Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Mercenaries in Asymmetric Conflicts
  • Cited by 7
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
October 2012
Print publication year:
2012
Online ISBN:
9781139208727
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139208727
Subjects:
Military History, History, Politics and International Relations, International Relations and International Organisations
Information

Book description

Scott Fitzsimmons argues that small mercenary groups must maintain a superior military culture to successfully engage and defeat larger and better-equipped opponents. By developing and applying competing constructivist and neorealist theories of military performance to four asymmetric wars in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo, he demonstrates how mercenary groups that strongly emphasize behavioral norms encouraging their personnel to think creatively, make decisions on their own, take personal initiative, communicate accurate information within the group, enhance their technical proficiency and develop a sense of loyalty to their fellow fighters will exhibit vastly superior tactical capabilities to other mercenary groups. Fitzsimmons demonstrates that although the victorious mercenary groups occasionally had access to weapon systems unavailable to their opponents, the balance of material capabilities fielded by the opposing military forces had far less influence on the outcome of these asymmetric conflicts than the culturally determined tactical behavior exhibited by their personnel.

Reviews

“While much has been written on the impact of mercenary forces on colonial and post-colonial wars, Mercenaries in Asymmetric Conflict is special in that it unveils a new explanation of why mercenary groups often win against more numerous and better-equipped opponents. Looking through the lens of competing constructivist and neorealist theories of military efficiency this impressive work demonstrates how mercenary forces that strongly emphasise behaviour norms associated with military performance will display massively superior tactical competency than forces which ignore these norms. This scholarly book should be of great interest to academics and practitioners alike as it sets out to explore new lines of inquiry on a very important subject.” – Dr. Christopher Kinsey, Reader in Business and International Security, Defence Studies Department, King’s College, London

“Scott Fitzsimmons’s book takes us back to the world of mercenary warfare, a field that has been under-researched for a long time. The difference these actors make in asymmetric wars and the conditions that determine their performance are important, fascinating, and timely problems. In his clear and precise analysis, Fitzsimmons goes well beyond the conventional and prejudiced picture of the greedy and bloodthirsty soldier of fortune. His investigative analysis unpacks mercenary military culture, thus significantly extending our knowledge of these actors’ behavior and performance. Not only will his accessible work be highly beneficial to academics, but its implications are also of interest to policy makers.” – Dr. Ulrich Petersohn, Senior Researcher, ETH Zurich

“Fitzsimmons effectively casts aside the common state-centricity in international relations theory to give mercenary groups their due treatment. In so doing, he usefully adds to the ongoing conversation between neorealism and constructivism. What is more, his well-structured and rich empirical study provides the reader with a framework to contemplate the larger and growing phenomenon of armed non-state actors on the world stage.” – Dr. Christopher Spearin, Department of Defence Studies, Canadian Forces College

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Contents
References

Bibliography

Adams, Thomas K. “The New Mercenaries and the Privatization of Conflict.” Parameters 29, no. 2 (Summer 1999): 103–116.
Adler, Emanuel. “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics.” European Journal of International Relations 3, no. 3 (September 1997): 319–363.
Africa Watch. Land Mines in Angola. New York, NY: Africa Watch, 1993.
Aguila, Juan del. “The Changing Character of Cuba’s Armed Forces.” In The Cuban Military under Castro, edited by Jaime Suchlicki, 27–59. Miami, FL: University of Miami Press, 1989.
Arney, Megan. “Rebels Take More Ground in Zaire.” Militant, March 24, 1997.
Arnold, Guy. Mercenaries: The Scourge of the Third World. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.
Ashworth, Michael, and Kirsteen Sellers. “Mercenaries Chief Held on Arms Charge.” The Observer, March 23, 1997, 17.
Associated Press. “13 British Mercenaries Reported Executed by Comrades in Angola.” The Times, February 9, 1976, 1.
Avant, Deborah D.The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Bainwoll, Mitchell. “Cuba.” In Fighting Armies: Non-Aligned, Third World, and Other Armies, edited by Richard A. Gabriel, 225–246. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983.
Baker, Colin. Wild Goose: The Life and Death of Hugh van Oppen. Cardiff, UK: Mpemba Books, 2002.
Balor, Paul. Manual of the Mercenary Soldier: A Career Guide to Mercenary War, Money, and Adventure. New York, NY: Dell Publishing, 1988.
Barlow, Eeben. Executive Outcomes: Against All Odds. Alberton, SA: Galago Publishing, 2007.
Barron, John. KGB: The Secret Work of Soviet Secret Agents. New York, NY: Reader’s Digest Press and E. P. Dutton Company Inc., 1974.
BBC. “Radio Notes British Study of UNITA’s Military Resources.” In BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. UK, August 17, 1999.
Beah, Ishmael. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2007.
Bender, Gerald J. “Angola: Left, Right and Wrong.” Foreign Policy 43 (Summer 1981): 53–69.
Betts, Richard. “Must War Find a Way?: A Review Essay.” International Security 24, no. 2 (Autumn 1999): 166–198.
Biddle, Stephen. Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Biddle, Stephen “Rebuilding the Foundations of Offense-Defense Theory.” The Journal of Politics 63, no. 3 (August 2001): 741–774.
Boggs, Marion W. “Attempts to Limit ‘Aggressive’ Armaments in Diplomacy and Strategy.” University of Missouri, 1941. PhD dissertation.
Bond, Catherine. “Zairian Recounts Torture by Serb Mercenaries.” CNN.com, March 19, 1997.
Bonner, Raymond. “France Linked to Defense of Mobutu.” The New York Times, May 2, 1997.
Boserup, Anders. “Mutual Defensive Superiority and the Problem of Mobility along an Extended Front.” In Foundations of Defensive Defense, edited by Anders Boserup and Robert Nield, 63–78. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1990.
Boyne, Sean. “The White Legion: Mercenaries in Zaire.” Jane’s Intelligence Review 9, no. 6 (June 1997): 278–281.
