendly requirements, Viterbo hazelnut production and, 192–198
ecological connectedness, as resilience-enabling strategy, 356
ecological farms, in Polish fruit and vegetable production, 223–225
economic challenges, 349–350
of Altmark farming systems, 144–147
of arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria, 129–130
of egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 250–262
of sheep farming in Huesca, 157–161
economic lock-ins, 88–90, 97–100
economic viability, 344–345, 349
of fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 219
of hazelnut production in Viterbo, 125, 133–134, 188–189, 192
as resilience-enabling strategy, 356
eco-schemes, 360–361
for extensive grazing systems, 165
ecosystem, adaptive cycles of, 9
ecosystem services, of cattle farming, 171
egg and broiler farms, Swedish, 249–250
adaptability of, 256–259
challenges faced by, 250–262
current resilience of, 259–260
functions of, 254–255
risk management and cooperation in, 255–256
robustness of, 258
transformability of, 258–259
ELMS. See Environment Land Management Scheme
enabling environment. See also resilience-enabling environment
context-specific nature of, 347
of dairy farming in Flanders, 115–119
for environmental sustainability and resilience, 105
of hazelnut production in Viterbo, 187–188
needs and strategies at level of, 347–348
resilience attributes and, 5–8
risk management and, 20
England, arable farming in, 263–265, 277
challenges faced by, 97–105, 265–271
environmental sustainability and resilience of, 91–93, 95–97, 100–105
knowledge networks and learning in, 272–276
lock-ins to, 97–105
policy effects on, 70–82, 265–266, 275–276
resilience of, 269–271, 276
risk management in, 265–271
environment. See also enabling environment
Altmark farming system impact on, 143–144
Flanders dairy farming impact on, 117–119
Northeast Bulgaria arable farming impact on, 127–128, 130
Veenkoloniën arable farming and, 203
Viterbo hazelnut production impact on, 185–187, 190, 192–198
Environment Land Management Scheme (ELMS), 102, 265–266
environmental challenges, 349–350. See also specific challenges
of egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 250–262
environmental sustainability. See sustainability
eroding-goals archetype, 310–311
European Union (EU). See also Common Agricultural Policy
agricultural resilience policies in, 63
farm demographic and structural change in, 38–42
resilience-enabling strategies for, 355–363, 370
experiential learning, 27
extensive grazing systems, of Huesca sheep farming, 127, 156–157, 167
alternative systems for, 163–164
business and policy enabling actions for, 164–166
challenges and lock-ins to, 97–105
challenges threatening, 97–105, 127, 158–161
environmental sustainability and resilience of, 91–94, 96–97, 100–105
functions provided by, 157–158
future resilience of, 166–167
lock-ins to, 97–105
past resilience of, 160–163
policy effects on, 70–80, 160–162, 164–166
weakened resilience attributes of, 162–163
extreme weather events. See also drought
Altmark farming systems and, 143–144, 146–147
arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria and, 130
insurance against, 76–77
Polish fruit and vegetable production and, 220, 226
risk management and, 21–22, 29
risks associated with, 18–19
family conflict, 50–51
family farming
in East of England arable farming, 272–273
intergenerational transfer in, 28, 40–41, 49, 57
lack of successors for, 51–55
in Nord-Est region of Romania, 234–235
alternative systems to, 242–245
challenges faced by, 238–240
current resilience of, 237–241, 245–247
functions and performance of, 237–238
future challenges to, 242
future resilience of, 242–247
historical context and background of, 234–237
risk management strategies of, 240–241
policy bias toward, 57
in Polish fruit and vegetable production, 215–221
adaptive cycles of, 218–221
alternative farming systems for, 223–226
future resilience of, 223–231
past and current resilience of, 218–221, 229–231
policy effects on, 70–82, 220–222
private life overlap with, 47
risk management in, 21–22
in Sweden, 249
farm
needs and strategies at level of, 347–348
risk management at level of, 21–22
farm demographics. See demographics
farm household, risk management impact on, 21–22
farm interest groups, in Swedish egg and broiler production, 257
farm succession
adaptive capacities of structural change and, 51–55
in East of England, 267, 269
EU support for, 40–41
in family farming, 28, 40–41, 49, 57
farm demographics impact of, 42–43
farm system challenges involving, 351–352
