Gleicher, N, Kushnir, VA, Albertini, DF, Barad, DH. (2016). Improvements in IVF in women of advanced age. J Endocrinol., 230(1),F1–6. Epub May 6.Google Scholar

Ferraretti, E, La Marca, A, Fauser, B et al. on behalf of the ESHRE working group on Poor Ovarian Response Definition. (2011). ESHRE consensus on the definition of ‘poor response’ to ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization: the Bologna criteria. Human Reproduction, 26(7), 1616–1624.Google Scholar

Rittenberg, V, Seshadri, S, Sunkara, SK et al. (2011). Effect of body mass index on IVF treatment outcome: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online, 23(4), 421.Google Scholar

Augood, C, Duckitt, K, Templeton, AA. (1998). Smoking and female infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod., 13(6), 1532.Google Scholar

Meldrum, DR, Casper, RF, Diez-Juan, A et al. (2016). Aging and the environment affect gamete and embryo potential: can we intervene? Fertil Steril., 105(3), 548–559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bentov, Y, Hannam, T, Jurisicova, A, Esfandiari, N, Casper, RF. (2014). Coenzyme Q10 supplementation and oocyte aneuploidy in women undergoing IVF-ICSI treatment. Clin Med Insights Reprod Health. 8, 31–36.Google Scholar

Arlt, W, Justl, HG, Callies, F et al. (1998). Oral dehydroepiandrosterone for adrenal androgen replacement: pharmacokinetics and peripheral conversion to androgens and estrogens in young healthy females after dexamethasone suppression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 83, 1928–1934.Google Scholar

Franasiak, JM, Thomas, S, Ng, S et al. (2016). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation results in supraphysiologic DHEA-S serum levels and progesterone assay interference that may impact clinical management in IVF. Journal of Assisted Reproductive Genetics, 33(3), 387–391.Google Scholar

Davison, SL, Bell, R, Donath, S, Montalto, JG, Davis, SR. (2005). Androgen levels in adult females: changes with age, menopause, and oophorectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 90, 3847–3853.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wierman, ME, Arlt, W, Basson, R et al. (2014). Androgen therapy in women: a reappraisal: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 99(10), 3489–3510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Elraiyah, T, Sonbol, MB, Wang, Z et al. (2014). The benefits and harms of systemic dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in postmenopausal women with normal adrenal function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 99, 3536–3542.Google Scholar

Casson, PR, Lindsay, MS, Pisarska, MD, Carson, SA, Buster, JE. (2000). Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation augments ovarian stimulation in poor responders: a case series. Hum Reprod. 15, 2129–2132.Google Scholar

Vendola, K, Zhou, J, Wang, J et al. (1999). Androgens promote oocyte insulin-like growth factor I expression and initiation of follicle development in the primate ovary. Biol Reprod., 61, 353–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vendola, KA, Zhou, J, Adesanya, OO, Weil, SJ, Bondy, CA. (1998) Androgens stimulate early stages of follicular growth in the primate ovary. J Clin Invest., 101, 2622–2629.Google Scholar

Nielsen, ME, Rasmussen, IA, Kristensen, SG et al. (2011). In human granulosa cells from small antral follicles, androgen receptor mRNA and androgen levels in follicular fluid correlate with FSH receptor mRNA. Molecular Human Reproduction, 17(1), 63–70.Google Scholar

Haning, RV Jr, Hackett, RJ, Flood, CA et al. (1993). Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate serves as a prehormone for 48% of follicular fluid testosterone during treatment with menotropins. Clin Endocrinol Metab., 76, 1301–1307.Google Scholar

Barad, D, Gleicher, N. (2006). Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on oocyte and embryo yields, embryo grade and cell number in IVF. Human Reproduction, 21, 2845–2849.Google Scholar

Nagels, HE, Rishworth, JR, Siristatidis, CS, Kroon, B. Androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone or testosterone) for women undergoing assisted reproduction. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD009749. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009749.pub2.Google Scholar

Yeung, T, Chai, J, Li, R et al. (2016). A double-blind randomised controlled trial on the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on ovarian reserve markers, ovarian response and number of oocytes in anticipated normal ovarian responders. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 123(7), 1097–1105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kotb, MM, Hassan, AM, AwadAllah, AM. (2016). Does dehydroepiandrosterone improve pregnancy rate in women undergoing IVF/ICSI with expected poor ovarian response according to the Bologna criteria? A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 200, 11–15.Google Scholar

Zhang, M, Niu, W, Wang, Y et al. (2016). Dehydroepiandrosterone treatment in women with poor ovarian response undergoing IVF or ICSI: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet., 33(8), 981–991.Google Scholar

