Lewis, SS, Moehring, RW, Chen, LF, Sexton, DJ, Anderson, DJ. Assessing the relative burden of hospital-acquired infections in a network of community hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34: 1229–1230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burke, JP. Infection control: a problem for patient safety. N Engl J Med 2003;348: 651–656.Google Scholar

Zimlichman, E, Henderson, D, Tamir, O, et al. Health care-associated infections: a meta-analysis of costs and financial impact on the US health care system. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173: 2039–2046.Google Scholar

Martone, WJ, Nichols, RL. Recognition, prevention, surveillance, and management of surgical site infections: introduction to the problem and symposium overview. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33 Suppl 2:S67–S68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scott, RD II. The Direct Medical Costs of Healthcare-Associated Infections in U.S. Hospitals and the Benefits of Prevention. In: Economist Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion National Center for Preparedness D, and Control of Infectious Diseases; Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ed. 2009: 13.Google Scholar

Engemann, JJ, Carmeli, Y, Cosgrove, SE, et al. Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36: 592–598.Google Scholar

Kirkland, KB, Briggs, JP, Trivette, SL, Wilkinson, WE, Sexton, DJ. The impact of surgical-site infections in the 1990s: attributable mortality, excess length of hospitalization, and extra costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20: 725–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McGarry, SA, Engemann, JJ, Schmader, K, Sexton, DJ, Kaye, KS. Surgical-site infection due to Staphylococcus aureus among elderly patients: Mortality, duration of hospitalization, and cost. Infect Cont Hosp Ep 2004;25: 461–467.Google Scholar

Haley, RW, Culver, DH, White, JW, et al. The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121: 182–205.Google Scholar

Cruse, PJ, Foord, R. The epidemiology of wound infection: a 10-year prospective study of 62,939 wounds. Surg Clin North Am 1980;60: 27–40.Google Scholar

Olson, MM, Lee, JT Jr. Continuous, 10-year wound infection surveillance: results, advantages, and unanswered questions. Arch Surg 1990;125: 794–803.Google Scholar

Horan, TC, Gaynes, RP, Martone, WJ, Jarvis, WR, Emori, TG. CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13: 606–608.Google Scholar

Ehrenkranz, NJ, Richter, EI, Phillips, PM, Shultz, JM. An apparent excess of operative site infections: analyses to evaluate false-positive diagnoses. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16: 712–716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ehrenkranz, NJ, Richter, EI, Phillips, PM, Shultz, JM. An apparent excess of operative site infections: analyses to evaluate false-positive diagnoses. Infect Control Hops Epidemiol 1995;16: 712–6.Google ScholarPubMed

Lee, JT. Wound infection surveillance. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1992;6: 643–656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Haley, RW, Schaberg, DR, McClish, DK, et al. The accuracy of retrospective chart review in measuring nosocomial infection rates: results of validation studies in pilot hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 1980;111: 516–533.Google Scholar

Cardo, DM, Falk, PS, Mayhall, CG. Validation of surgical wound surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1993;14: 211–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berard, F, Gandon, J. Postoperative wound infections: the influence of ultraviolet irradiation of the operating room and of various other factors. Ann Surg 1964;160(Suppl 2): 192.Google Scholar

Haley, RW. Surveillance by objective: a new priority-directed approach to the control of nosocomial infections: The National Foundation for Infectious Diseases lecture. Am J Infect Control 1985;13: 78–89.Google Scholar

Sands, K, Vineyard, G, Platt, R. Surgical site infections occurring after hospital discharge. J Infect Dis 1996;173: 963–970.Google Scholar

Anderson, DJ, Arduino, JM, Reed, SD, et al. Variation in the type and frequency of postoperative invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections according to type of surgical procedure. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31: 701–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ferraz, EM, Bacelar, TS, Aguiar, JL, Ferraz, AA, Pagnossin, G, Batista, JE. Wound infection rates in clean surgery: a potentially misleading risk classification. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13: 457–462.Google Scholar

Haley, RW, Culver, DH, Morgan, WM, White, JW, Emori, TG, Hooton, TM. Identifying patients at high-risk of surgical wound-infection: a simple multivariate index of patient susceptibility and wound contamination. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121: 206–215.Google Scholar

Culver, DH, Horan, TC, Gaynes, RP, et al. Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index: National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Med 1991;91: 152S–157S.Google Scholar