lack of successors for, 51–55
in Northeast Bulgaria, 137
policy approaches to, 55–58
in Polish fruit and vegetable production, 218–219, 222–228
resilience and, 41, 44–51
resilience-enabling strategies for, 358–359
stages of, 46–51
Farm to Fork Strategy, 90, 360–361
agricultural production vision of, 356–357
agricultural resilience promotion by, 63
as resilience-enabling, 355
farmer populations, 39–41
farmers
cooperation among, 103–104
in farming systems, 3
limited networks of, 354
open-mindedness of, 179–180
risk perception by, 19, 23–27
self-identity of, 47
social network of, 50
technology development by, 102–103
well-being of, 49–50
farmers’ unions, in East of England arable farming, 273
farming lifestyle, 46
farming systems. See also specific case studies
adaptability of, 5, 18, 65
balance between public and private functions of, 117–119
biodiversity input-based, 88–90
biological input-based global commodity, 88–90, 92–94, 96–97, 352–353
challenges of, 3–4, 72–73, 348–355
assessment of, 281–282, 284–289
co-creation of strategies dealing with, 333–336
farmer perceptions of, 23–27
farming system resilience and, 1–2
stakeholder perceptions of, 329–333
chemical input-based global commodity, 88–90, 93–97, 352–353
classification of, 88–90
context-specific nature of, 347
definition of resilience of, 2–14
environmental sustainability of, 88–90, 100–105, 352–353
in food system context, 363
functions of, 4–5, 349, 363–364
assessment of, 282–283, 289–293
resilience attributes link to, 294–295
stakeholder perceptions of, 330–331
indicators for measuring resilience of, 365
joined-up vision on, 356–357
lock-in to, 88–92, 97–105, 352–353
needs and strategies at level of, 347–348
non-resilience of, 346–347
policy effects on resilience of, 63–65
adaptability findings, 77–80, 353–354
bottom-up approach to analysis of, 68–70
reflections on, 82–85
research methods and data in analysis of, 70–74
on resilience capacities, 65–68, 74–82
robustness findings, 74–77, 353–354
transformability findings, 80–82, 353–354
policy impacts at level of, 64
resilience attributes of, 2–14, 344–347, 369–370
assessment of, 283–284, 293–294
resilience capacities relationship to, 365
stakeholder perceptions of, 331–333
system functions link to, 294–295
resilience capacities of, 5, 65, 347–348
anticipation as, 344
assessment of, 283–284, 293–294
critical thresholds of, 344–345
policy effects on, 65–68, 74–82, 353–354
resilience attributes relationship to, 365
risk impact on, 18
risk management contribution to, 29–31
structural change as, 51–55
resilience challenges of, 1–2, 348–355
resilience crisis of, 348–355
resilience-enabling strategies for, 355–363, 370
risk management at level of, 21–22
risks faced by, 18–19
robustness of, 5, 18, 65
social capital as robustness-increasing asset of, 116–117
stakeholders of, 3
transformability of, 5, 18, 65
farming systems assessment. See resilience assessment; SURE-Farm approach
feedbacks, as resilience attribute, 344–345, 369–370
financial resources, 346
CAP, 74–77, 353–354
for Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 237
for sheep farming in Huesca, 132
fire prevention, Huesca sheep farming provision of, 157–158
Flanders
agriculture in, 112
dairy farming in, 112–114
dynamics and growth in, 114–116
policy effects on, 70–82, 119–121
public and private functions of, 117–119
resilience of, 114–116, 119–122
robustness of, 116–117, 119–121
social capital of, 116–117
structural change in, 51–55, 112, 114–116
focus groups, for co-creation, 321–322, 324–325
food policy. See policies
food production. See agricultural production
food safety
chemical and industrial agriculture production for, 88–90
in egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 251, 255–256
in Flanders dairy farming, 116–117
in fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 220–221
food security
CAP provisions for, 66–67
East of England contribution to, 263–264
in Romania, 237–238
threats to, 342–343
food system, farming system in context of, 363
FoPIA-SURE-Farm workshops, 281, 324–325
framework, of SURE-Farm approach, 2–8, 343–348
France, Bourbonnais beef production in, 127, 171–173, 182
challenges faced by, 175–177
economic viability and quality of life in, 135
food production and natural resources of, 173–174
perceived performance of functions of, 127, 173
quality of beef in, 174–175
resilience of, 180–181
social expectations on, 177–179
transformability of, 179–180
unimportant functions of, 175
fruit and vegetable farming/production/sector, in Poland, 215–221
