World Health Organization and Public Health Agency of Canada. Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment. Washington, DC, World Health Organization; 2005.Google Scholar

Ngamaba, KH, Panagioti, M, Armitage, CJ. How strongly related are health status and subjective well-being? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health 2017; 27: 879–885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bayliss, EA, Bonds, DE, Boyd, CM, et al. Understanding the context of health for persons with multiple chronic conditions: moving from what is the matter to what matters. Ann Fam Med 2014; 12: 260–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Conn, VS, Hafdahl, AR, Brown, LM. Meta-analysis of quality-of-life outcomes from physical activity interventions. Nurs Res 2009; 58: 175–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mujica-Mota, RE, Roberts, M, Abel, G, et al. Common patterns of morbidity and multi-morbidity and their impact on health-related quality of life: evidence from a national survey. Qual Life Res 2015; 24: 909–918.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baumann, LC, Dang, TT. Helping patients with chronic conditions overcome barriers to self-care. Nurse Pract 2012; 37 : 32–38.Google Scholar

Chatterji, S, Byles, J, Cutler, D, Seeman, T, Verdes, E. Health, functioning, and disability in older adults: present status and future implications. Lancet 2015; 385: 563–575.Google Scholar

Read, JR, Sharpe, L, Modini, M, Dear, BF. Multimorbidity and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2017; 221: 36–46.Google Scholar

Watson, LC, Amick, HR, Gaynes, BN, et al. Practice-based interventions addressing concomitant depression and chronic medical conditions in the primary care setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prim Care Community Health 2013; 4: 294–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Megari, K. Quality of life in chronic disease patients. Health Psychol Res 2013; 1: 141–148.Google Scholar

Maslow, AH. A theory of human motivation. Psychol Rev 1943; 50: 370.Google Scholar

Newman, S, Steed, L, Mulligan, K. Self-management interventions for chronic illness. Lancet 2004; 364: 1523–1537.Google Scholar

Eiser, C, Morse, R. A review of measures of quality of life for children with chronic illness. Arch Dis Child 2001; 84: 205–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cella, D, Lai, JS, Nowinski, CJ, et al. Neuro-QOL: brief measures of health-related quality of life for clinical research in neurology. Neurology 2012; 78: 1860–1867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Salsman, JM, Victorson, D, Choi, SW, et al. Development and validation of the positive affect and well-being scale for the neurology quality of life (Neuro-QOL) measurement system. Qual Life Res 2013; 22: 2569–2580.Google Scholar

Grady, PA, Gough, LL. Self-management: a comprehensive approach to management of chronic conditions. Am J Public Health 2014; 104: e25–e31.Google Scholar

DiMatteo, MR, Lepper, HS, Croghan, TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2101–2107.Google Scholar

Kripalani, S, Yao, X, Haynes, RB. Interventions to enhance medication adherence in chronic medical conditions: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 540–550.Google Scholar

Herring, MP, Puetz, TW, O’Connor, PJ, Dishman, RK. Effect of exercise training on depressive symptoms among patients with a chronic illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172: 101–111.Google Scholar

Gillison, FB, Skevington, SM, Sato, A, Standage, M, Evangelidou, S. The effects of exercise interventions on quality of life in clinical and healthy populations; a meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med 2009; 68: 1700–1710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beatty, L, Lambert, S. A systematic review of internet-based self-help therapeutic interventions to improve distress and disease-control among adults with chronic health conditions. Clin Psychol Rev 2013; 33: 609–622.Google Scholar

Graham, CD, Gouick, J, Krahe, C, Gillanders, D. A systematic review of the use of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in chronic disease and long-term conditions. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 46: 46–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bohlmeijer, E, Prenger, R, Taal, E, Cuijpers, P. The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy on mental health of adults with a chronic medical disease: a meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2010; 68: 539–544.Google Scholar

Tough, H, Siegrist, J, Fekete, C. Social relationships, mental health and wellbeing in physical disability: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2017; 17: 414.Google Scholar

