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6 - Language policy within the French colonial army: The First World War and beyond

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 February 2024

Dan Savatovsky
Affiliation:
Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3
Mariangela Albano
Affiliation:
Università di Cagliari, Sardinia
Thi Kieu Ly Pham
Affiliation:
Vietnam National University
Valérie Spaëth
Affiliation:
Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3
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Summary

Abstract: This chapter deals with the language policy of the French colonial army, more specifically as enforced within the battalions of riflemen known as tirailleurs sénégalais around the First World War. The vast range of ethnic origins found among the tirailleurs—only a minority being Senegalese—created significant linguistic diversity. The various documents analyzed here show two types of strategies allowing for intercommunication: using vehicular languages and translating. Regarding the choice of a vehicular language, they show a variety of situations, with a vernacular sometimes being selected, such as Bambara (Bamanankan), or French, which was sometimes simplified. I discuss connections and tensions between the various methods as seen through the involvement in the First World War, and I try to demonstrate the anthropological biases that determined their choice.

Résumé : Ce chapitre porte sur la politique linguistique de l’armée coloniale française, plus précisément telle qu’elle était mise en oeuvre au sein des bataillons de tirailleurs appelés tirailleurs sénégalais, autour de la Première Guerre mondiale. La grande diversité des origines ethniques des tirailleurs—seule une minorité étant sénégalaise—crée une importante diversité linguistique. Les différents documents que nous analysons montrent deux types de stratégies permettant l’intercommunication: l’utilisation des langues véhiculaires et la traduction. En ce qui concerne le choix d’une langue véhiculaire, ils montrent une variété de situations, avec le choix d’une langue vernaculaire, comme le bambara [= bamanankan], ou bien celui du français, parfois simplifié. Nous discutons des liens et des tensions entre les différentes méthodes telles qu’elles sont suivies au moment de la participation des tirailleurs aux combats de la Première Guerre mondiale, et nous essayons de montrer quels biais anthropologiques en déterminent le choix.

Keywords: Anthropology. French colonial army. Intercommunication. Language policy. Senegalese tirailleurs.

Mots-clés: Anthropologie. Armée coloniale française. Intercommunication. Politique linguistique. Tirailleurs sénégalais.

In 1857 the first regiment of Senegalese tirailleurs was created; in 1914, on the eve of the First World War, the numbers maintained in French West Africa reached approximately 12,000 men. Shortly before the war, General Mangin, who published his famous work La Force noire, developed a plan for a black army intended to engage in external conflicts and for the creation of an “indigenous reserve” in each colony, ready to act in case of emergency.

Type
Chapter
Information
Language Learning and Teaching in Missionary and Colonial Contexts
L'apprentissage et l'enseignement des langues en contextes missionnaire et colonial
, pp. 245 - 268
Publisher: Amsterdam University Press
Print publication year: 2023

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