adaptive cycles of, 218–221
alternative farming systems for, 223–226
future resilience of, 223–231
past and current resilience of, 218–221, 229–231
policy effects on, 70–82, 220–222
functional diversity
of Altmark farming systems, 147–148
as resilience attribute, 331–333
general resilience, 2–14
generational renewal
in East of England, 267, 269
EU support for, 40–41
in family farming, 28, 40–41, 49, 57
farm demographics impact of, 42–43
lack of successors for, 51–55
in Northeast Bulgaria, 137
policy approaches to, 55–58
in Polish fruit and vegetable production, 218–219, 222–228
resilience and, 41, 44–51
stages of, 46–51
Germany, Altmark farming systems of, 130, 140–141, 152
challenges impacting essential system functions of, 146–147
ecological characteristics and challenges of, 143–144
economical characteristics and challenges of, 144–145
future strategies enhancing resilience of, 149–151
historical circumstances shaping, 142–143
institutional embedding in, 145–146
resilience capacities and attributes of, 147–149
simulation of structural changes in, 51–55
social environment and challenges of, 146
structural features of, 140–142
global commodity-based systems, 88–90, 92–97, 352–353
governance. See also policies; regulations
of Altmark farming systems, 149–150
of arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria, 130–131
of fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 222, 226
hybrid, 361–362
resilience-oriented, 366–367
grain production. See arable farming
grassland-based cattle system, Bourbonnais, 127, 171–173, 182
challenges faced by, 175–177
economic viability and quality of life in, 135
food production and natural resources of, 173–174
perceived performance of functions of, 127, 173
quality of beef in, 174–175
resilience of, 180–181
social expectations on, 177–179
transformability of, 179–180
unimportant functions of, 175
grasslands insurance, 132
grazing. See extensive grazing systems
Green Deal, 63, 198, 240–241, 353–354, 360–361
hazelnut production
risk management and, 26
in Viterbo farming system, 127, 185–188, 199
alternative configurations of, 192–198
challenges and lock-ins to, 97–105
current resilience of, 188–190
environmental sustainability and resilience of, 91–97, 100–105
future resilience of, 127, 190–195
hedges, of Bourbonnais farming system, 127, 171–173
hired labour
farm demographics impact of, 42
policy approaches to, 57
horticulture. See fruit and vegetable farming/production/sector
household, risk management impact on, 21–22
Huesca, sheep farming in, 127, 156–157, 167
alternative systems for, 163–164
business and policy enabling actions for, 164–166
challenges threatening, 97–105, 127, 158–161
environmental sustainability and resilience of, 91–94, 96–97, 100–105
functions provided by, 157–158
future resilience of, 166–167
lock-ins to, 97–105
past resilience of, 160–163
policy effects on, 70–80, 160–162, 164–166
weakened resilience attributes of, 162–163
hybrid food governance, 361–362
infrastructure for innovation. See innovation
innovation
in arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria, 136
in hazelnut production in Viterbo, 193–198
as resilience attribute, 331–333, 344–345
in Veenkoloniën farming systems, 208–209
institutional challenges, 350. See also policy effects
of arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria, 136–137
of arable farming in Veenkoloniën, 203
of egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 250–262
of sheep farming in Huesca, 160
institutional lock-ins, 88–90, 97–100
institutional risks, 18–19
insurance
adaptability through, 353–354
grasslands, 132
risk management through, 22, 29, 350–351
for weather-related risks, 76–77
integrated assessment, 279–281, 298–299
in SURE-Farm approach, 9–13, 366
sustainability and resilience insights from, 295–297
toolbox for resilience assessment, 281
integrated landscape approaches, 88–90
intensification
of egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 249
farm growth through, 351–352
of fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 223–226
of hazelnut production in Viterbo, 185–187, 190, 196–198
profitability through, 352–353
interest groups
for egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 257
policy dialogues with, 317–318
for Polish fruit and vegetable production, 226
for Romania small, mixed, family farms, 238–239
intergenerational transfer. See generational renewal
Italy, hazelnut production in, 127, 185–188, 199
alternative configurations of, 192–198
challenges and lock-ins to, 97–105