Roy, MC, Herwaldt, LA, Embrey, R, Kuhns, K, Wenzel, RP, Perl, TM. Does the Centers for Disease Control’s NNIS System risk index stratify patients undergoing cardiothoracic operations by their risk of surgical-site infection? Infect Cont Hosp Ep 2000;21: 186–190.Google Scholar

Nichols, RL, Smith, JW, Robertson, GD, et al. Prospective alterations in therapy for penetrating abdominal trauma. Arch Surg 1993;128: 55–63; discussion -4.Google Scholar

Wenzel, RP, Osterman, CA, Hunting, KJ, Gwaltney, JM Jr. Hospital-acquired infections: I. Surveillance in a university hospital. Am J Epidemiol 1976;103: 251–260.Google Scholar

Yokoe, DS, Noskin, GA, Cunningham, SM, et al. Enhanced identification of postoperative infections among inpatients. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10: 1924–1230.Google Scholar

Platt, R, Yokoe, DS, Sands, KE. Automated methods for surveillance of surgical site infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7: 212–216.Google Scholar

Perl, TM. Surveillance, Reporting and the Use of Computers. 2nd ed. Williams & Wilkins; 1993.Google Scholar

Huang, SS, Placzek, H, Livingston, J, et al. Use of Medicare claims to rank hospitals by surgical site infection risk following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Infect Cont Hosp Ep 2011;32: 775–783.Google Scholar

Calderwood, MS, Kleinman, K, Bratzler, DW, et al. Use of Medicare claims to identify us hospitals with a high rate of surgical site infection after hip arthroplasty. Infect Cont Hosp Ep 2013;34: 31–39.Google Scholar

Manian, FA, Meyer, L. Comprehensive surveillance of surgical wound infections in outpatient and inpatient surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990;11: 515–520.Google Scholar

Avato, JL, Lai, KK. Impact of postdischarge surveillance on surgical-site infection rates for coronary artery bypass procedures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23: 364–367.Google Scholar

Delgado-Rodriguez, M, Gomez-Ortega, A, Sillero-Arenas, M, Llorca, J. Epidemiology of surgical-site infections diagnosed after hospital discharge: a prospective cohort study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22: 24–30.Google Scholar

Ming, DY, Chen, LF, Miller, BA, Anderson, DJ. The impact of depth of infection and postdischarge surveillance on rate of surgical-site infections in a network of community hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33: 276–282.Google Scholar

Perencevich, EN, Sands, KE, Cosgrove, SE, Guadagnoli, E, Meara, E, Platt, R. Health and economic impact of surgical site infections diagnosed after hospital discharge. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9: 196–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Noy, D, Creedy, D. Postdischarge surveillance of surgical site infections: a multi-method approach to data collection. Am J Infect Control 2002;30: 417–424.Google Scholar

Kent, P, McDonald, M, Harris, O, Mason, T, Spelman, D. Post-discharge surgical wound infection surveillance in a provincial hospital: follow-up rates, validity of data and review of the literature. ANZ J Surg 2001;71: 583–589.Google Scholar

Burns, SJ, Dippe, SE. Postoperative wound infections detected during hospitalization and after discharge in a community hospital. Am J Infect Control 1982;10: 60–65.Google Scholar

Seaman, M, Lammers, R. Inability of patients to self-diagnose wound infections. J Emerg Med 1991;9: 215–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anderson, DJ, Kaye, KS, Classen, D, et al. Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29 Suppl 1:S51–S61.Google Scholar

Sands, K, Vineyard, G, Livingston, J, Christiansen, C, Platt, R. Efficient identification of postdischarge surgical site infections: use of automated pharmacy dispensing information, administrative data, and medical record information. J Infect Dis 1999;179: 434–441.Google Scholar

Chalfine, A, Cauet, D, Lin, WC, et al. Highly sensitive and efficient computer-assisted system for routine surveillance for surgical site infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27: 794–801.Google Scholar

Platt, R, Kleinman, K, Thompson, K, et al. Using automated health plan data to assess infection risk from coronary artery bypass surgery. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8: 1433–1441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hirschhorn, LR, Currier, JS, Platt, R. Electronic surveillance of antibiotic exposure and coded discharge diagnoses as indicators of postoperative infection and other quality assurance measures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1993;14: 21–28.Google Scholar

Bouam, S, Girou, E, Brun-Buisson, C, Karadimas, H, Lepage, E. An intranet-based automated system for the surveillance of nosocomial infections: prospective validation compared with physicians’ self-reports. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24: 51–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burke, JP. Surveillance, reporting, automation, and interventional epidemiology. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24: 10–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mayhall, CG. Surgical Infections Including Burns. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1993.Google Scholar