Breytenbach, Jan. The Buffalo Soldiers: The Story of South Africa’s 32 Battalion, 1975–1993. Alberton, SA: Galago Publishing, 2002.
Breytenbach, JanThey Live by the Sword: 32 ‘Buffalo’ Battalion – South Africa’s Foreign Legion. Alberton, ZA: Lemur, 1990.
Briand, Pierre. “Rebels Advance as Soldiers and Refugees Flee.” Agence France-Presse, February 6, 1997.
Bridgeland, Fred. Jonas Savimbi: A Key to Africa. New York, NY: Paragon House Publishers, 1987.
Brooks, Douglas. “The Business End of the Military Intelligence: Private Military Companies.” Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin 25, no. 3 (July-September 1999): 42–46.
Brooks, Risa A., and Elizabeth A. Stanley, eds. Creating Military Power: The Sources of Military Effectiveness. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007.
Burchett, Wilfred, and Derek Roebuck. The Whores of War: Mercenaries Today. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1977.
Canby, Steven L.The Alliance and Europe. Part IV: Military Doctrine and Technology, Adelphi Paper 109. London, UK: International Institute of Strategic Studies, 1976.
Carafano, James Jay. Private Sector, Public Wars: Contractors in Combat – Afghanistan, Iraq, and Future Conflicts. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2008.
Caribbean Report. “U.S. Admiral Pushes for Neutral Havana.” Caribbean Report, March 29, 1985.
Chalier, Thierry. “French Merc’s ‘Rumble in the Jungle’: Francophone’s Last Stand in Zaire.” Soldier of Fortune, September 1997, 56–57.
Clark, John F. “Explaining Ugandan Intervention in Congo: Evidence and Interpretation.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 2 (June 2001): 261–287.
Clarke, Stephen. The Congo Mercenary. Johannesburg, SA: South African Institute of International Affairs, 1968.
Clausewitz, Carl von. On War. Translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.
Clayton, Anthony. Frontiersmen: Warfare in Africa since 1950. New York, NY: Routledge, 1999.
Conchiglia, Augusta. UNITA: Myth and Reality. London, UK: European Campaign Against South African Aggression on Mozambique and Angola, 1990.
Connell, Dan, and Frank Smyth. “Africa’s New Bloc.” Foreign Affairs 77, no. 2 (March-April 1998): 80–94.
Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner. The Lessons of Modern War, Vol. III: The Afghanistan and Falklands Conflicts. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990.
Corum, James, and Wray Johnson. Airpower in Small Wars: Fighting Insurgents and Terrorists. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2003.
Creveld, Martin Van. Fighting Power: German and U.S. Army Performance, 1939–1945. London, UK: Arms and Armour Press, 1983.
Daniel, Zoe. “Mercenary Town.” Television program, 10 minutes. London, UK: Journeyman Pictures, 2005.
Dash, Leon De Costa. Savimbi’s 1977 Campaign Against the Cubans and MPLA – Observed for 7 1/2 Months, and Covering 2,100 Miles Inside Angola. Pasadena, CA: California Institute of Technology, December 1977. PhD dissertation.
Davis, James R.Fortune’s Warriors: Private Armies and the New World Order. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2000.
Davis, James, Bernard Finel, Stacie Goddard, Stephen Van Evera, Charles Glaser, and Chaim Kaufmann. “Correspondence: Taking Offense at Offense-Defense Theory.” In Offense, Defense, and War, edited by Michael Brown, Owen Cote, Sean Lynn-Jones, and Steven Miller, 305–332. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004.
Defense Intelligence Agency. “Handbook on the Cuban Armed Forces.” Defense Intelligence Agency, April 1979.
Dempster, Chris, and Dave Tomkins. Fire Power. London, UK: Transworld Publishers Ltd., 1978.
Desch, Michael. “Culture Clash: Assessing the Importance of Ideas in Security Studies.” International Security 23, no. 1 (Summer 1998): 141–170.
Dessler, David. “Constructivism within a Positivist Social Science.” Review of International Studies 25, no. 1 (January 1999): 123–137.
Dessler, David “What’s at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?” International Organization 43, no. 3 (Summer 1989): 441–473.
Dodenhoff, George H. “The Congo: A Case Study of Mercenary Employment.” Naval War College Review 21 (April 1969): 44–70.
Dominguez, Jorge I.Cuba: Order and Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Donnelly, Christopher. Red Banner: The Soviet Military System in Peace and War. Alexandria, VA: Jane’s Publishing Inc., 1988.
Dreke, Victor. From the Escambray to the Congo: In the Whirlwind of the Cuban Revolution. New York, NY: Pathfinder Press, 2002.
Duffield, John S. “Political Culture and State Behavior: Why Germany Confounds Neorealism.” International Organization 53, no. 4 (Autumn 1999): 765–803.
The Economist. “Executive Incomers: Papua New Guinea (Use of Mercenary Troops).” The Economist, March 14, 1997.
The Economist “One-Eyed among the Blind.” The Economist, February 7, 1976, 45–46.
Emizet, Kisangani N. F. “Explaining the Rise and Fall of Military Regimes: Civil Military Relations in the Congo.” Armed Forces and Society 26, no. 2 (Winter 2000): 203–227.
English, Adrian J. “The Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces.” Jane’s Defence Weekly, June 30, 1984.
Ent, Uzal W. “Intelligence, Tactical.” In Brassey’s Encyclopedia of Land Forces and Warfare, edited by Franklin Margiotta. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1997.
Erickson, John. “The Soviet System: Doctrine Technology, and ‘Style.’” In Soviet Military Power and Performance, edited by John Erickson and E. J. Feuchtwanger, 18–44. Hamden, CT: Archon, 1979.
Erickson, John, Lynn Hansen, and William Schneider. Soviet Ground Forces: An Operational Assessment. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986.
Eyre, Dana P., and Mark C. Suchman. “Status, Norms, and the Proliferation of Conventional Weapons: An Institutional Approach.” In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, edited by Peter J. Katzenstein, 79–113. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1996.