Triantafyllidou, O, Sigalos, G, Vlahos, N. (2016). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation and IVF outcome in poor responders. Hum Fertil (Camb). 7, 1–8. [Epub ahead of print]Google Scholar

Qin, JC, Fan, L, Qin, AP. (2016).The effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation on women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) in IVF cycle: Evidence from a meta-analysis. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2016 May 19. p ii: S0368-2315(16)00003-X. doi: 10.Google Scholar

Nardo, L, El-Toukhy, T, Stewart, J, Balen, AH, Potdar, N. (2015). British fertility society policy and practice committee: adjuvants in IVF: evidence for good clinical practice. Human Fertility, 18(1), 2–15, DOI: 10.3109/14647273.2015.985454Google Scholar

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2016.Google Scholar

Dumesic, D.A., Oberfield, S.E., Stener-Victorin, E. et al., Scientific statement on the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and molecular genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Rev 2015, 36(5): pp. 487–525.Google Scholar

Qiao, J. and Feng, H.L., Extra- and intra-ovarian factors in polycystic ovary syndrome: impact on oocyte maturation and embryo developmental competence. Hum Reprod Update 2011, 17(1): pp. 17–33.Google Scholar

Webber, L.J., Stubbs, S., Stark, J. et al., Formation and early development of follicles in the polycystic ovary. Lancet 2003, 362(9389): pp. 1017–21.Google Scholar

Homburg, R. and Crawford, G., The role of AMH in anovulation associated with PCOS: a hypothesis. Hum Reprod 2014, 29(6): pp. 1117–21.Google Scholar

Stubbs, S.A., Stark, J., Dilworth, S.M., Franks, S., and Hardy, K., Abnormal preantral folliculogenesis in polycystic ovaries is associated with increased granulosa cell division. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92(11): pp. 4418–26.Google Scholar

Dewailly, D., Robin, G., Peigne, M. et al., Interactions between androgens, FSH, anti-Mullerian hormone and estradiol during folliculogenesis in the human normal and polycystic ovary. Hum Reprod Update 2016, 22(6): pp. 709–24.Google Scholar

Li, H.W., Lee, V.C., Lau, E.Y. et al., Cumulative live-birth rate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome or isolated polycystic ovaries undergoing in-vitro fertilisation treatment. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014, 31(2): pp. 205–11.Google Scholar

Eppig, , John, J., Carrie, M.M.V.Bivens, Marin, and de La Fuente, Rabindranath, Regulation of Mammalian Oocyte Maturation, in Peter, E.Y.A. and Leung, C.D. (eds.) The Ovary. 2004 Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford UK. pp. 118–23.Google Scholar

Sigala, J., Sifer, C., Dewailly, D. et al., Is polycystic ovarian morphology related to a poor oocyte quality after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for intracytoplasmic sperm injection? Results from a prospective, comparative study. Fertil Steril 2015, 103(1): pp. 112–18.Google Scholar

Esinler, I., Bayar, U., Bozdag, G., and Yarali, H., Outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome or isolated polycystic ovaries. Fertil Steril 2005, 84(4): pp. 932–7.Google Scholar

Heijnen, E.M., Eijkemans, M.J., Hughes, E.G. et al., A meta-analysis of outcomes of conventional IVF in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 2006, 12(1): pp. 13–21.Google Scholar

Weghofer, A., Munne, S., Chen, S., Barad, D., and Gleicher, N., Lack of association between polycystic ovary syndrome and embryonic aneuploidy. Fertil Steril 2007, 88(4): pp. 900–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wood, J.R., Dumesic, D.A., Abbott, D.H., and Strauss, J.F., 3rd, Molecular abnormalities in oocytes from women with polycystic ovary syndrome revealed by microarray analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92(2): pp. 705–13.Google Scholar

Huang, X., Hao, C., Shen, X. et al., Differences in the transcriptional profiles of human cumulus cells isolated from MI and MII oocytes of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Reproduction 2013, 145(6): pp. 597–608.Google Scholar

Liu, S., Zhang, X., Shi, C. et al., Altered microRNAs expression profiling in cumulus cells from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Transl Med 2015, 13: p. 238.Google Scholar

Tesarik, J. and Mendoza, C., Direct non-genomic effects of follicular steroids on maturing human oocytes: oestrogen versus androgen antagonism. Hum Reprod Update 1997, 3(2): pp. 95–100.Google Scholar

Vassiliadi, D.A., Barber, T.M., Hughes, B.A. et al., Increased 5 alpha-reductase activity and adrenocortical drive in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009, 94(9): pp. 3558–66.Google Scholar

