On the rise of the development specialist and the role of science in colonial and postcolonial Africa, see Dubow, Saul, ed., Science and Society in Southern Africa (Manchester University Press, 2000); Falola, Toyin and Brownell, Emily, eds., Landscape, Environment and Technology in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa (Routledge, 2012); and Hodge, Joseph Morgan, Triumph of the Expert: Agrarian Doctrines of Development and the Legacies of British Colonialism (Ohio University Press, 2007).

For a history of social sciences and colonialism in Africa see Schumaker, Lyn, Africanizing Anthropology: Fieldwork, Networks, and the Making of Cultural Knowledge in Central Africa (Duke University Press, 2001); Steinmetz, George, The Devil’s Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa (University of Chicago Press, 2007); and Tilley, Helen, ed., with Gordon, Robert J, Ordering Africa: Anthropology, European Imperialism, and the Politics of Knowledge (Manchester University Press, 2007).

To read more about food insecurity during the war see Collingham, Lizzie, The Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food (Penguin, 2012); Johnston, Bruce F, The Staple Food Economies of Western Tropical Africa (Stanford University Press, 1958); and Maddison Tinley, James, South African Food and Agriculture in World War II (Stanford University Press, 1954).

On labor mobilization and protest during and after the war see Byfield, Judith A., Brown, Carolyn A., Parsons, Timothy, and Alawad Sikainga, Ahmad, eds., Africa and World War II (Cambridge University Press, 2015); Cooper, Frederick, Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa (Cambridge University Press, 1996); Jones, James, Industrial Labor in the Colonial World: Workers of the Chemin de Fer Dakar-Niger, 1881–1963 (Heinemann, 2002); and Killingray, David and Rathbone, Richard, eds., Africa and the Second World War (Palgrave Macmillan, 1986).

For more on shifting development policies and funding see Atangana, Martin, French Investment in Colonial Cameroon: The FIDES Era (1946–1957) (Peter Lang, 2009); Hopkins, Anthony, An Economic History of West Africa (Routledge, 2014 [orig. Addison Wesley Longman, 1973]); and Morgan, D. J, The Official History of Colonial Development, Volumes 1–5 (Humanities Press, 1980). See also the following British government reports: Great Britain Colonial Office, Colonial Development Advisory Committee Reports, 1933–1940 (His Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1934–1941); and Great Britain Colonial Office, Colonial Development and Welfare Acts: Report on the Use of Funds Provided under the Colonial Development and Welfare Acts, and Outline of the Proposal for Exchequer Loans to the Colonial Territories (Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1959).

On African nationalism, decolonization, and socialism see Bloom, Peter J, Miescher, Stephan F, and Manuh, Takyiwaa, eds., Modernization As Spectacle in Africa (Indiana University Press, 2014); Cooper, Frederick, Africa since 1940: The Past of the Present (Cambridge University Press, 2002); Friedland, William H and Rosberg, Carl G Jr., eds., African Socialism (Stanford University Press, 1964); Lal, Priya, African Socialism in Postcolonial Tanzania: Between the Village and the World (Cambridge University Press, 2015); Nkrumah, Kwame, Neo-colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (International Publishers, 1965); and Schmidt, Elizabeth, Mobilizing the Masses: Gender, Ethnicity, and Class in the Nationalist Movement in Guinea, 1939–1958 (Heinemann, 2005).

For discussions about modernization and development economics see Kapur, Devesh, Lewis, John P, and Webb, Richard, The World Bank: Its First Half Century, Volumes 1: History and Volume 2: Perspectives (Brookings Institution Press, 1997); Mkandawire, Thandika and Soludo, Charles C, Our Continent, Our Future: African Perspectives on Structural Adjustment (CODESRA and Africa World Press, 1998); Rostow, Walt W, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge University Press, 1960); and Tignor, Robert L, W. Arthur Lewis and the Birth of Development Economics (Princeton University Press, 2006).

For more information about the internationalization of development in Africa see Grubbs, Larry, Secular Missionaries: Americans and African Development in the 1960s (University of Massachusetts Press, 2009); Moyo, Dambisa, Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2009); and Schraeder, Peter J, United States Foreign Policy toward Africa: Incrementalism, Crisis and Change (Cambridge University Press, 1994).

On poverty alleviation see Iliffe, John, The African Poor (Cambridge University Press, 2009 [orig. 1987]); Munk, Nina, The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty (Doubleday, 2013).

On the role of missionaries in development see Elphick, Richard and Davenport, Rodney, eds., Christianity in South Africa: A Political, Social, and Cultural History (University of California Press, 1997); Hastings, Adrian, The Church in Africa, 1450–1950 (Oxford University Press, 1994).

On humanitarianism and human rights see Everill, Bronwen and Kaplan, Josiah, eds., The History and Practice of Humanitarian Intervention and Aid in Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); Hodgson, Dorothy, ed., Gender and Culture at the Limit of Rights (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011); Ibhawoh, Bonny, Imperialism and Human Rights: Colonial Discourses of Rights and Liberties in African History (State University of New York Press, 2007); Mahood, Linda, Feminism and Voluntary Action: Eglantyne Jebb and Save the Children, 1876–1928 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe and McConnaughay, Philip J., eds., Human Rights, the Rule of Law, and Development in Africa (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011).

On development and NGOs see Mann, Gregory, From Empires to NGOS in the West African Sahel: The Road to Nongovernmentality (Cambridge University Press, 2015); and Michael, Sarah, Undermining Development: The Absence of Power among Local NGOs in Africa (James Currey, 2004).

On gender and development see Decker, Corrie, Mobilizing Zanzibari Women: The Struggle for Respectability and Self-Reliance in Colonial East Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); George, Abosede A., Making Modern Girls: A History of Girlhood, Labor, and Social Development in Colonial Lagos (Ohio University Press, 2014); Gordon, April, Transforming Capitalism and Patriarchy: Gender and Development in Africa (Lynne Rienner, 1996); and Kevane, Michael, Women and Development in Africa: How Gender Works (Lynne Rienner, 2004).