Farrell, Theo. “Constructivist Security Studies: Portrait of a Research Program.” International Studies Review 4, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 49–72.
Farrell, Theo “World Culture and Military Power.” Security Studies 14, no. 3 (July-September 2005): 448–488.
Feit, Edward. “South Africa.” In Fighting Armies: Non-Aligned, Third World, and Other Armies, edited by Richard A. Gabriel, 209–223. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983.
Fermoselle, Rafael. The Evolution of the Cuban Military: 1492–1986. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal, 1987.
Finnemore, Martha. National Interests in International Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.
Finnemore, MarthaThe Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.
Finnemore, Martha, and Kathryn Sikkink. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (August 1998): 887–917.
Finnemore, Martha, and Kathryn Sikkink “Taking Stock: The Constructivist Research Program in International Relations and Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science, no. 4 (2001): 391–416.
Fitzsimmons, Scott. “First Interview with Des Burman.” Cape Town, SA, August 24, 2007.
Fitzsimmons, Scott “Interview with ‘Tony.’” Somerset West, SA, August 20, 2007.
Fitzsimmons, Scott “Interview with Cobus Claassens.” George, SA, August 22, 2007.
Fitzsimmons, Scott “Interview with Johann Anderson.” Cape Town, SA, August 23, 2007.
Fitzsimmons, Scott “Second Interview with Des Burman.” Cape Town, SA, August 27, 2007.
French, Howard W. “In Zaire’s Unconventional War, Serbs Train Refugees for Combat.” The New York Times, February 12, 1997.
French, Howard W. “Insurgents Shatter Defense in Capital’s Front.” The New York Times.
French, Howard W. “Major City’s Fall Poses Dire Threat to Zaire’s Rulers.” The New York Times, March 16, 1997.
French, Howard W. “Zaire Crashes.” The New Republic, April 14, 1997, 12.
French, Howard W. “Zairian Rebels Push Past Army In Final March Toward Capital.” The New York Times, May 14, 1997, A1.
Gabriel, Richard A.No More Heroes: Madness & Psychiatry in War. New York, NY: Hill and Wang, 1987.
Garrison, Lloyd. “Another Vietnam Feared in the Congo.” The New York Times, December 13, 1964, E3.
Garthoff, Raymond L.How Russia Makes War: Soviet Military Doctrine. London, UK: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. 1954.
George, Edward. The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale. New York, NY: Frank Cass, 2005.
Geraghty, Tony. Inside the SAS. New York, NY: Ballantine Books, 1980.
Geraghty, TonyWho Dares Wins: The Story of the SAS – 1950–1980. London, UK: Arms and Armour Press, 1980.
Gérard-Libois, J., and J. Van Lierde. Congo: 1964. Brussels, Belgium: Centre de Recherche et d’Information Socio-politiques, 1965.
Germani, Hans.White Soldiers in Black Africa. Translated by E. Lansberg. Cape Town, SA: Nasionale Beekhandel Beperk, 1967.
Glaser, Charles. “Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-Help.” International Security 19, no. 3 (Winter 1994/1995): 50–90.
Glaser, Charles, and Chaim Kaufmann. “What is the Offense-Defense Balance and Can We Measure It?” International Security 22, no. 4 (Spring 1998): 44–82.
Glass, A. J. “Lessons Learned.” In Neuropsychiatry in World War II, Zone of the Interior, edited by R. L. Bernucci and A. J. Glass, 735–759. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1973.
Gleijeses, Piero.Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, Pretoria. Alberton, SA: Galago, 2002.
Gleijeses, Piero. “‘Flee! The White Giants Are Coming!’: The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–65.” Diplomatic History 18, no. 2 (Spring 1994): 207–237.
Goldhamer, Herbert. The Soviet Soldier. New York, NY: Crane Russak and Co. Inc., 1975.
Goldstein, Judith, and Robert O. Keohane. Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.
Gordon, Chris. “Eastern Europe Aid Bolsters UNITA.” Mail and Guardian, January 15, 1999.
Gordon, Danielle. “No Peace for South Africa’s Wand’ring Warriors.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 1996, 5–6.
Goulet, Yves. “Executive Outcomes: Mixing Business with Bullets.” Jane’s Intelligence Review 9, no. 9 (September 1997): 426–430.
Gouré, Leone. “Cuban Military Doctrine and Organization.” In The Cuban Military under Castro, edited by Jaime Suchlicki, 61–97. Miami, FL: University of Miami Press, 1989.
Gouré, Leone “Soviet-Cuban Military Relations.” In The Cuban Military under Castro, edited by Jaime Suchlicki, 165–197. Miami, FL: University of Miami Press, 1989.
Greig, Ian. The Communist Challenge to Africa: An Analysis of Contemporary Soviet, Chinese and Cuban Policies. Richmond, UK: Foreign Affairs Publishing Co. Ltd., 1977.
Guevara, Ernesto “Che.” The African Dream: The Diaries of the Revolutionary War in the Congo. New York, NY: Grove Press, 1999.
Guevara, ErnestoPasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria: Congo. New York, NY: Ocean Press, 2006.
Hall, Peter A., and Rosemary C. R. Taylor. “Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms.” Political Studies 44, no. 5 (December 1996): 936–957.
Hallett, Robin. “The South African Intervention in Angola, 1975–76.” African Affairs 77, no. 308: 347–386.
Hamady, Sania.The Temperament and Character of the Arabs. New York, NY: Twayne, 1960.
Hasham, Mariyam. “Executive Outcomes: An Unconventional Army.” British Army Review 132 (Summer 2003): 1–10.
Heitman, Helmoed-Romer.War in Angola: The Final South African Phase. Gibraltar: Ashanti Publishing Ltd., 1990.
Heitman, Helmoed-Romer, and Paul Hannon. Modern African Wars 3: South-West Africa. London, UK: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1991.
Hemsley, John. “The Soviet Ground Forces.” In Soviet Military Power and Performance, edited by John Erickson and E. J. Feuchtwanger, 47–73. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1979.