Marquard, K.L., Stephens, S.M., Jungheim, E.S. et al., Polycystic ovary syndrome and maternal obesity affect oocyte size in in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. Fertil Steril 2011, 95(6): pp. 2146–9, 2149 e1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cano, F., Garcia-Velasco, J.A., Millet, A. et al., Oocyte quality in polycystic ovaries revisited: identification of a particular subgroup of women. J Assist Reprod Genet 1997, 14(5): pp. 254–61.Google Scholar

Niu, Z., Lin, N., Gu, R., Sun, Y., and Feng, Y., Associations between insulin resistance, free fatty acids, and oocyte quality in polycystic ovary syndrome during in vitro fertilization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014, 99(11): pp. E2269–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Merhi, Z., Advanced glycation end products and their relevance in female reproduction. Hum Reprod 2014, 29(1): pp. 135–45.Google Scholar

Kalra, S.K., Ratcliffe, S.J., and Dokras, A., Is the fertile window extended in women with polycystic ovary syndrome? Utilizing the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry to assess the impact of reproductive aging on live-birth rate. Fertil Steril 2013, 100(1): pp. 208–13.Google Scholar

Ramezanali, F., Ashrafi, M., Hemat, M. et al., Assisted reproductive outcomes in women with different polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes: the predictive value of anti-Mullerian hormone. Reprod Biomed Online 2016, 32(5): pp. 503–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sahu, B., Ozturk, O., Ranierri, M., and Serhal, P., Comparison of oocyte quality and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome in women with isolated polycystic ovaries or polycystic ovarian syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008, 277(3): pp. 239–44.Google Scholar

Siristatidis, C., Sergentanis, T.N., Vogiatzi, P. et al., In vitro maturation in women with vs. without polycystic ovarian syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015, 10(8): p. e0134696.Google Scholar

Fernando, S. and Rombauts, L., Melatonin: shedding light on infertility?–A review of the recent literature. J Ovarian Res, 2014. 7: p. 98.Google Scholar

Tang, P. et al., Plasma melatonin profile and hormonal interactions in the menstrual cycles of anovulatory infertile women treated with gonadotropins. Gynecol Obstet Invest, 1998. 45(4): pp. 247–252.Google Scholar

Lawson, C.C. et al., Rotating shift work and menstrual cycle characteristics. Epidemiology, 2011. 22(3): pp. 305–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Miyauchi, F., Nanjo, K., and Otsuka, K., Effects of night shift on plasma concentrations of melatonin, LH, FSH and prolactin, and menstrual irregularity. Sangyo Igaku, 1992. 34(6): pp. 545–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Voordouw, B. et al., Melatonin and melatonin-progestin combinations alter pituitary-ovarian function in women and can inhibit ovulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1992. 74(1): pp. 108–117.Google Scholar

Tamura, H. et al., The role of melatonin as an antioxidant in the follicle. J Ovarian Res, 2012. 5(1).Google Scholar

Nakamura, Y. et al., Changes of serum melatonin level and its relationship to feto-placental unit during pregnancy. J Pineal Res, 2001. 30(1): pp. 29–33.Google Scholar

Bedaiwy, M. et al., Effect of follicular fluid oxidative stress parameters on intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012. 28(1): pp. 51–55.Google Scholar

Lord, T. et al., Melatonin prevents postovulatory oocyte aging in the mouse and extends the window for optimal fertilization in vitro. Biol Reprod, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tamura, H. et al., Oxidative stress impairs oocyte quality and melatonin protects oocytes from free radical damage and improves fertilization rate. J Pineal Res, 2008. 44.Google Scholar

Tamura, H. et al., Oxidative stress impairs oocyte quality and melatonin protects oocytes from free radical damage and improves fertilization rate. J Pineal Res, 2008. 44(3): pp. 280–287.Google Scholar

Kang, J. et al., Effects of melatonin on in vitro maturation of porcine oocyte and expression of melatonin receptor RNA in cumulus and granulosa cells. J Pineal Res, 2009. 46(1): pp. 22–28.Google Scholar

Salimi, M. et al., The effect of melatonin on maturation, glutathione level and expression of HMGB1 gene in Brilliant Cresyl Blue (BCB) stained immature oocyte. Cell J, 2014. 15(4): pp. 294–301.Google Scholar

Bahadori, M.H. et al., Melatonin effect during different maturation stages of oocyte and subsequent embryo development in mice. Iran J Reprod Med, 2013. 11(1): pp. 11–18.Google Scholar

Wei, D. et al., Supplementation with low concentrations of melatonin improves nuclear maturation of human oocytes in vitro. J Assist Reprod Genet, 2013. 30: pp. 933–938.Google Scholar