DS K, AB K. Postoperative Infections and Antimicrobial Prophylaxis. 4th ed. New York, NY: Chirchill Livingstone; 1995.Google Scholar

Nagachinta, T, Stephens, M, Reitz, B, Polk, BF. Risk factors for surgical-wound infection following cardiac surgery. J Infect Dis 1987;156: 967–973.Google Scholar

Weintraub, WS, Jones, EL, Craver, J, Guyton, R, Cohen, C. Determinants of prolonged length of hospital stay after coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 1989;80: 276–284.Google Scholar

Taylor, GJ, Mikell, FL, Moses, HW, et al. Determinants of hospital charges for coronary artery bypass surgery: the economic consequences of postoperative complications. Am J Cardiol 1990;65: 309–313.Google Scholar

Mangram, AJ, Horan, TC, Pearson, ML, Silver, LC, Jarvis, WR. Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Am J Infect Control 1999;27: 97–132; quiz 3–4; discussion 96.Google Scholar

Bratzler, DW, Hunt, DR. The surgical infection prevention and surgical care improvement projects: national initiatives to improve outcomes for patients having surgery. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43: 322–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bratzler, DW, Houck, PM, Richards, C, et al. Use of antimicrobial prophylaxis for major surgery: baseline results from The National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Arch Surg-Chicago 2005;140: 174–182.Google Scholar

Dellinger, EP, Hausmann, SM, Bratzler, DW, et al. Hospitals collaborate to decrease surgical site infections. Am J Surg 2005;190: 9–15.Google Scholar

Haynes, AB, Weiser, TG, Berry, WR, et al. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med 2009;360: 491–499.Google Scholar

Weiser, TG, Haynes, AB, Dziekan, G, et al. Effect of a 19-item surgical safety checklist during urgent operations in a global patient population. Ann Surg 2010;251: 976–980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

van Klei, WA, Hoff, RG, van Aarnhem, EEHL, et al. Effects of the introduction of the WHO “Surgical Safety Checklist” on in-hospital mortality: a cohort study. Ann Surg 2012;255: 44–49.Google Scholar

Institute for Healthcare Improvement. 2009. Available at: www.ihi.org. Accessed April 22, 2009.Google Scholar

Yokoe, DS, Mermel, LA, Anderson, DJ, et al. A compendium of strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29 Suppl 1:S12–S21.Google Scholar

Yokoe, DS, Classen, D. Improving patient safety through infection control: a new healthcare imperative. Infect Cont Hosp Ep 2008;29:S3–S11.Google Scholar

Anderson, DJ, Podgorny, K, Berrios-Torres, SI, et al. Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35: 605–627.Google Scholar

Schweizer, ML, Chiang, HY, Septimus, E, et al. Association of a bundled intervention with surgical site infections among patients undergoing cardiac, hip, or knee surgery. JAMA 2015;313: 2162–2171.Google Scholar

Perl, TM, Golub, JE. New approaches to reduce Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial infection rates: treating S. aureus nasal carriage. Ann Pharmacother 1998;32:S7–S16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wenzel, RP, Perl, TM. The significance of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and the incidence of postoperative wound infection. J Hosp Infect 1995;31: 13–24.Google Scholar

Kluytmans, J, van Belkum, A, Verbrugh, H. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997;10: 505–520.Google Scholar

Perl, TM, Cullen, JJ, Wenzel, RP, et al. Intranasal mupirocin to prevent postoperative Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 2002;346: 1871–1877.Google Scholar

Bode, LG, Kluytmans, JA, Wertheim, HF, et al. Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2010;362: 9–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schweizer, M, Perencevich, E, McDanel, J, et al. Effectiveness of a bundled intervention of decolonization and prophylaxis to decrease Gram positive surgical site infections after cardiac or orthopedic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2013;346: f2743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

van Rijen, M, Bonten, M, Wenzel, R, Kluytmans, J. Mupirocin ointment for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections in nasal carriers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008: CD006216.Google Scholar

Surgical Attire. Association of periOperative Registered Nurses. Available at www.aorn.org/guidelines/clinical-resources/clinical-faqs/attire. Accessed March 28, 2016.Google Scholar

Bratzler, DW, Dellinger, EP, Olsen, KM, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery. Surg Infect 2013;14: 73–156.Google Scholar

Zanetti, G, Flanagan, HL Jr., Cohn, LH, Giardina, R, Platt, R. Improvement of intraoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in prolonged cardiac surgery by automated alerts in the operating room. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24: 13–16.Google Scholar