Hoare, Mike. Congo Mercenary. London, UK: Robert Hale, 1982.
Hoare, MikeMercenary. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1967.
Hoare, MikeThe Road to Kalamata: A Congo Mercenary’s Personal Memoir. London, UK: Leo Cooper, 1989.
Hochschild, Adam. “Mr. Kurtz, I Presume.” The New Yorker, April 7, 1997, 40.
Holmes, Richard. “Mercenaries, Modern.” In The Oxford Companion to Military History, edited by Richard Holmes. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Hooper, Jim. “Angola.” In Flashpoint: At the Front Line of Today’s Wars, edited by Anthony Rogers, Ken Guest, and Jim Hooper, 39–60. London, UK: Arms and Armour Press, 1994.
Hooper, JimBloodsong: An Account of Executive Outcomes in Angola. London, UK: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003.
Hooper, Jim “Executive Outcomes.” World Air Power Journal 28 (Spring 1997): 38–49.
Hopf, Ted. “The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory.” International Security 23, no. 1 (Summer 1998): 171–200.
Howe, Herbert. Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001.
Howe, Herbert “Private Security Forces and African Stability: The Case of Executive Outcomes.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 36, no. 2 (June 1998): 307–331.
Igric, Gordana. “Alleged ‘Assassins’ Were No Strangers to France.” London, UK: Institute for War and Peace Reporting, November 26, 1999.
Integrated Regional Information Network. “Great Lakes: IRIN Update 74.” New York, NY: Integrated Regional Information Network, Department of Humanitarian Affairs, United Nations, January 8, 1997.
Integrated Regional Information Network “Great Lakes: IRIN Update 129.” New York, NY: Integrated Regional Information Network, Department of Humanitarian Affairs, United Nations, March 17, 1997.
Isenberg, David. “Combat for Sale: The New, Post-Cold War Mercenaries.” USA Today, March 2000, 12–16.
James, W. Martin. A Political History of the Civil War in Angola, 1974–1990. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1992.
Jane’s Defence Weekly. “Soviet Military Presence in Cuba.” Jane’s Defence Weekly, April 27, 1985, 714–715.
Jepperson, Ronald L., Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein. “Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security.” In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, edited by Peter J. Katzenstein, 33–75. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1996.
Jervis, Robert. “Cooperation under the Security Dilemma.” World Politics 30, no. 4 (January 1978): 167–214.
Johnston, Alastair. Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Johnston, Alastair “Thinking About Strategic Culture.” International Security 19, no. 4 (Spring 1995): 33–64.
Katumba-Wamata, Edward. “The National Resistance Army (NRA) as a Guerilla Force.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 11, no. 3 (Winter 2000): 160–171.
Katzenstein, Peter J.Cultural Norms and National Security Police and Military in Post-War Japan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.
Katzenstein, Peter J. ed. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1996.
Kelleher, Catherine. “Indicators of Defensive Intent in Conventional Force Structures and Operations in Europe.” In Military Power in Europe, edited by Lawrence Freedman. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1990.
Kellett, Anthony. “Combat Motivation.” In Brassey’s Encyclopedia of Land Forces and Warfare, edited by Franklin Margiotta. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1997.
Keohane, Robert O. “International Institutions: Two Approaches.” International Studies Quarterly 32, no. 4 (December 1988): 379–396.
Kier, Elizabeth. “Culture and Military Doctrine: France between the Wars.” International Security 19, no. 4 (Spring 1995): 65–93.
Kier, ElizabethImagining War: French and British Military Doctrine between the Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Kiley, Sam. “‘White Legion’ Abandons Zaire.” The Times, February 15, 1997, 14.
Kinsey, Christopher. “Private Security Companies: Agents of Democracy or Simply Mercenaries?” In Private Military and Security Companies: Chances, Problems and Prospects, edited by Thomas Jager and Gerhard Kummel, 87–104. Wiesbaden, Germany: Vs Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften, 2007.
Kline, Timothy. “Close Air Support.” In Brassey’s Encyclopedia of Land Forces and Warfare, edited by Franklin Margiotta. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1997.
Klotz, Audie. Norms in International Relations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995.
Koelble, Thomas A. “The New Institutionalism in Political Science and Sociology.” Comparative Politics 27, no. 2 (January 1995): 231–243.
Kotch, Nicholas. “Zaire Rebels Advance, Frustrating Army – Sources.” Reuters News Service, January 30, 1997.
Kower, Paul, and Jeffrey Legro. “Norms, Identity, and Their Limits: A Theoretical Reprise.” In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, edited by Peter J. Katzenstein, 451–497. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1996.
Krause, Joachim. “Soviet Aid to the Third World.” Ausenpolitik, no. 4 (1983).
Kreuzfeld, Ulrich. “Engineering, Military.” In Brassey’s Encyclopedia of Land Forces and Warfare, edited by Franklin Margiotta. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1997.
Khrushchev, Nikita. Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, Vol. 2. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Co., 1974.
Kupchan, Charles. The Vulnerability of Empire. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994.
Lecours, Andre. New Institutionalism: Theory and Analysis. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 2005.
Legro, Jeffrey. Cooperation under Fire: Anglo-German Restraint during World War II. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1995.
Legro, Jeffrey “Culture and Preferences in the International Cooperation Two-Step.” American Political Science Review 90, no. 1 (March 1996): 118–137.
Legro, Jeffrey “Military Culture and Inadvertent Escalation in World War II.” International Security 18, no. 4 (Spring 1994): 108–142.
Leiken, Robert S.Soviet Strategy in Latin America, The Washington Papers-93. Washington, DC: Praeger Special Studies, 1982.
LeoGrande, William M. “Cuban-Soviet Relations and Cuban Policy in Africa.” In Cuba in Africa, edited by Carmelo Mesa-Lago and June S. Belkin, 15–50. Pittsburgh, PA: Center for Latin American Studies, University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1982.
Leonard, Barry.African Merc Combat Manual. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 1986.