Kim, M. et al., Does supplementation of in-vitro culture medium with melatonin improve IVF outcome in PCOS? Reprod Biomed Online, 2013. 26(1): pp. 22–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rombauts, L., Is there a recommended maximum starting dose of FSH in IVF? J Assist Reprod Genet, 2007. 24(8): pp. 343–349.Google Scholar

Eryilmaz, O. et al., Melatonin improves the oocyte and the embryo in IVF patients with sleep disturbances, but does not improve the sleeping problems. J Assist Reprod Genet, 2011. 28(9): pp. 815–820.Google Scholar

Rizzo, P., Raffone, E., and Benedetto, V., Effect of the treatment with myo-inositol plus folic acid plus melatonin in comparison with a treatment with myo-inositol plus folic acid on oocyte quality and pregnancy outcome in IVF cycles. A prospective, clinical trial. Embase European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 2010. 14(6): pp. 555–561.Google ScholarPubMed

Wang, F. et al., Melatonin improves the quality of in vitro produced (IVP) bovine embryos: implications for blastocyst development, cryotolerance, and modifications of relevant gene expression. PLoS One, 2014. 9(4): p. e93641.Google Scholar

Unfer, V. et al., Effect of a supplementation with myo-inositol plus melatonin on oocyte quality in women who failed to conceive in previous in vitro fertilization cycles for poor oocyte quality: a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study. Gynaecol Endocrinol, 2011. 27(11): pp. 857–861.Google Scholar

Pacchiarotti, A. et al., Effect of myo-inositol and melatonin versus myo-inositol, in a randomized controlled trial, for improving in vitro fertilization of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol, 2016. 32(1): pp. 69–73.Google Scholar

Fernando, S. et al., A pilot double-blind randomised placebo-controlled dose-response trial assessing the effects of melatonin on infertility treatment (MIART): study protocol. BMJ Open, 2014. 4(8): p. e005986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Seko, L. et al., Melatonin supplementation during controlled ovarian stimulation for women undergoing assisted reproductive technology: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril, 2014. 101(1): pp. 154–161.Google Scholar

Showell, M. et al., Antioxidants for female subfertility. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(8).Google Scholar

Hardeland, R., Melatonin metabolism in the central nervous system. Curr Neuropharmacol, 2010. 8(3): pp. 168–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Reiter, R. et al., Peripheral reproductive organ health and melatonin: ready for prime time. Int J Mol Sci, 2013. 14(4): pp. 7231–7272.Google Scholar

Watson, R., Melatonin in the Promotion of Health 2nd edition. 2011, United States: CRC Press.Google Scholar

Nishihara, T. et al., Oral melatonin supplementation improves oocyte and embryo quality in women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Gynecol Endocrinol, 2014. 30(5): pp. 359–362.Google Scholar

Batıoğlu, A. et al., The efficacy of melatonin administration on oocyte quality. Gynecological Endocrinology, 2012. 28(2): pp. 91–93.Google Scholar

Choi, J, Smitz, J. Luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin: origins of difference. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2014; 383: 203–213.Google Scholar

Talmadge, K, Vamvakopoulos, NC, Fiddes, JC. Evolution of the genes for the b subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone. Nature 1984; 307: 37–40.Google Scholar

Menon, KMJ, Menon, B. Structure, function and regulation of gonadotropin receptors – a perspective. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2012; 356: 88–97.Google Scholar

Fevold, HL. Synergism of the follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones in producing estrogen secretion. Endocrinology 1941; 28: 33–36.Google Scholar

Garzo, VG, Dorrington, JH. Aromatase activity in human granulosa cells during follicular development and the modulation by follicle-stimulating hormone and insulin. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1984; 148: 657–662.Google Scholar

Steinkampf, MP, Mendelson, CR, Simpson, ER. Regulation by follicle-stimulating hormone of the synthesis of aromatase cytochrome P-450 in human granulosa cells. Molecular Endocrinology 1987; 1: 465–471.Google Scholar

Cole, LA. Biological functions of hCG and hCG-related molecules. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2010; 8: 102.Google Scholar

Casarini, L, Lispi, M, Longobardi, S et al. LH and hCG action on the same receptor results in quantitatively and qualitatively different intracellular signalling. PLoS One 2012; 7(10): e46682, 1–15.Google Scholar

Humaidan, P, Bungum, L, Bungum, M, Andersen, CY. Ovarian response and pregnancy outcome related mid-follicular LH levels in women undergoing assisted reproduction with GnRH agonist down-regulation and recombinant FSH stimulation. Human Reproduction 2002; 17: 2016–2021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Westergaard, LG, Laursen, SB, Andersen, CY. Increased risk of early pregnancy loss by profound suppression of luteinizing hormone during ovarian stimulation in normogonadotropic women undergoing assisted reproduction. Human Reproduction 2000; 15: 1003–1008.Google Scholar