Williams, AA, Sitole, LJ, Meyer, D. HIV/HAART-associated oxidative stress is detectable by metabonomics. Mol Biosyst 2017; 24 : 2202–2217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

www.census.gov/newsroom.press-releases/2018/cb18-41-population-projections.html (accessed March 15, 2019).Google Scholar

www.cdc.gov/vaccines/adults/rec-vac/index.html (accessed March 15, 2019).Google Scholar

www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/BrowseRec/Index (accessed March 15, 2019).Google Scholar

www.cancer.org/healthy/find-cancer-early/cancer-screening-guidelines/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer.html (accessed March 15, 2019).Google Scholar

Walter, LC, Covinsky, KE. Cancer screening in elderly patients: a framework for individualized decision making. JAMA 2001; 285: 2750–2756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rosen, S, Weintraub, N. The efficacy of performing screening mammograms in the frail elderly population. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2006; 7: 230–233.Google Scholar

www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/colorectal-cancer-screening2#tab (accessed March 18, 2019).Google Scholar

www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer.html (accessed March 18, 2019).Google Scholar

www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/prostate-cancer-screening-2008 (accessed March 18, 2019).Google Scholar

www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/osteoporosis-screening (accessed March 18, 2019).Google Scholar

Reuben, DB, Rosen, S, Schickendanz, H. Principles of geriatric assessment. In: Hazzard’s Principles of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology (7th ed.). New York, McGraw Hill; 2017.Google Scholar

www.cms.gov/Outreach-and-Education/Medicare-Learning-Network-MLN/MLNProducts/MLN-Publications-Items/CMS1246474.html (accessed March 20, 2019).Google Scholar

Watson, KB, Carlson, SA, Gunn, JP, et al. Physical inactivity among adults aged 50 years and older: United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65: 954–958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2008.Google Scholar

Taylor, D. Physical activity is medicine for older adults. Postgrad Med J 2014; 90: 26–32.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The State of Aging and Health in America. Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2013.Google Scholar

Vuori, IM, Lavie, CJ, Blair, SN. Physical activity promotion in the health care system. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88(12): 1446–1461.Google Scholar

Zubala, A, MacGillivray, S, Frost, H, et al. Promotion of physical activity interventions for community dwelling older adults: a systematic review of reviews. PloS One 2017; 12(7): e0180902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Orrow, G, Kinmonth, A-L, Sanderson, S, Sutton, S. Effectiveness of physical activity promotion based in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 2012; 344: e1389.Google Scholar

Eden, KB, Orleans, CT, Mulrow, CD, Pender, NJ, Teutsch, SM. Does counseling by clinicians improve physical activity? A summary of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137(3): 208–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lawlor, DA, Hanratty, B. The effect of physical activity advice given in routine primary care consultations: a systematic review. J Public Health Med 2001; 3: 219–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kerse, N, Elley, CR, Robinson, E, Arroll, B. Is physical activity counseling effective for older people? A cluster randomized, controlled trial in primary care. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53(1): 1951–1956.Google Scholar

Kolt, GS, Schofield, GM, Kerse, N, Garrett, N, Oliver, M. Effect of telephone counseling on physical activity for low‐active older people in primary care: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55(7): 986–992.Google Scholar

Olanrewaju, O, Kelly, S, Cowan, A, Brayne, C, Lafortune, L. Physical activity in community dwelling older people: a systematic review of reviews of interventions and context. PLoS One 2016:11: e0168614.Google Scholar

Martinson, BC, Crain, AL, Sherwood, NE, et al. Maintaining physical activity among older adults: six-month outcomes of the Keep Active Minnesota randomized controlled trial. Prevent Med 2008: 46: 111–119.Google Scholar

Pears, S, Bijker, M, Morton, K, et al. A randomized controlled trial of three very brief interventions for physical activity in primary care. BMC Pub Health 2016; 16: 1033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Donabedian, A. The quality of care: how can it be assessed? JAMA 1988; 260: 1743–1748.Google Scholar