Leonhard, Robert. The Art of Maneuver: Maneuver-Warfare Theory and Airland Battle. New York, NY: Ballantine Books, 1991.
Levy, Jack. “The Offensive/Defensive Balance of Military Technology: A Theoretical and Historical Analysis.” International Studies Quarterly 28, no. 2 (June 1984): 219–238.
Liddell Hart, Basil. “Aggression and the Problem of Weapons.” English Review 55 (1932): 71–78.
Lieber, Kier. “Grasping the Technological Peace: The Offense-Defense Balance and International Security.” In Offense, Defense, and War, edited by Michael Brown, Owen Cote, Sean Lynn-Jones, and Steven Miller, 366–399. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004.
Lind, William S. “Maneuver.” In Brassey’s Encyclopedia of Land Forces and Warfare, edited by Franklin Margiotta. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1997.
Lukas, J. Anthony. “More Europeans Joining Congo Mercenary Force.” The New York Times, 1.
Lupfer, Timothy. “Tactics.” In Brassey’s Encyclopedia of Land Forces and Warfare, edited by Franklin Margiotta. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1997.
Lynn-Jones, Sean. “Does Offense-Defense Theory Have a Future?” Montreal, QC: Research Group in International Security (REGIS)/Groupe d’étude et de recherche sur la sécurité internationale (GERSI), 2001.
Lynn-Jones, Sean “Offense-Defense Theory and Its Critics.” Security Studies 4, no. 4 (Summer 1995): 660–691.
Lynn-Jones, Sean “Preface.” In Offense, Defense, and War, edited by Michael Brown, Owen Cote, Sean Lynn-Jones, and Steven Miller, xi-xxxviii. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004.
Mabry, Marcus. “Soldiers of Misfortune: European Mercenaries Fighting for the Zairean Government.” Newsweek, February 24, 1997, 40–42.
Mabry, Marcus, and Sudarsan Raghavan. “The Horror, The Horror.” Newsweek, March 31, 1997.
Macdonald, Peter. Soldiers of Fortune: The Twentieth Century Mercenary. New York, NY: Gallery Books, 1986.
Malaquias, Assis. “Angola: How to Lose a Guerilla War.” In African Guerrillas: Raging against the Machine, edited by Morten Boas and Kevin C. Dunn, 199–220. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007.
Malaquias, AssisRebels and Robbers: Violence in Post-Colonial Angola. Stockholm, Sweden: Elanders Gotab AB, 2007.
Manning, Frederick. “Morale.” In Brassey’s Encyclopedia of Land Forces and Warfare, edited by Franklin Margiotta. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1997.
March, James, and Johan P. Olson. “The Institutional Dynamic of International Political Orders.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (Autumn 1998): 943–969.
Marcum, John A. “Angola: A Quarter Century of War.” CSIS Africa Notes No. 37, 21 December 1984, 5.
Marcum, John A. “Lessons of Angola.” Foreign Affairs 54, no. 3 (April 1976): 407–425.
Margolis, Eric. “The Great Race for Africa Resumes.” Foreign Correspondent, March 6, 1997.
Martin, Marta San, and Ramon L. Bonachea. “The Military Dimension of the Cuban Revolution.” In Cuban Communism, edited by Irving L. Horowitz, 585–616. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1984.
McAleese, Peter. No Mean Soldier: The Story of the Ultimate Professional Soldier in the SAS and Other Forces. London, UK: Cassell, 2003.
McAllester, Matthew. “Elusive Justice: War Criminals in the U.S.” Chicago Tribune, March 12, 2006.
McDonald, Wesley. “Atlantic Security – The Cuban Factor.” Jane’s Defence Weekly, December 22, 1984.
McGreal, Chris. “Fall of Zaire’s Second City Pushes Mobutu to Brink.” The Guardian, April 11, 1997, 9.
McKinley, James C. “Rwanda’s War Role May Haunt Congolese.” The New York Times, July 12, 1997.
McKinley, James C. “Serb Who Went to Defend Zaire Spread Death and Horror Instead.” The New York Times, March 19, 1997.
McNulty, Mel. “The Collapse of Zaire: Implosion, Revolution or External Sabotage?” The Journal of Modern African Studies 37, no. 1 (March 1999): 53–82.
Meredith, Martin. The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence. New York, NY: Public Affairs, 2005.
Miller, Benjamin. “The Development of Soviet Armor, 1926–1982.” Cornell University, 1984. PhD dissertation.
Miller, Edward Alan, and Jane Banaszak-Holl. “Cognitive and Normative Determinants of State Policymaking Behaviour: Lessons from the Sociological Institutionalism.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 35, no. 2 (Spring 2005): 191–216.
Millett, Allan, Williamson Murray, and Kenneth Watman. “The Effectiveness of Military Organizations.” International Security 11, no. 1 (Summer 1986): 37–71.
Minter, William. Apartheid’s Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique. Johannesburg, SA: Witwatersrand University Press, 1994.
Mockler, Anthony. The Mercenaries. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1969.
Mockler, AnthonyThe New Mercenaries: The History of Hired Soldiers from the Congo to the Seychelles. New York, NY: Paragon House Publications, 1987.
Mohl, Arno. “Army Aviation.” In Brassey’s Encyclopedia of Land Forces and Warfare, edited by Franklin Margiotta. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1997.
Mullins, A. F.Born Arming: Development and Military Power in New States. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987.
Mwanasali, Musifiky. “Civil Conflicts and Conflict Management in the Great Lakes Region of Africa.” In Zones of Conflict in Africa: Theories and Cases, edited by George Klay Keih and Ida Rousseau Mukenge, 53–96. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002.
Naniuzeyi, Mabiengwa Emmanuel. “The State of the State in Congo-Zaire: A Survey of the Mobotu Regime.” Journal of Black Studies 29, no. 5 (May 1999): 669–683.
Napoléon (Bonaparte), and J. Christopher Herold. The Mind of Napoleon: A Selection from His Written and Spoken Words. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1955.
