Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T01:52:53.040Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 8 - Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders and Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 October 2023

By
Dan J. Stein ,
Cary S. Kogan  and
Christine Lochner
Edited by
Peter Tyrer
Peter Tyrer
Affiliation:
Emeritus, Imperial College London
Get access

Summary

Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders are two new groupings in the Mental, Behavioural, or Neurodevelopmental Disorders chapter of ICD-11. This chapter reviews key aspects of the two new groupings and their component disorders, beginning with a discussion of debates about the ICD-11 meta-structure, and including a review of the nosological research on anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders that is the foundation for the choices made by ICD-11. Mental disorders differ from chemical elements in important ways, and so a psychiatric nosology should not try to mimic the Periodic Table; indeed, ICD-11 takes a conceptual approach that acknowledges the fuzzy nature of mental disorders, and that foregrounds the fact that classification systems must be fit for purpose. ICD-11 represents an iterative advance in respect of Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders that may lead to improved diagnostic practices, and so ultimately to better clinical interventions around the world.

Keywords

Anxiety and Fear-Related DisordersObsessive-Compulsive and Related DisordersClassificationNosologyObsessive-Compulsive DisorderICD-11
Type
Chapter
Information
Making Sense of the ICD-11
For Mental Health Professionals
 , pp. 97 - 109
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andrews, G., Charney, D.S., Sirovatka, P.J., Regier, D.A. (Eds.) (2009). Stress-Induced and Fear Circuitry Disorders: Advancing the Research Agenda for DSM-V. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Hollander, E., Zohar, J., Sirovatka., P.J., Regier., D.A. (Eds.) (2011) Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Hyman, S.E. (2007). Can neuroscience be integrated into the DSM-V? Nat Rev Neurosci, 8(9), 725–732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Regier, D.A., Narrow, W.E., Kuhl, E.A., Kupfer, D.J. (2009). The conceptual development of DSM-V. AJP, 166(6), 645–850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D.J., Regier, D.A. (2011). Neuroscience, clinical evidence, and the future of psychiatric classification in DSM-5. AJP, 168(7), 672–674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kogan, C.S., Stein, D.J., Maj, M., et al. (2016). The classification of anxiety and fear-related disorders in the ICD-11: review: anxiety and fear-related disorders in ICD-11. Depress Anxiety, 33(12), 1141–1154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, K.A., Stein, D.J., Rauch, S.L., et al. (2010). Should an obsessive-compulsive spectrum grouping of disorders be included in DSM-V? Depress Anxiety, 27(6), 528–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D.J., Kogan, C.S., Atmaca, M., et al. (2016). The classification of obsessive–compulsive and related disorders in the ICD-11. J Affect Disord, 190, 663–874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D.J., Fineberg, N.A., Bienvenu, O.J., et al. (2010). Should OCD be classified as an anxiety disorder in DSM-V? Depress Anxiety, 27(6), 495–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, K.A., Friedman, M.J., Stein, D.J., Craske, M. (2010). Special DSM-V issues on anxiety, obsessive-compulsive spectrum, posttraumatic, and dissociative disorders. Depress Anxiety, 27(2), 91–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D.J., Craske, M.A., Friedman, M.J., Phillips, K.A. (2014). disorders, Anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, trauma- and stressor-related disorders, and dissociative disorders in DSM-5. AJP, 171(6), 611–613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keeley, J.W., Reed, G.M., Roberts, M.C., et al. (2016). Developing a science of clinical utility in diagnostic classification systems: field study strategies for ICD-11 mental and behavioral disorders. Am Psychol, 71(1), 3–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D.J., Szatmari, P., Gaebel, W., et al. (2020). Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies. BMC Med, 18(1), 21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veale, D., Matsunaga, H. (2014). Body dysmorphic disorder and olfactory reference disorder: proposals for ICD-11. Braz J Psychiatry, 36(suppl 1), 14–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reed, G.M., Sharan, P., Rebello, T.J., et al. (2018). The ICD-11 developmental field study of reliability of diagnoses of high-burden mental disorders: results among adult patients in mental health settings of 13 countries. World Psychiatry, 17(2), 174–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reed, G.M., Keeley, J.W., Rebello, T.J., et al. (2018). Clinical utility of ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for high-burden mental disorders: results from mental health settings in 13 countries: clinical utility of ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for high-burden mental disorders: results from mental health settings in 13 countries. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 306–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rebello, T.J., Keeley, J.W., Kogan, C.S., et al. (2019). Anxiety and fear-related disorders in the ICD-11: Results from a global case-controlled field study. Arch Med Res, 50(8), 490–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kogan, C.S., Stein, D.J., Rebello, T.J., et al. (2020). Accuracy of diagnostic judgments using ICD-11 vs. ICD-10 diagnostic guidelines for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. J Affect Disord, 273, 328–340.Google ScholarPubMed