Pinto, BM, Goldstein, MG, Marcus, BH. Activity counseling by primary care physicians. Prevent Med 1998: 506–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pinto, BM, Lynn, H, Marcus, BH, DePue, J, Goldstein, MG. Physician-based activity counseling: intervention effects on mediators of motivational readiness for physical activity. Ann Behav Med 2001; 23: 2–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Whitlock, EP, Orleans, CT, Pender, N, Allan, J. Evaluating primary care behavioral counseling interventions: an evidence-based approach. Am J Prevent Med 2002; 22: 267–284.Google Scholar

Martín-Borràs, C, Giné-Garriga, M, Puig-Ribera, A, et al. A new model of exercise referral scheme in primary care: is the effect on adherence to physical activity sustainable in the long term? A 15-month randomized controlled trial. BMJ Open 2018; 8: e017211.Google Scholar

Brady, S, D’Ambrosio, LA, Felts, A, et al. Reducing isolation and loneliness through membership in a fitness program for older adults: implications for health. J Appl Gerontol 2018; 39: 0733464818807820.Google Scholar

Hawkley, LC, Kozloski, M, Wong, J. A profile of social connectedness in older adults. AARP; 2017.Google Scholar

Ortiz, H. Crossing new frontiers: benefits access among isolated seniors. National Center for Benefits Outreach and Enrollment (NCBOE); 2011.Google Scholar

Holt-Lunstad, J, Smith, T, Layton, JB. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med 2010. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316.Google Scholar

Cacioppo, JT, Cacioppo, S. Older adults reporting social isolation or loneliness show poorer cognitive function 4 years later. Evid Based Nurs 2014; 75: 59–60.Google Scholar

Flowers, L. Medicare spends more on socially isolated older adults. Insight Issues 2017; 125.Google Scholar

Van Der Meij, BS, Wijnhoven, AH, Lee, JS, et al. Poor appetite and dietary intake in community dwelling adults J Am Geriatr Soc 2017; 65: 2190–2197.Google Scholar

Landi, F, Calvani, R, Tosato, M, et al. Anorexia of aging risk factors, consequences, and potential treatments. Nutrients 2016; 8: 69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Soysal, P, Isik, AT, Arik, F, et al. Validity of the mini-nutritional assessment scale for evaluating frailty status in older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2019; 20(2): 183–187.Google Scholar

Malafarina, V, Uriz-Otano, F, Gil-Guerrero, L, Iniesta, R. The anorexia of aging: physiopathology, prevalence, associated comorbidity and mortality, a systematic review. Maturitas 2013; 74: 293–302.Google Scholar

Providing Healthy and Safe Foods as We Age: Workshop Summary, Nutrition Concerns for Aging Populations. The National Academy, Institute of Medicine (US) Food Forum.Google Scholar

Landi, F, Lattanzio, F, Dell’Aquilla, G, et al. Prevalence and potentially reversible factors associated with anorexia among older nursing home residents: results from the Ulisse Project. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013; 14: 119.Google Scholar

Bernstein, MA, Tucker, KL, Ryan, ND, et al. Higher dietary variety is associated with better nutritional status in frail elderly people. J Am Dietetic Assoc 2002; 102: 1096–1124.Google Scholar

Cox, NJ, Ibrahim, K, Sayer, AA, Robinson, SM, Roberts, H. Assessment and treatment of the anorexia of aging: a systematic review. Nutrients 2019; 11: 144.Google Scholar

National Institute on Aging, Choosing healthy meals as you get older. www.nia.nih.gov/health/choosing-healthy-meals-you-get-older (accessed April 21, 2020).Google Scholar

Bauer, J, Biolo, G, Cederholm, T, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013; 14: 542–559.Google Scholar

Pouyssegur, V, Brocker, P, Schneider, SM, et al. An innovative solid oral nutritional supplement to fight weight loss and anorexia: open randomized controlled trial of efficacy in institutionalized, malnourished older adults. Age Ageing 2015; 44: 245–251.Google Scholar

Reuben, DB, Hirsch, SH, Zhou, K, Greendale, GA. The effects of megestrol acetate suspension for elderly patients with reduced appetite after hospitalization: a phase II randomized clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53: 970–975.Google Scholar

Landi, F, Calvani, R, Tosato, M, et al. Anorexia of aging: risk factors, consequences, and potential treatments. Nutrients 2016; 27: 69.Google Scholar