Fleming, R, Rehka, P, Deshpande, N et al. Suppression of LH during ovarian stimulation: effects differ in cycles stimulated with purified urinary FSH and recombinant FSH. Human Reproduction 2000; 15: 1440–1445.Google Scholar

Esteves, SC, Alviggi, C. The role of LH in controlled ovarian stimulation. In Ghuman, S (ed), Principles and Practice of Controlled Ovarian Stimulation in ART, 2015; Springer.Google Scholar

Shoham, Z, Smith, H, Teko, T et al. Recombinant LH (lutropin alfa) for the treatment of hypogonadotropic women with profound LH deficiency: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-efficacy study. Clinical Endocrinology 2008; 69: 471–478.Google Scholar

Ganirelix Dose-finding Study Group. A double-blind, randomized, dose-finding study to assess the efficacy of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist ganirelix (Org 37462) to prevent premature luteinizing hormone surges in women undergoing ovarian stimulation with recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (Puregon). Human Reproduction 1998; 13: 3023–3031.Google Scholar

Chappel, SC, Howles, C. Reevaluation of the roles of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the ovulatory process. Human Reproduction 1991; 6:1206–1212.Google Scholar

Doody, K, Devroey, P, Gordon, K, Witjes, H, Mannaerts, B. LH concentrations do not correlate with pregnancy in rFSH/GnRH antagonist cycles. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2010; 20:565–567.Google Scholar

Baruffi, RLR, Mauri, AL, Petersen, CG et al. Recombinant LH supplementation to recombinant FSH during induced ovarian stimulation in the GnRH-antagonist protocol: a meta-analysis. RBM Online 2007; 14: 14–25.Google Scholar

Kolibianakis, EM, Kalogeropoulou, L, Griesinger, G et al. Among patients treated with FSH and GnRH analogues for in vitro fertilization, is the addition of recombinant LH associated with the probability of live birth? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update 2007; 13: 445–452.Google Scholar

Mochtar, MH, Van der, Veen, Ziech, M, van Wely, M. Recombinant luteinizing hormone (rLH) for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in assisted reproductive cycles. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007; 18(2): CD005070.Google Scholar

Oliveira, JBA, Mauri, AL, Petersen, CG et al. Recombinant luteinizing hormone supplementation to recombinant follicle-stimulation hormone during induced ovarian stimulation in the GnRH-agonist protocol: a meta-analysis. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 2007; 24: 67–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sills, ES, Levy, DP, Moomjy, M, McGee, M, Rosenwaks, Z. A prospective, randomized comparison of ovulation induction using highly purified follicle stimulating hormone alone and with recombinant human luteinizing hormone in in-vitro fertilization. Human Reproduction 1999; 14: 2230–2235.Google Scholar

Tarlatzis, B, Tavmergen, E, Szamatowicz, M et al. The use of recombinant human LH (lutropin alfa) in the late stimulation phase of assisted reproduction cycles: a double-blind, randomized, prospective study. Human Reproduction 2006; 21: 90–94.Google Scholar

Balasch, J, Miro, F, Burzaco, I et al. The role of luteinizing hormone in human follicle development and oocyte fertility: evidence from in-vitro fertilization in a woman with long-standing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and using recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone. Human Reproduction 1995; 10: 1678–1683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

European Recombinant Human LH Study Group. Recombinant human luteinizing hormone (LH) to support recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced follicular development in LH- and FSH-deficient anovulatory women: a dose finding study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1998; 83: 1507–1514.Google Scholar

Polyzos, NP, Devroey, P. A systematic review of randomized trials for the treatment of poor ovarian responders: is there any light at the end of the tunnel? Fertility and Sterility 2011; 96: 1058–1061.Google Scholar

Ferrareti, AP, La Marca, A, Fauser, BCJM et al. ESHRE consensus on the definition of “poor response” to ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization: the Bologna criteria. Human Reproduction 2011; 26(7): 1616–1624.Google Scholar

Papathanasiou, A. Implementing the ESHRE “poor responder” criteria in research studies: methodological implications. Human Reproduction 2014; 29: 1835–1838.Google Scholar

Musters, AM, van Wely, M, Mastenbroek, S et al. The effect of recombinant LH on embryo quality: a randomized controlled trial in women with poor ovarian reserve. Human Reproduction 2012; 27: 244–250.Google Scholar

