In Chapter 4 we noted the lack of empirical relation between intelligence and education, on the one hand, and measures of happiness, on the other. Stimulated by this finding, and by other considerations, we questioned the actual compatibility of one pattern of cognition, the economists' version of rationality, and happiness. If happiness were our sole maximand, any incompatibility between happiness and cognition should cause us to lose interest in cognition. Such is not the case because our criteria for judging the market is two-fold; it embraces both hedonic well-being and a version of human development embracing complex cognition. In pursuing this interest in market effects on cognition here, we will now examine a very long period embracing what have been called “stages of civilization.” For this purpose we will go beyond what we have called the exchange effect, the effect of market operations on those who participate in those operations, to the affluence effect, the effect of market-induced prosperity on those who benefit from it.