Webb, ALB, Flagg, RL, Fink, AS. Reducing surgical site infections through a multidisciplinary computerized process for preoperative prophylactic antibiotic administration. Am. J. Surg. 2006;192: 663–668.Google Scholar

Kanter, G, Connelly, NR, Fitzgerald, J. A system and process redesign to improve perioperative antibiotic administration. Anesth Analg 2006;103: 1517–1521.Google Scholar

Steinberg, JP, Braun, BI, Hellinger, WC, et al. Timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infections: results from the Trial to Reduce Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Errors. Ann Surg 2009;250: 10–16.Google Scholar

van Kasteren, MEE, Mannien, J, Ott, A, Kullberg, BJ, de Boer, AS, Gyssens, IC. Antibiotic prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infections following total hip arthroplasty: timely administration is the most important factor. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44: 921–927.Google Scholar

Soriano, A, Marco, F, Martinez, JA, et al. Influence of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration on the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46: 193–200.Google Scholar

Akinyoola, AL, Adegbehingbe, OO, Odunsi, A. Timing of antibiotic prophylaxis in tourniquet surgery. J Foot Ankle Surg 2011;50: 374–376.Google Scholar

Andersson, AE, Bergh, I, Karlsson, J, Eriksson, BI, Nilsson, K. Traffic flow in the operating room: an explorative and descriptive study on air quality during orthopedic trauma implant surgery. Am J Infect Control 2012;40: 750–755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pada, S, Perl, TM. Operating room myths: what is the evidence for common practices. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015;28: 369–374.Google Scholar

van der Slegt, J, van der Laan, L, Veen, EJ, Hendriks, Y, Romme, J, Kluytmans, J. Implementation of a bundle of care to reduce surgical site infections in patients undergoing vascular surgery. PLoS One 2013;8: e71566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Darouiche, RO, Wall, MJ Jr., Itani, KM, et al. Chlorhexidine-alcohol versus povidone-iodine for surgical-site antisepsis. N Engl J Med 2010;362: 18–26.Google Scholar

Swenson, BR, Hedrick, TL, Metzger, R, Bonatti, H, Pruett, TL, Sawyer, RG. Effects of preoperative skin preparation on postoperative wound infection rates: a prospective study of 3 skin preparation protocols. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30: 964–971.Google Scholar

Kurz, A, Sessler, DI, Lenhardt, R. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization: study of wound infection and temperature group. N Engl J Med 1996;334: 1209–1215.Google Scholar

Sessler, DI, Akca, O. Nonpharmacological prevention of surgical wound infections. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35: 1397–1404.Google Scholar

Melling, AC, Ali, B, Scott, EM, Leaper, DJ. Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of wound infection after clean surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2001;358: 876–880.Google Scholar

Latham, R, Lancaster, AD, Covington, JF, Pirolo, JS, Thomas, CS. The association of diabetes and glucose control with surgical-site infections among cardiothoracic surgery patients. Infect Cont Hosp Ep 2001;22: 607–612.Google Scholar

Dellinger, EP. Preventing surgical-site infections: the importance of timing and glucose control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22: 604–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

van den Berghe, G, Wouters, P, Weekers, F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001;345: 1359–1367.Google Scholar

Kwon, S, Thompson, R, Dellinger, P, Yanez, D, Farrohki, E, Flum, D. Importance of perioperative glycemic control in general surgery: a report from the Surgical Care and Outcomes Assessment Program. Ann Surg 2013;257: 8–14.Google Scholar

Umpierrez, GE, Smiley, D, Jacobs, S, et al. Randomized study of basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing general surgery (RABBIT 2 surgery). Diabetes Care 2011;34: 256–261.Google Scholar

Hopf, HW, Hunt, TK, West, JM, et al. Wound tissue oxygen tension predicts the risk of wound infection in surgical patients. Arch Surg 1997;132: 997–1004; discussion 5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Greif, R, Akca, O, Horn, EP, Kurz, A, Sessler, DI, Grp, OR. Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med 2000;342: 161–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bickel, A, Gurevits, M, Vamos, R, Ivry, S, Eitan, A. Perioperative hyperoxygenation and wound site infection following surgery for acute appendicitis: a randomized, prospective, controlled trial. Arch Surg 2011;146: 464–470.Google Scholar

Rohde, JM, Dimcheff, DE, Blumberg, N, et al. Health care–associated infection after red blood cell transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2014;311: 1317–1326.Google Scholar