Bosch, E, Labarta, E, Crespo, J et al. Impact of luteinizing hormone administration on gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist cycles: an age-adjusted analysis. Fertility and Sterility 2011; 95: 1031–1036.Google Scholar

De Placido, G, Alviggi, C, Perino, A et al. Recombinant human LH supplementation versus recombinant human FSH (rFSH) step-up protocol during controlled ovarian stimulation in normogonadotropic women with initial inadequate ovarian response to rFSH. A multicentre, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Human Reproduction 2005; 20: 390–396.Google Scholar

Berkkanoglu, M, Isikoglu, M, Aydin, D, Ozgur, K. Clinical effects of ovulation induction with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone supplemented with recombinant luteinizing hormone or low-dose recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin in the midfollicular phase in microdose cycles in poor responders. Fertility and Sterility 2007; 88: 665–669.Google Scholar

Barrenetxea, G, Agirregoikoa, JA, Jimenez, MR et al. Ovarian response and pregnancy outcome in poor-responder women: a randomized controlled trial on the effect of luteinizing hormone supplementation on in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertility and Sterility 2008; 89: 546–553.Google Scholar

Humaidan, P, Chin, W, Rogoff, D et al. Efficacy and safety of follitropin alfa/lutropin alfa in ART: a randomized controlled trial in poor ovarian responders. Human Reproduction 2017; 32: 544–555.Google Scholar

Lehert, P, Kolibianakis, EM, Venetis, C et al. Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (rhFSH) plus recombinant luteinizing hormone versus r-hFSH alone for ovarian stimulation during assisted reproductive technology: systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2014; 12: 17.Google Scholar

Fan, W, Li, S, Chen, Q et al. Recombinant luteinizing hormone supplementation in poor responders undergoing IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecological Endocrinology 2013; 29(4): 278–284.Google Scholar

Vuong, TNL, Phung, HT, Ho, MT. Recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and recombinant luteinizing hormone versus recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone alone during GnRH antagonist ovarian stimulation in patients aged >=35 years: a randomized controlled trial. Human Reproduction 2015; 30: 1188–1195.Google Scholar

Behre, HM, Howles, CM, Longobardi, S. Randomized trial comparing luteinizing hormone supplementation timing strategies in older women undergoing ovarian stimulation. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2015; 31: 339–346.Google Scholar

Spiliotis, BE. Growth hormone insufficiency and its impact on ovarian function. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;997:77–84.Google Scholar

Homburg, R, Singh, A, Bhide, P, Shah, A, Gudi, A. The re-growth of growth hormone in fertility treatment: a critical review. Hum Fertil (Camb). 2012;15: 190–3.Google Scholar

Lucy, MC. Growth hormone regulation of follicular growth. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2011;24: 19–28.Google Scholar

Homburg, R, Eshel, A, Abdalla, HI, Jacobs, HS. Growth hormone facilitates ovulation induction by gonadotrophins. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1988;29: 113–7.Google Scholar

Owen, EJ, Shoham, Z, Mason, BA, Ostergaard, H, Jacobs, HS. Cotreatment with growth hormone, after pituitary suppression, for ovarian stimulation in in vitro fertilization: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-control trial. Fertil Steril. 1991;56: 1104–10.Google Scholar

Bergh, C, Hillensjo, T, Wikland, M et al. Adjuvant growth hormone treatment during in vitro fertilization: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Fertil Steril. 1994;62: 113–20.Google Scholar

Zhuang, GL, Wong, SX, Zhou, CQ. The effect of co-administration of low dosage growth hormone and gonadotropin for ovarian hyperstimulation in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 1994;29: 471–4, 510.Google Scholar

Dor, J, Seidman, DS, Amudai, E et al. Adjuvant growth hormone therapy in poor responders to in-vitro fertilization: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Hum Reprod. 1995;10: 40–3.Google Scholar

Suikkari, A, MacLachlan, V, Koistinen, R, Seppala, M, Healy, D. Double-blind placebo controlled study: human biosynthetic growth hormone for assisted reproductive technology. Fertil Steril. 1996;65: 800–5.Google Scholar

Kotarba, D, Kotarba, J, Hughes, E. Growth hormone for in vitro fertilization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000(2):CD000099.Google Scholar

Guan, Q, Ma, HG, Wang, YY, Zhang, F. Effects of co-administration of growth hormone(GH) and aspirin to women during in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycles. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2007;13:798–800.Google Scholar

Kucuk, T, Kozinoglu, H, Kaba, A. Growth hormone co-treatment within a GnRH agonist long protocol in patients with poor ovarian response: a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2008;25: 123–7.Google Scholar