Ndikumana, Leonce, and Kisangani F. Emizet. “The Economics of Civil War: The Case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Volume 1: Africa.” In Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis, edited by Paul Collier, 63–87. Herndon, VA: The World Bank, 2005.
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J., and Gwinyayi A. Dzinesa. “One Man’s Volunteer is Another Man’s Mercenary? Mapping the Extent of Mercenarism and Its Impact on Human Security in Africa.” In Elimination of Mercenarism in Africa: A Need for a New Continental Approach, edited by Sabelo Gumedze, 75–97. Johannesburg, SA: The Institute for Security Studies, 2008.
Neuffer, Elizabeth. “The Ghosts of Srebrenica: In Massacre’s Aftermath, War Criminals Still Haunt Bosnia.” The Boston Globe, May 19, 1996.
Ngoga, Pascal. “Uganda: The National Resistance Army.” In African Guerillas, edited by Christopher Clapham, 91–106. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998.
Ngolet, Francois. “African and American Connivance in Congo-Zaire.” Africa Today 47, no. 1 (Winter 2000): 65–85.
Nortje, Piet. 32 Battalion: The Inside Story of South Africa’s Elite Fighting Unit. Cape Town, SA: Zebra Press, 2004.
O’Brien, Kevin. “Private Military Companies and African Security: 1990–98.” In Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma, edited by Abdel-Fatau Musah and J. ‘Kayode Fayemi, 43–75. Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2000.
Odom, Thomas P.Dragon Operations: Hostage Rescues in the Congo, 1964–1965 – Leavenworth Papers 14. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1996.
Olsen, Johan P. “The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (Autumn 1998): 943–969.
Olsson, Ola, and Heather Congdon Fors. “The Prize of Predation.” Journal of Peace Research 41, no. 3 (May 2004): 321–336.
Omaar, Rakiya. “Mobutism Is Dead – Long Live Modern Africa.” The Scotsman, May 12, 1997, 10.
Parker, Christopher. “New Weapons for Old Problems: Conventional Proliferation and Military Effectiveness in Developing States.” International Security 23, no. 4 (Spring 1999): 119–147.
Pech, Khareen. “Executive Outcomes – A Corporate Conquest.” In Peace, Profit or Plunder?: The Privatisation of Security in War-Torn African Societies, edited by Jakkie Cilliers and Peggy Mason, 81–109. Johannesburg, SA: Institute for Security Studies, 1999.
Pech, Khareen. “The Hand of War: Mercenaries in the Former Zaire 1996–97.” In Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma, edited by Abdel-Fatau Musah and J. ‘Kayode Fayemi, 117–154. Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2000.
Pelton, Robert Young. Licensed to Kill: Hired Guns in the War on Terror. New York, NY: Crown Publishers, 2006.
Percy, Sarah. Mercenaries: The History of a Norm of International Relations. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Perlez, Jane. “Serb Leader Expects to Turn over Key War Crimes Suspects.” The New York Times, March 13, 1996.
Peters, B. Guy.Institutional Theory in Political Science: The New Institutionalism. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005.
Pierson, Paul. Politics in Time: History, Institutions and Social Analysis. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 2004.
Pigeon, Robert, Kenneth Gallagher, and Edward Wimble. The Soldier of Fortune. New York, NY: Exeter Books, 1986.
Pollack, Kenneth M.Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2002.
Pollack, Kenneth M. “The Influence of Arab Culture on Arab Military Effectiveness.” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. PhD dissertation.
Pomfret, John. “Evidence Mounts of Atrocities by Kabila’s Forces.” The Washington Post, July 11, 1997.
Pomfret, John. “Mobutu’s Last Stand.” The Washington Post, July 6, 1997.
Pomfret, John. “Rwandans Led Revolt in Congo: Defense Minister Says Arms, Troops, Supplied for Anti-Mobutu Drive.” The Washington Post, July 9, 1997, A01.
Posen, Barry. “The Security Dilemma in Ethnic Conflict.” In Ethnic Conflict and International Security, edited by Michael Brown, 103–124. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Posen, Barry.The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany between the World Wars. Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press, 1984.
Pottier, Johan. Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival, and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Pottinger, Brian. Mercenary Commander. Alberton, SA: Galago Publishing, 1986.
Price, Richard. The Chemical Weapons Taboo. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.
Price, Richard, and Christian Reus-Smit. “Dangerous Liaisons? Critical International Theory and Constructivism.” European Journal of International Relations 4, no. 3 (1998): 259–294.
Prunier, Gerard. “Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan, and Congo.” African Affairs 103, no. 412 (2004): 359–383.
Prunier, Gerard “The Rwandan Patriotic Front.” In African Guerillas, edited by Christopher Clapham, 119–133. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998.
Quester, George. Offense and Defense in the International System. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction, 2002.
Quester, George H. “Offense and Defense in the International System.” In Offense, Defense, and War, edited by Michael Brown, Owen Cote, Sean Lynn-Jones, and Steven Miller, 51–68. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004.
Randal, Jonathan C. “Serb Troops Paid to Go to War – In Zaire.” The Washington Post, March 18, 1997, A13.
Reed, David. Save the Hostages. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1988.
Reed, William Cyrus. “Exile, Reform, and the Rise of the Rwandan Patriotic Front.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 34, no. 3 (September 1996): 479–501.
Reed, William Cyrus “Guerillas in the Midst.” In African Guerillas, edited by Christopher Clapham, 134–154. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998.
Reed, William Cyrus “The New International Order: State, Society, and African International Relations.” Africa Insight 25, no. 3 (1995): 140–148.
Reed, William Cyrus “Public Policy, Contested Government, and State Decay: Zaire as a Regional Actor in the Great Lakes Region.” In War and Peace in Zaire-Congo, edited by Howard Adelman and Govind C. Rao, 137–162. Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press Inc., 2004.
Reno, Will. “African Weak States and Commercial Alliances.” African Affairs 96, no. 383 (April 1997): 165–185.