Morley, JE. Anorexia of aging: physiologic and pathologic. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 760–773.Google Scholar

DJ Miklowitz. Family-focused therapy for bipolar disorder: reflections on 30 years of research. Family Process 2016; 55: 483–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gunlicks, ML, Weissman, MM. Change in child psychopathology with improvement in parental depression: a systemic review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 47: 379–389.Google Scholar

Rettew, DC. Positive child psychiatry. In: Palmer, BW, Jeste, DV, eds., Positive Psychiatry: A Clinical Handbook. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing; 2015; 285–304.Google Scholar

Jacka, FN, Ystrom, E, Brantsaeter, AL, et al. Maternal and early postnatal nutrition and mental health of offspring by age 5 years: a prospective cohort study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 52: 1038–1047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Saul, J, Rodgers, RF. Wellness, not weight: changing the focus in child and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55: 7–9.Google Scholar

McClafferty, H, Vohra, S, Bailey, M, et al. Pediatric integrative medicine. Pediatrics 2017; 140: e20171961.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Physical activity basics. 2018. www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/index.htm (accessed February 20, 2019).Google Scholar

US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (2nd ed.). Washington, DC, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2018. https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/pdf/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf (accessed February 16, 2019).Google Scholar

Eime, RM, Young, JA, Harvey, JT, et al. A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for child and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10: 1–21.Google Scholar

Huppertz, C, Bartels, M, Van Beijsterveldt, CEM, et al. The impact of shared environmental factors on exercise behavior from age 7 to 12. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44: 2025–2032.Google Scholar

J Radesky, D Christakis, Council on Communications and Media. Media and young minds. Pediatrics 2016; 138: e2016–e2591.Google Scholar

American Academy of Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics announces new recommendations for children’s media use. 2016. www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/American-Academy-of-Pediatrics-Announces-New-Recommendations-for-Childrens-Media-Use.aspx (accessed January 15, 2019).Google Scholar

Thomas, AG, Monahan, KC, Lukowski, AF, et al. Sleep problems across development: a pathway to adolescent risk taking through working memory. J Youth Adolesc 2015; 44: 447–464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Keyes, KM, Maslowsky, J, Hamilton, A, et al. The great sleep recession: changes in sleep duration among US adolescents, 1991–2012. Pediatrics 2015; 135: 460–468.Google Scholar

Donskoy, I, Loghmanee, D. Insomnia in adolescence. Med Sci 2018; 6: E72.Google Scholar

Traub, F, Boynton-Jarrett, R. Modifiable resilience factors to childhood adversity for clinical pediatric practice. Pediatrics 2017; 139: e2016–e2569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rettew, DC, Satz, I, Joshi, SV. Teaching well-being from kindergarten to child psychiatry fellowship programs. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am 2019; 28; 267–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Seligman, MEP, Ernst, RM, Gillham, J, et al. Positive education: positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Rev Educ 2009; 35: 293–311.Google Scholar

Suldo, SM. Promoting Student Happiness. Positive Psychology Interventions in Schools. New York, The Guilford Press; 2016.Google Scholar

Zoogman, S, Goldberg, SB, Hoyt, WT, et al. Mindfulness interventions with youth: a meta-analysis. Mindfulness 2015; 6: 290–302.Google Scholar

Hofman, SG, Asnaani, A, Vonk, IJJ, et al. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Cogn Ther Res 2012; 36: 427–440.Google Scholar

Hudziak, JJ, Albaugh, MD, Ducharme, S, et al. Cortical thickness maturation and duration of music training: health-promoting activities shape brain development. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53: 1153–1161.Google Scholar

Holden, GW, Williamson, PA. Religion and child well-being. In: Ben-Arieh, A, Casas, F Frones, I, Korbin, JE, eds., Handbook of Child Well-Being. New York, Springer; 2014; 1137–1169.Google Scholar

Bloch, MH, Qawasmi, A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 50: 991–1000.Google Scholar

Ivanova, MY, Dewey, L, Swift, P, et al. Health promotion in primary care pediatrics: initial results of a randomized clinical trial of the Vermont Family Based Approach. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am 2019; 28: 237–246.Google Scholar