Shear, K.M. (2012). Generalized anxiety disorder in ICD-11. World Psychiatry, 11(S1), 82–88.Google Scholar
First, M.B., Reed, G.M., Hyman, S.E., Saxena, S. (2015). The development of the ICD-11 clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines for mental and behavioural disorders. World Psychiatry, 14(1), 82–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D.J., Scott, K.M., de Jonge, P., Kessler, R.C. (2017). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: from surveys to nosology and back. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 19(2), 127–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S., Tsang, A., Ruscio, A.M., et al. (2009). Implications of modifying the duration requirement of generalized anxiety disorder in developed and developing countries. Psychol Med, 39(07), 1163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gureje, O., Lewis-Fernandez, R., Hall, B.J., Reed, G.M. (2020). Cultural considerations in the classification of mental disorders: why and how in ICD-11. BMC Med, 18(1), 25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D.J. (2012). Agoraphobia and panic disorder: options for ICD-11. World Psychiatry, 11(suppl 1), 89–93.Google Scholar
Simpson, H.B., Reddy, Y.C.J. (2014). Obsessive-compulsive disorder for ICD-11: proposed changes to the diagnostic guidelines and specifiers. Braz J Psychiatry, 36(suppl 1), 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, K.A., Hart, A.S., Simpson, H.B., Stein, D.J. (2014). Delusional versus nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder: recommendations for DSM-5. CNS Spectr, 19(1), 10–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Heuvel, O.A., Veale, D., Stein, D.J. (2014). Hypochondriasis: considerations for ICD-11. Braz J Psychiatry, 36(suppl 1), 21–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, K.A., Rodriguez, C.I., Harding, K.J., Fallon, B.A., Stein, D.J. (2022). Obsessive-compulsive or related disorders: hypochondriasis, hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, olfactory reference disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation disorder. In Tasman, A., Riba, M.B., Alarcon, R.D., et al. (Eds.), Tasman’s Psychiatry, 5th ed. Springer.Google Scholar
Fontenelle, L.F., Grant, J.E. (2014). Hoarding disorder: a new diagnostic category in ICD-11? Braz J Psychiatry, 36(suppl 1), 28–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mataix-Cols, D., Frost, R.O., Pertusa, A., et al. (2010). Hoarding disorder: a new diagnosis for DSM-V? Depress Anxiety, 27(6), 556–572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, D.W., Thomsen, P.H. (2014). Tourette and tic disorders in ICD-11: standing at the diagnostic crossroads. Braz J Psychiatry, 36(suppl 1), 51–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, J.E., Stein, D.J. (2014). Body-focused repetitive behavior disorders in ICD-11. Braz J Psychiatry, 36(suppl 1), 59–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D.J., Woods, D.W. (2014). Stereotyped movement disorder in ICD-11. Braz J Psychiatry, 36(suppl 1), 65–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lochner, C., Grant, J.E., Odlaug, B.L., Stein, D.J. (2012). DSM-5 field survey: skin picking disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry, 24(4), 300–304.Google ScholarPubMed
Lochner, C., Grant, J.E., Odlaug, B.L., et al. (2012). DSM-5 field survey: hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania). Depress Anxiety, 29(12), 1025–1031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D.J., Grant, J.E., Franklin, M.E., et al. (2010). Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), skin picking disorder, and stereotypic movement disorder: toward DSM-V. Depress Anxiety, 27(6), 611–626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, J.E., Odlaug, B.L., Chamberlain, S.R., et al. (2012). Skin picking disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 169(11), 1143–1149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D. (2021). Problems of Living: Perspectives from Philosophy, Psychiatry and Cognitive-Affective Science. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Stein, D.J. (2008). Is disorder X in category or spectrum Y? General considerations and application to the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety, 25, 330–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, M.C., Reed, G.M., Medina-Mora, M.E., et al. (2012). A global clinicians’ map of mental disorders to improve ICD-11: analysing meta-structure to enhance clinical utility. Int Rev Psychiatry, 24(6), 578–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D.J., Reed, G.M. (2019). Global mental health and psychiatric nosology: DSM-5, ICD-11, and RDoC. Braz J Psychiatry, 41(1), 3–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D.J., Billieux, J., Bowden-Jones, H., et al. (2018). Balancing validity, utility, and public health considerations in disorders due to addictive behaviors. World Psychiatry, 17, 363–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feyerabend, P. (1975). Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge. New Left Books.Google Scholar
Stein, D.J., Reed, G.M. (2019). ICD-11: the importance of a science of psychiatric nosology. Lancet Psychiatry, 6(1), 6–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, K.S. (2013). A history of the DSM-5 scientific review committee. Psychol Med, 43(9), 1793–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D.J., Phillips, K.A. (2013). Patient advocacy and DSM-5. BMC Med, 11(1), 133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuss, J., Lemay, K., Stein, D.J., et al. (2019). Public stakeholders’ comments on ICD‐11 chapters related to mental and sexual health. World Psychiatry, 18(2), 233–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×