current resilience of, 188–190
environmental sustainability and resilience of, 91–97, 100–105
future resilience of, 127, 190–195
risk management and, 26
knowledge exchange
in East of England arable farming, 272–276
environmental sustainability driven through, 100–105
as resilience-enabling strategy, 361
labour
for Altmark farming systems, 147–148
for arable farming in East of England, 273
for arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria, 131–132
farm demographics and, 42–43
farm system challenges involving, 352
for fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 217–218, 220, 223–225
policy approaches to, 57
resilience-enabling strategies for, 358–359
for Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 236, 245
land access, CAP effects on, 74–77
landscape
Bourbonnais farming system and, 127, 171–173, 182
challenges faced by, 175–177
economic viability and quality of life in, 135
food production and natural resources of, 173–174
perceived performance of functions of, 127, 173
quality of beef in, 174–175
resilience of, 180–181
social expectations on, 177–179
transformability of, 179–180
unimportant functions of, 175
integrated approaches to, 88–90
resilience-enhancing agricultural, 357–358
large scale farms, in Northeast Bulgaria, 126–127
leadership, as resilience attribute, 346, 369–370
learning
CAP effects on, 79–80
in East of England arable farming, 272–276
environmental sustainability driven through, 100–105
limited, 354
as resilience attribute, 346
resilience based on type of, 28
as resilience-enabling strategy, 361
risk management through, 22, 25–27, 350
lifestyle, farming as, 46
limits to growth archetype, 312
local markets/valorisation
of Bourbonnais farming system, 177–179
in egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 249–250
environmental sustainability driven through, 100–105
in fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 223–225
of hazelnut production in Viterbo, 125, 192–198
local resources, utilisation and regeneration of, 90
lock-in, of agricultural practices, 88–92, 97–105, 352–353
market challenges
in East of England arable farming, 266–269
in Northeast Bulgaria arable farming, 136
market integration, by Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 239
market mechanisms, resilience impacts of, 362–363
market risks, 18–19
Mazovia, fruit and vegetable farming in, 215–221
adaptive cycles of, 218–221
alternative farming systems for, 223–226
future resilience of, 223–231
past and current resilience of, 218–221, 229–231
policy effects on, 70–82, 220–222
migration
farm demographics impact of, 43
policy approaches to, 57
mixed farming/farms/agriculture, in Nord-Est region of Romania, 234–235
alternative systems to, 242–245
challenges faced by, 238–240
current resilience of, 237–241, 245–247
functions and performance of, 237–238
future challenges to, 242
future resilience of, 242–247
historical context and background of, 234–237
risk management strategies of, 240–241
mixed methods, 9–13, 366
modularity, as resilience attribute, 344–345, 369–370
Netherlands, arable farming in, 201–204, 211–212
future resilience of, 206–211
long-term challenges and risk management in, 207–208
past resilience of, 204–206
policy effects on, 70–82, 203
social self-organisation and infrastructure for innovation in, 208–209
transformative strategies for, 209–211
networks
in East of England arable farming, 272–276
limited farmer, 354
non-resilience, 346–347
on-farm risk management strategies, 21–22
openness, as resilience attribute, 344–345, 369–370
organic farming
in Bourbonnais farming system, 177–179
in fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 223–225
in hazelnut production in Viterbo, 133–134
on Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 245
ovine breeding. See sheep farming/production/sector
perennial crops, hazelnut production in Italy, 91–97, 100–105, 127, 185–188
pest and disease prevention
in East of England arable farming, 267
in Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 240
plant protection products, regulation of, 81–82
Podlasie, policy effects on fruit and vegetable farming in, 70–82
Poland, fruit and vegetable farming in, 215–221
adaptive cycles of, 218–221
alternative farming systems for, 223–226
future resilience of, 223–231
past and current resilience of, 218–221, 229–231
policy effects on, 70–82, 220–222
policies
co-creation implications for, 338
demographic and structural change approach of, 55–58
environmental sustainability driven through, 100–105