Reuters. “Angola Secretly Recruiting Mercenaries to Fight Rebels, Report Says.” The Globe and Mail, March 1, 1993, A9.
Reuters “French Troops Said in Zaire, France Denies Report.” Reuters News, February 7, 1997.
Reuters “Zaire Rebels Win Fight for Key City – Mobutu’s Guards Flee Airport after Gun Battle.” The Toronto Star, April 11, 1997, A1.
Reyntjens, Filip. “Rwanda, Tens Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship.” African Affairs 103, no. 411 (2004): 177–210.
Reyntjens, Filip “The Second Congo War: More than a Remake.” African Affairs 98, no. 391 (2004): 241–250.
Roberts, Adam. The Wonga Coup. New York, NY: Public Affairs, 2006.
Rogers, Anthony. Someone Else’s War: Mercenaries from 1960 to the Present. London, UK: HarperCollins, 1998.
Rosen, Fred. Contract Warriors: How Mercenaries Changed History and the War on Terrorism. New York, NY: Penguin Books Ltd., 2005.
Rosen, Stephen Peter. “New Ways of War: Understanding Military Innovation.” International Security 13, no. 1 (Summer 1998): 134–168.
Rubin, Elizabeth. “An Army of Their Own.” Harper’s, February 1997, 44–55.
Ruggie, John G. “International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Post-War Economic Order.” In International Regimes, edited by Stephen Krasner, 195–232. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Ruggie, John G. “What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-Utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge.” International Organization 52, no. 1 (Autumn 1998): 855–885.
Sabas, Jonge Alvarez. “Military-Science Studies.” Verde Olivo, March 20, 1986.
Santana, Sixto Batista. “Guarding Socialism’s Gains.” Krasnaya Zvezda, December 2, 1982.
Sasic, Suzana. “Mladic’s Monster Finally Talks.” Slobodna Bosna, September 1, 2005.
Savimbi, Jonas. “The War against Soviet Colonialism: The Strategy and Tactics of Anti-Communist Resistance.” Policy Review 35 (Winter 1985): 18–24.
Schatzberg, Michael G. “Beyond Mobutu: Kabila and the Congo.” Journal of Democracy 8, no. 4 (1997): 70–84.
Schein, Edgar. “Organizational Culture.” American Psychologist 45 no. 2 (February 1990): 109–119.
Schramme, Jacque. The Leopard Battalion. Paris, France: Laffont, 1969.
Schulhofer-Wohl, Jonah. “Should We Privatize The Peacekeeping?” The Washington Post, May 12, 2000, A47.
Scott, Harriett Fast, and William F. Scott. The Armed Forces of the USSR. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982.
Seagrave, Sterling. Soldiers of Fortune. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1981.
Selber, Jesse, and Kebba Jobarteh. “From Enemy to Peacemaker: The Role of Private Military Companies in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Medicine and Global Survival 7, no. 2 (February 2002): 90–95.
Sellars, Kirsten. “Old Dogs of War Learn New Tricks.” New Statesman, April 25, 1997, 24–25.
Shcheglov, A. “The Shield of the Cuban Revolution.” Kommunist Voorezhennykh 24 (December 1978).
Shearer, David. Private Armies and Military Intervention. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Shimshoni, Jonathan. “Technology, Military Advantage, and World War I: A Case for Military Entrepreneurship.” In Offense, Defense, and War, edited by Michael Brown, Owen Cote, Sean Lynn-Jones, and Steven Miller, 195–223. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004.
Shkadov, I. N., P. A. Zhilin, T. Bornot Publiones, and V. V. Vol’skiy. Muzhestvo i Bratstvo (Courage and Brotherhood). Moscow: Voyenizdat, 1982.
Silverstein, Ken. Private Warriors. New York, NY: Verso, 2000.
Singer, Peter W.Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.
Skinner, J. H. “Maintenance.” In Brassey’s Encyclopedia of Land Forces and Warfare, edited by Franklin Margiotta. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1997.
Smith, E. B. “The New Condottieri and U.S. Policy: The Privatization of Conflict and Its Implications.” Parameters XXXII, no. 4 (Winter 2002–2003): 104–119.
Snider, Don. “An Uninformed Debate on Military Culture.” Orbis 43, no. 1 (Winter 1999): 11–26.
Somerville, Keith. Foreign Military Intervention in Africa. London, UK: Printer Publishers, 1990.
Spear, Joanna. “Disarmament and Demobilization.” In Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements, edited by Stephen John Stedman, Donald Rothschild, and Elizabeth M. Cousens, 141–182. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002.
Spicer, Tim. An Unorthodox Soldier. Edinburgh, UK: Mainstream Publishing, 1999.
Spikes, Daniel. Angola and the Politics of Intervention. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co. Inc., 1993.
Stevens, Christopher. “The Soviet Union and Angola.” African Affairs 75, no. 299 (April 1976): 137–151.
Stiff, Peter. The Covert War: Koevoet Operations Namibia 1979–1989. Alberton, SA: Galago Publishing, 1999.
Stockwell, John. In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 1978.
Stucke, Mark. “The War Business.” Television program, 52 minutes. London, UK: Journeyman Pictures, 2008.
Stulberg, Adam. “Managing Military Transformations: Agency, Culture, and the U.S. Carrier Revolution.” Security Studies 14, no. 3 (July-September 2005): 489–528.
Tannenwald, Nina. “The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-Use.” International Organization 53, no. 3 (Summer 1999): 433–468.
Taulbee, James Larry. “In Defense of the Mercenary Option: Modern Conflict, Liberal Premises, and Weak States.” Hong Kong, China: Conference of International Studies Associations, July 2001.
Taulbee, James Larry “Mercenaries, Private Enterprise, and the Shift in Strong State-Weak State Relations.” In Global Society in Transition: An International Politics Reader, edited by Laura Neack, 85–110. The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2002.
Tendler, Stewart. “British Mercenaries ‘Killed by Mine.’” The Times, February 5, 1976, 7.