Kolibianakis, EM, Venetis, CA, Diedrich, K, Tarlatzis, BC, Griesinger, G. Addition of growth hormone to gonadotrophins in ovarian stimulation of poor responders treated by in-vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2009;15: 613–22.Google Scholar

Kyrou, D, Kolibianakis, EM, Venetis, CA et al. How to improve the probability of pregnancy in poor responders undergoing in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2009;91: 749–66.Google Scholar

Duffy, JM, Ahmad, G, Mohiyiddeen, L, Nardo, LG, Watson, A. Growth hormone for in vitro fertilization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(1):CD000099.Google Scholar

Eftekhar, M, Aflatoonian, A, Mohammadian, F, Eftekhar, T. Adjuvant growth hormone therapy in antagonist protocol in poor responders undergoing assisted reproductive technology. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;287: 1017–21.Google Scholar

Bayoumi, YA, Dakhly, DM, Bassiouny, YA, Hashish, NM. Addition of growth hormone to the microflare stimulation protocol among women with poor ovarian response. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;131: 305–8.Google Scholar

Bassiouny, YA, Dakhly, DM, Bayoumi, YA, Hashish, NM. Does the addition of growth hormone to the in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection antagonist protocol improve outcomes in poor responders? A randomized, controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 2016;105:697–702.Google Scholar

Norman, RJ, Alvino, H, Hart, R, Rombauts, L, the LIGHT investigators. A randomised double blind placebo controlled study of recombinant human growth hormone (r-HGH) on live birth rates in women who are poor responders. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(Suppl 1):i37.Google Scholar

Hart, RJ, Rombauts, L, Norman, RJ. Growth hormone in IVF cycles: any hope? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2017;29: 119–25.Google Scholar

Tapanainen, J, Martikainen, H, Voutilainen, R et al. Effect of growth hormone administration on human ovarian function and steroidogenic gene expression in granulosa-luteal cells. Fertil Steril. 1992;58: 726–32.Google Scholar

Younis, JS, Simon, A, Koren, R et al. The effect of growth hormone supplementation on in vitro fertilization outcome: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Fertil Steril. 1992;58: 575–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fertility problems: assessment and treatment. Clinical guideline [CG156]. 2013.Google Scholar

Farquhar, C, Marjoribanks, J, Brown, J et al. Management of ovarian stimulation for IVF: narrative review of evidence provided for World Health Organization guidance. Reprod Biomed Online. 2017.Google Scholar

Cavelier, L, Johannisson, A, Gyllensten, U. Analysis of mtDNA copy number and composition of single mitochondrial particles using flow cytometry and PCR. Exp. Cell Res 2000; 259, 79–85.Google Scholar

May‐Panloup, P, Chrétien, M‐F, Savagner, F et al. Increased sperm mitochondrial DNA content in male infertility. Hum Reprod 2003; 18 (3): 550–556. doi:10.1093/humrep/deg096Google Scholar

Tian, et al. Association of DNA Methylation and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number with Human Semen Quality. Biol Reprod. 2014 September 10.Google Scholar

Van Blerkom, J. Mitochondrial function in the human oocyte and embryo and their role in developmental competence. Mitochondrion. 2011 September;11(5):797–813. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2010.09.012. Epub 2010 October 7Google Scholar

Reynier, P, May‐Panloup, P, Chretien, MF et al. Mitochondrial DNA content affects the fertilizability of human oocytes. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2001;7, 425–429.Google Scholar

Sato, Miyuki, Sato, Ken. Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA by diverse mechanisms to eliminate paternal mitochondrial DNA, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Molecular Cell Research 2013August; 1833:8, 1979–1984.Google Scholar

Schwartz, M, Vissing, J. Paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA. N Engl J Med. 2002;347: 576–580.Google Scholar

St John, J, Sakkas, D, Dimitriadi, K et al. Failure of elimination of paternal mitochondrial DNA in abnormal embryos. Lancet 2000;355:200.Google Scholar

Houshmand, M, Holme, E, Hanson, C, Wennerholm, UB, Hamberger, L. Is paternal mitochondrial DNA transferred to the offspring following intracytoplasmic sperm injection? J Assist Reprod Genet 1997;14:223–227.Google Scholar

Canadian Assisted Reproductive Technologies Register (CARTR Plus). 62nd Annual Meeting – Toronto. September 22–24, 2016. https://cfas.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/BORN-CFAS-CARTR-Plus-presentation-Oct-2016-for-website-1. www.sartcorsonline.com/rptCSR_PublicMultYear.aspx?reportingYear=2014Google Scholar

Hansen, KR, Knowlton, NS, Thyer, AC A new model of reproductive aging: the decline in ovarian non-growing follicle number from birth to menopause. Human Reprod. 2008; 23: 699–708.Google Scholar