farm demographics impact of, 43
resilience-enabling, 356, 359–361
adaptability-enabling, 65–66, 77–80
co-creation of, 336
risk management and, 32
robustness-enabling, 65–66, 74–77
transformability-enabling, 65–66, 80–82
risk management and, 20, 32
risks associated with, 18–19
robustness orientation of, 347–348
unpredictability of, 80–82
policy design, resilience-oriented, 366–367
policy effects, 63–65, 350
on Altmark farming systems, 145–146, 149–150
on arable farming in East of England, 70–82, 265–266, 275–276
on arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria, 130–131, 133–135
on arable farming in Veenkoloniën, 70–82, 203
bottom-up approach to analysis of, 68–70
on Bourbonnais farming system, 180
on dairy farming in Flanders, 70–82, 119–121
on egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 250–262
on fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 70–82, 220–222
on hazelnut production in Viterbo, 187–188, 198
reflections on, 82–85
research methods and data in analysis of, 70–74
on resilience capacities
adaptability, 65–68, 77–80, 82–85, 353–354
robustness, 65–68, 74–77, 82–85, 353–354
transformability, 65–68, 80–85, 353–354
on sheep farming in Huesca, 70–80, 160–162, 164–166
policy instrument. See Common Agricultural Policy
private goods
Altmark farming system provision of, 146–147
farming system provision of, 4–5, 282–283, 349, 363–364
Flanders dairy farming provision of, 117–119
Northeast Bulgaria arable farming provision of, 127–128
Polish fruit and vegetable production provision of, 218
Viterbo hazelnut production provision of, 188
proactive learners, 26, 28, 350
producer associations, for Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 245
production risks, 18–19
productivity, as resilience attribute, 344–345
profitability, 349
of Altmark farming systems, 144–147
of arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria, 129–130
of egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 250–262
of fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 219, 225–226
of hazelnut production in Viterbo, 125, 133–134, 188–189, 192
through intensification, 352–353
market mechanisms and, 362–363
as resilience attribute, 331–333, 344–345
of Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 242–244
of sheep farming in Huesca, 157–161
public goods
Altmark farming system provision of, 146–147
cattle farming provision of, 171
farming system provision of, 4–5, 282–283, 349, 363–364
Flanders dairy farming provision of, 117–119
Huesca sheep farming provision of, 157–158
market mechanisms and, 362–363
Northeast Bulgaria arable farming provision of, 127–128
Polish fruit and vegetable production provision of, 218
Viterbo hazelnut production provision of, 188
public policy. See policies
qualitative methods
for resilience assessment, 281–284
SURE-Farm approach use of, 9–13, 366
quantitative methods
for resilience assessment, 281–284
SURE-Farm approach use of, 9–13, 366
RDPs. See Rural Development Programs
reactive learners, 26, 28, 350
reflexivity, 357–358
regulations
on dairy farming in Flanders, 116–117
on East of England arable farming, 265–266
on egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 250–262
on Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 240
unpredictability of, 80–82
relational learning, 27
resilience. See also specific case studies
of Altmark farming systems, 147–151
of arable farming in East of England, 269–271, 276
of arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria, 133–137
of biological input-based global commodity systems, 92–94, 96–97
of Bourbonnais farming system, 180–181
of chemical input-based global commodity systems, 93–97
of complex systems, 64
context-specific nature of, 347
of dairy farming in Flanders, 114–116, 119–122
definition of, 2–14
disciplines involved in assessment of, 9
of egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 256–259
farm demographics and, 41–44, 55–58
farming system challenges in, 1–2, 348–355
farming system crisis of, 348–355
of fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 218–221, 223–231
generational renewal and, 41, 44–51
of hazelnut production in Viterbo, 127, 188–198
improvement of, 297–298
indicators for measurement of, 365
learning and, 28
lock-in as barrier to, 88–92, 97–105, 352–353
market mechanisms impacting, 362–363
policy design oriented to, 366–367
policy effects on, 63–65
adaptability findings, 77–80
bottom-up approach to analysis of, 68–70
reflections on, 82–85
research methods and data in analysis of, 70–74
