The primary outcomes were specified as all-cause dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD), but other cognitive outcomes were explored as well. The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) reported a completely unexpected increased risk of dementia with combined conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) and medroxy-progesterone acetate (MPA) treatment in women of 65 years of age and older and a trend for increased risk with CEE alone. This is the conclusory chapter of the book, which discusses alternative reasons for the negative results found in the WHIMS and the possibility of using alternative treatment strategies. It explains the possibility that genetics further modify the risk for dementia with use of estrogens and testosterone. The book reviews the possibility of another treatment angle for dementia. Lowering blood pressure, cholesterol, and body weight in midlife are mentioned as important to reduce the risk for dementia and cardiovascular disease in later life.