Tsutsumi, M, Fujiwara, R, Nishizawa, H et al. Age-related decrease of meiotic cohesins in human oocytes. PLoS ONE 2014;9 e96710.Google Scholar

Bentov, Y, Yavorska, T, Esfandiari, N, Jurisicova, A, Casper, RF. The contribution of mitochondrial function to reproductive aging, Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 2011;28, 773–783.Google Scholar

Kristensen, SG1, Pors, SE1, Andersen, CY1. Improving oocyte quality by transfer of autologous mitochondria from fully grown oocytes. Hum Reprod. 2017; March 2:1–8. doi:10.1093/humrep/dex043. [Epub ahead of print]Google Scholar

Babayev, E, Seli, E. Oocyte mitochondrial function and reproduction. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jun;27(3): 175-181.Google Scholar

Agarwal, A, Durairajanayagam, D, du Plessis, SS. Utility of antioxidants during assisted reproductive techniques: an evidence based review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2014 November 24;12:112.Google Scholar

Muggleton-Harris, A, Whittingham, DG, Wilson, L. Cytoplasmic control of pre-implantation development in in vitro in the mouse. Nature 1982; 299:460–462.Google Scholar

Levron, J¹, Willadsen, S, Bertoli, M, Cohen, J. The development of mouse zygotes after fusion with synchronous and asynchronous cytoplasm. Hum Reprod. 1996 June;11(6):1287–1292.Google Scholar

Cohen, J, Scott, R, Alikani, M et al. Ooplasmic transfer in mature human oocytes. Mol Hum Reprod. 1998 March;4(3):269–280.Google Scholar

Sharpley, MS, Marciniak, C, Eckel-Mahan, K et al. Heteroplasmy of mouse mtDNA is genetically unstable and results in altered behavior and cognition. Cell. 2012 October 12; 151(2):333–343.Google Scholar

Craven, L, Tuppen, HA, Greggains, GD et al. Pronuclear transfer in human embryos to prevent transmission of mitochondrial DNA disease. Nature. 2010 May 6; 465(7294):82–85.Google Scholar

Tachibana, M, Amato, P, Sparman, M et al. Towards germline gene therapy of inherited mitochondrial diseases. Nature. 2013 January 31; 493(7434):627–631.Google Scholar

Brenner, CA, Barritt, JA, Willadsen, S, Cohen, J. Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy after human ooplasmic transplantation, Fertility and Sterility. 2000;74(3), 573–578.Google Scholar

Amato, P, Tachibana, M, Sparman, M, Mitalipov, S. Three-Parent IVF: Gene replacement for the prevention of inherited mitochondrial diseases. Fertility and Sterility. 2014;101(1):31–35. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.11.030.Google Scholar

Tachibana, M, Amato, P, Sparman, M et al. Towards germline gene therapy of inherited mitochondrial diseases. Nature. 2013 January 31; 493(7434):627–631.Google Scholar

Brenner, CA, Kubisch, HM, Pierce, KE. The role of the mitochondrial genome in assisted reproductive technologies and embryonic stem cell-based therapeutic cloning. Reproduction, Fertility and Development. 2005;16(7), 743–751.Google Scholar

Nakada, K, Hayashi, JI. Transmitochondrial mice as models for mitochondrial DNA-based diseases, Experimental Animals. 2011;60, 421–431.Google Scholar

Johnson, J, Canning, J, Kaneko, T, Pru, JK, Tilly, JL. Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary. Nature. 2004 March 11; 428(6979), 145–150.Google Scholar

Zou, K, Yuan, Z, Yang, Z et al. Production of offspring from a germline stem cell line derived from neonatal ovaries. Nat Cell Biol. 2009;11, 631–636.Google Scholar

Cagnone, GL1,2, Tsai, TS1,2, Makanji, Y1,2. Restoration of normal embryogenesis by mitochondrial supplementation in pig oocytes exhibiting mitochondrial DNA deficiency. Sci Rep. 2016 March 18;6, 23229. doi:10.1038/srep23229.Google Scholar

Ravichandran, K, McCaffrey, C, Grifo, J et al. Mitochondrial DNA quantification as a tool for embryo viability assessment: retrospective analysis of data from single euploid blastocyst transfers. Hum Reprod. 2017 April 6:1–11. doi:10.1093/humrep/dex070. [Epub ahead of print]Google Scholar

Fragouli, E, Spath, K, Alfarawati, S et al. Altered levels of mitochondrial DNA are associated with female age, aneuploidy, and provide an independent measure of embryonic implantation potential. PLoS Genet 2015;11:e1005241.Google Scholar