on resilience capacities, 65–68, 74–82
robustness findings, 74–77
transformability findings, 80–82
regional context in assessment of, 5–8
resilience attributes and critical thresholds as predictors of, 344–345
resources required for, 346
risk management and, 18, 22, 29–31
of sheep farming in Huesca, 91–94, 96–97, 100–105, 160–163, 166–167
of small, mixed, family farms in Romania, 237–247
social capital contribution to, 116–117
stakeholder understanding of, 366
sustainability interaction with, 88–92, 279–281, 295–299, 368–369
resilience assessment, 279–281, 298–299
attributes and capacities, 283–284
in current systems, 293–294
in future systems, 293–294
challenges of farming systems, 281–282, 284–289
functions of farming systems, 282–283, 289
alternative, 292
current, 289–292
future, 292–293
mixed methods in, 9–13, 366
need for systematic, 368
qualitative and quantitative methods used in, 281–284
sustainability and resilience improvements from, 297–298
sustainability and resilience insights from, 295–297
system dynamics, 294–295
resilience attributes, 2–14, 344–347, 369–370
assessment of, 283–284, 293–294
resilience capacities relationship to, 365
stakeholder perceptions of, 331–333
system functions link to, 294–295
resilience capacities, 5, 65, 347–348. See also adaptability; robustness; transformability
anticipation as, 344
assessment of, 283–284, 293–294
critical thresholds of, 344–345
policy effects on, 65–68, 74–82, 353–354
resilience attributes relationship to, 365
risk impact on, 18
risk management contribution to, 29–31
structural change as, 51–55
resilience framework, of SURE-Farm approach, 2–8, 343–348
resilience-enabling environment, 302–303, 359–360
methodology for studying, 303–306
patterns in, 306–307
burden shifting archetype, 307–310
eroding-goals archetype, 310–311
limits to growth archetype, 312
success-to-the-successful archetype, 312–313
principles for creation of, 313–317
recommendations for creation of, 317–319
resilience-enabling policies, 356, 359–361
adaptability-enabling, 65–66, 77–80
co-creation of, 336
risk management and, 32
robustness-enabling, 65–66, 74–77
transformability-enabling, 65–66, 80–82
resilience-enabling strategies, 355–363, 370
co-creation of, 333–336
response diversity, as resilience attribute, 331–333, 344–345
risk management, 18–21, 31–32, 350–351
in Altmark farming systems, 149–150
in arable farming in East of England, 265–271
in arable farming in Veenkoloniën, 207–208
co-creation of strategies for, 333–336
of egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 255–256
at farm-level and farming system level, 21–22
in fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 221
improved strategies for, 28–29
resilience and, 18, 22, 29–31
resilience-enabling strategies for, 359
risk perception role in, 19, 23–27
in small, mixed, family farms in Romania, 240–241
risk perception, 19, 23–27
risk-sharing strategies, 21–22
co-creation of, 333–336
robustness
of Altmark farming systems, 148–149
of arable farming in East of England, 269–271, 276
of arable farming in Northeast Bulgaria, 133–135
of biological input-based global commodity systems, 92–94
of Bourbonnais farming system, 176–177
CAP effects on, 66–68, 74–77, 82–85, 353–354
CAP orientation to, 347–348, 353–354
CAP revision to promote, 360–361
of dairy farming in Flanders, 116–117, 119–121
of egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 258
of fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 222–223
of hazelnut production in Viterbo, 188, 196–198
policy effects on, 65–68, 74–77, 82–85, 353–354
as resilience capacity, 5, 65
risk impact on, 18
risk management and, 26, 29–31
in Romanian small, mixed, family farms, 240–241, 247
of sheep farming in Huesca, 161–162, 166
social capital increase of, 116–117
of Veenkoloniën farming systems, 204–209
robustness-enabling policies, 65–66, 74–77
Romania, small, mixed, family farms in, 234–235
alternative systems to, 242–245
challenges faced by, 238–240
current resilience of, 237–241, 245–247
functions and performance of, 237–238
future challenges to, 242
future resilience of, 242–247
historical context and background of, 234–237
risk management strategies of, 240–241
Rural Development Programs (RDPs)
adaptability effects of, 77–80, 353–354
in hazelnut production in Viterbo, 187–188
seasonal labour
farm demographics impact of, 43
in fruit and vegetable production in Poland, 217–218, 220, 223–225
policy approaches to, 57
self-organisation. See social self-organization
shared learning, as resilience attribute, 346