Tendler, Stewart “‘Callan’ and Nine Other Britons Face Angola Trial.” The Times, April 2, 1976, 1.
Tendler, Stewart “Mercenaries Puzzle Angola Court: Britons ‘Knew Little of What the War Was About.’” The Times, June 14, 1976, 5.
Tendler, Stewart “Mercenaries Recruited in Britain Leave for Angola.” The Times, January 29, 1976, 1.
Tendler, Stewart “Rush of Volunteers to Join the British Mercenaries.” The Times, January 30, 1976, 8.
Tendler, Stewart, and Hugh Noyes. “New Evidence of Executions Among British Mercenaries.” The Times, February 10, 1976, 1.
Terhune, Kenneth. “From National Character to National Behavior: A Reformulation.” Journal of Conflict Resolution XIV, no. 2 (June 1970): 203–263.
Thallon, Wayne. Cut-Throat: The Vicious World of Rod McLean – Mercenary, Gun-Runner, and International Drug Baron. London, UK: Mainstream Publishing, 2005.
Thom, William G. “Congo-Zaire’s 1996–97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Angola in the Era of Independence.” The Journal of Conflict Studies XIX, no. 2 (Fall 1999).
Thomas, Gerry S.Mercenary Troops in Modern Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984.
Tickler, Peter. The Modern Mercenary: Dog of War, or Soldier of Honour?London, UK: Thorston Publishing Group, 1987.
Tull, Denis M. “The Democratic Republic of Congo: Militarized Politics in a ‘Failed State.’” In African Guerillas: Raging against the Machine, edited by Morten Bøås and Kevin C. Dunn, 113–130. London, UK: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998.
U.S. Department of Defense. Soviet Military Power. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983.
U.S. Department of State. The Soviet-Cuban Connection in Central America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985.
Valdes, Nelson P. “Revolutionary Solidarity in Angola.” In Cuba in the World, edited by Cole Baliser and Carmelo Mesa-Lago, 87–117. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979.
Van Evera, Stephen.Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.
Van Evera, Stephen.Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.
Van Evera, Stephen. “Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War.” International Security 22, no. 4 (Spring 1998): 5–43.
Venter, Al J. “Angola Flashbacks.” Soldier of Fortune, Spring 1976.
Venter, Al J. “Angola: New Mines, What Ban?” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 55, no. 3 (May-June 1999): 13–15.
Venter, Al J.The Chopper Boys: Helicopter Warfare in Africa. Gibraltar: Ashanti, 1994.
Venter, Al J. “Privatizing War.” London, UK, 2000.
Venter, Al J.War Dog: Fighting Other People’s Wars. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers, 2006.
Verde Olivo. “Defense of the Socialistic Homeland.” Verde Olivo, March 6, 1986.
Verhaegen, Benoit. “La Première République (1960–1965).” In Du Congo au Zaire, 1960–1980, edited by Jacques Vanderlinden. Brussels, Belgium Centre de Recherche et d’information Socio-Politiques, 1984.
Vines, Alex. “Angola: Between War and Peace. Arms Trade and Human Rights Abuses since the Lusaka Protocol.” Human Rights Watch 8, no. 1 (1996): 1–32.
Vines, AlexThe Business of Peace: ‘Tiny’ Rowland, Financial Incentives and the Mozambican Settlement. Accord: An International Review of Peace Initiatives. Available at http://www.c-r.org/acc_moz/contents_moz.htm.
Vines, Alex “Mercenaries, Human Rights and Legality.” In Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma, edited by Abdel-Fatau Musah and J. ‘Kayode Fayemi, 169–197. Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2000.
Vlassenroot, Koen. “A Societal View of Violence and War: Conflict and Militia Formation in Eastern Zaire.” In Violence, Political Culture and Development in Africa, edited by Preben Kaarsholm, 49–65. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
Wagoner, Fred. Dragon Rouge: The Rescue of Hostages in the Congo. Washington, DC: National Defense University, 1980.
Walker, Phyllis Greene. “Cuban Military Service System: Organization, Obligations, and Pressures.” In The Cuban Military Under Castro, edited by Jaime Suchlicki, 99–128. Miami, FL: University of Miami Press, 1989.
Waltz, Kenneth. “The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory.” In The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars, edited by Robert I. Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb, 39–52. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Waltz, Kenneth “Political Structures.” In Neorealism and Its Critics, edited by Robert O. Keohane, 70–97. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1986.
Waltz, KennethTheory of International Politics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1979.
Wardak, Ghulam Dastagir. The Voroshilov Lectures: Materials from the Soviet General Staff Academy, Vol. 1. Washington, DC: NDU Press, 1989.
Watson, Catherine. “Rwanda: War and Waiting.” Africa Report (November/December 1992): 51–55.
Waugh, Colin W.Paul Kagame: Power, Genocide and the Rwandan Patriotic Front. London, UK: McFarland and Company Inc., 2004.
Weber, Max. “The Social Psychology of the World Religions.” In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, 267–301. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Weinstein, Jeremy M.Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Weintraub, Bernard. “Pentagon Calls Soviet Arms a Threat to Central America.” The New York Times, March 15, 1983, A10.
Weissenman, Stephen R. “CIA Covert Action in Zaire and Angola: Patterns and Consequences.” Political Science Quarterly 94, no. 2 (Summer 1979): 263–286.
Wendt, Alexander. “The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations.” International Organization 41, no. 3 (Summer 1987): 335–370.
Wendt, Alexander “Anarchy is What States Make of It.” International Organization 46, no. 2 (Spring 1992): 391–425.
Wendt, Alexander “Collective Identity Formation and the International State.” American Political Science Review 88, no. 2 (June 1994): 384–396.
Wendt, AlexanderSocial Theory of International Relations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Wright, Robin. “Talking With Angola’s Jonas Savimbi.” New Leader, 2 February 1976, 6.
Wrong, Michela. “The Emperor Mobutu.” Transitions 9, no. 1 and 2 (2000): 92–112.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.