sheep farming/production/sector, in Huesca, 127, 156–157, 167
alternative systems for, 163–164
business and policy enabling actions for, 164–166
challenges and lock-ins to, 97–105
challenges threatening, 97–105, 127, 158–161
environmental sustainability and resilience of, 91–94, 96–97, 100–105
functions provided by, 157–158
future resilience of, 166–167
lock-ins to, 97–105
past resilience of, 160–163
policy effects on, 70–80, 160–162, 164–166
weakened resilience attributes of, 162–163
shelter farming, 227–229
small farms, in Nord-Est region of Romania, 234–235
alternative systems to, 242–245
challenges faced by, 238–240
current resilience of, 237–241, 245–247
functions and performance of, 237–238
future challenges to, 242
future resilience of, 242–247
historical context and background of, 234–237
risk management strategies of, 240–241
social capital, as robustness-increasing asset, 116–117
social challenges, 349–350
of Altmark farming systems, 146
of Bourbonnais farming system, 176
of egg and broiler farms in Sweden, 250–262
of sheep farming in Huesca, 159–160
social connectedness, as resilience-enabling strategy, 356
social expectations. See also consumers
of Bourbonnais farming system, 177–179
economic viability of arable farming and, 129–130
social learning, CAP effects on, 79–80
social lock-ins, 88–90, 97–100
social risks, 18–19
social self-organization
of arable farmers in Northeast Bulgaria, 132
of dairy farming in Flanders, 116–117
as resilience attribute, 331–333, 344–345
in Veenkoloniën farming systems, 208–209
socio-economic systems
alternative food systems, 88–90
circular economies, 88–90
global commodity-based systems, 88–90, 92–97, 352–353
socio-technical regimes, 88–90, 352–353
Spain, sheep farming in, 127, 156–157, 167
alternative systems for, 163–164
business and policy enabling actions for, 164–166
challenges and lock-ins to, 97–105
challenges threatening, 97–105, 127, 158–161
environmental sustainability and resilience of, 91–94, 96–97, 100–105
functions provided by, 157–158
future resilience of, 166–167
lock-ins to, 97–105
past resilience of, 160–163
policy effects on, 70–80, 160–162, 164–166
weakened resilience attributes of, 162–163
specialisation, 351–352
specified resilience, 2–14
stakeholders, 3. See also specific stakeholders
co-creation involvement of, 321–322
needs and strategies of different, 347–348
resilience concept understanding by, 366
stakeholders’ perception
of current resilience, 328–333
of future resilience, 328–329, 333–336
starch potato production, in Veenkoloniën farming systems, 201–204, 211–212
future resilience of, 206–211
long-term challenges and risk management in, 207–208
past resilience of, 204–206
policy effects on, 203
social self-organisation and infrastructure for innovation in, 208–209
transformative strategies for, 209–211
structural change
in EU, 38–42
farm demographics link to, 39–41
farm system challenges involving, 351–352
in Flanders, 51–55, 112, 114–116
policy approaches to, 55–58
as resilience capacity, 51–55
subsistence farms, Romanian, 237
success-to-the-successful archetype, 312–313
supply chain, dairy farming involvement of, 116–117
SURE-Farm approach. See also resilience assessment; specific case studies
assumptions of, 342–343
CAP analysis in, 66–70
adaptability findings, 77–80
bottom-up approach to, 68–70
reflections on, 82–85
research methods and data, 70–74
robustness findings, 74–77
transformability findings, 80–82
farm succession insights from, 44–55
future research avenues identified by, 368–370
integrated assessment in, 9–13, 366
limitations of, 363–367
mixed methods used in, 9–13, 366
multiple disciplines involved in, 9
purpose of, 342–343
regional context in, 5–8
resilience framework of, 2–8, 343–348
resilience need identified by, 367–368
resilience-enabling strategies formulated from, 355–363, 370
risk management insights from, 20, 22–31
scope of, 363
sustainability
agricultural practices promoting, 88–90, 100–105, 352–353
of biological input-based global commodity systems, 92–94, 96–97, 352–353
CAP effects on, 77–80
of chemical input-based global commodity systems, 93–97, 352–353
farming system classification and, 88–90
improvement of, 297–298
lock-in as barrier to, 88–92, 97–105
resilience interaction with, 88–92, 279–281, 295–299, 368–369
Sweden, egg and broiler production in, 249–250
adaptability of, 256–259
challenges faced by, 250–262
current resilience of, 259–260
functions of, 254–255
risk management and cooperation in, 255–256
robustness of, 258
transformability of, 258–