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. Washington, DC, National Academies Press (US); 2011.Google Scholar

Tick, H, Nielsen, A, Pelletier, KR, et al. Evidence-based nonpharmacologic strategies for comprehensive pain care: the Consortium Pain Task Force white paper. Explore (NY) 2018; 14(3): 177–211.Google Scholar

Dansie, EJ, Turk, DC. Assessment of patients with chronic pain. Br J Anaesth 2013; 111(1): 19–25.Google Scholar

Ballantyne, JC. Opioids for the treatment of chronic pain: mistakes made, lessons learned, and future directions. Anesth Analg 2017; 125(5): 1769–1778.Google Scholar

Enthoven, WTM, Roelofs, PDDM, Deyo, RA, van Tulder, MW, Koes, BW. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2: CD012087.Google ScholarPubMed

IsHak, WW, Wen, RY, Naghdechi, L, et al. Pain and depression: a systematic review. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2018; 26(6): 352–363.Google Scholar

Maher, DP, Chen, L, Mao, J. Intravenous ketamine infusions for neuropathic pain management: a promising therapy in need of optimization. Anesth Analg 2017; 124(2): 661–674.Google Scholar

Nicol, AL, Hurley, RW, Benzon, HT. Alternatives to opioids in the pharmacologic management of chronic pain syndromes: a narrative review of randomized, controlled, and blinded clinical trials. Anesth Analg 2017; 125(5): 1682–1703.Google Scholar

Maher, DP, Cohen, SP. Opioid reduction following interventional procedures for chronic pain: a synthesis of the evidence. Anesth Analg 2017; 125(5): 1658–1666.Google Scholar

Cohen, SP, Bicket, MC, Jamison, D, Wilkinson, I, Rathmell, JP. Epidural steroids: a comprehensive, evidence-based review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2013; 38(3): 175–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cohen, SP, Huang, JHY, Brummett, C. Facet joint pain: advances in patient selection and treatment. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013; 9(2): 101–116.Google Scholar

Baig, S, Moon, JY, Shankar, H. Review of sympathetic blocks: anatomy, sonoanatomy, evidence, and techniques. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2017; 42(3): 377–391.Google Scholar

Deer, TR, Mekhail, N, Provenzano, D, et al. The appropriate use of neurostimulation of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system for the treatment of chronic pain and ischemic diseases: the Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee. Neuromodulation 2014; 17(6): 515–550; discussion 550.Google Scholar

Hsu, JH, Daskalakis, ZJ, Blumberger, DM. An update on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of co-morbid pain and depressive symptoms. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2018; 22(7): 51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wei, DY, Jensen, RH. Therapeutic approaches for the management of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15(2): 346–360.Google Scholar

Lin, Y-C, Wan, L, Jamison, RN. Using integrative medicine in pain management: an evaluation of current evidence. Anesth Analg 2017; 125(6): 2081–2093.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nahin, RL, Boineau, R, Khalsa, PS, Stussman, BJ, Weber, WJ. Evidence-based evaluation of complementary health approaches for pain management in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc 2016; 91(9): 1292–1306.Google Scholar

Chen, L, Michalsen, A. Management of chronic pain using complementary and integrative medicine. BMJ 2017; 357: j1284.Google Scholar

Sturgeon, JA. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2014; 7: 115–124.Google Scholar

Gupta, A, Scott, K, Dukewich, M. Innovative technology using virtual reality in the treatment of pain: does it reduce pain via distraction, or is there more to it? Pain Med 2018; 19(1): 151–159.Google Scholar

Brain, K, Burrows, TL, Rollo, ME, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of nutrition interventions for chronic noncancer pain. J Hum Nutr Diet 2019; 32(2): 198–225.Google Scholar

Tick, H. Nutrition and pain. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2015; 26(2): 309–320.Google Scholar

Creagan, ET, Bauer, BA, Thomley, BS, Borg, JM. Animal-assisted therapy at Mayo Clinic: the time is now. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2015; 21(2): 101–104.Google Scholar

Harper, CM, Dong, Y, Thornhill, TS, et al. Can therapy dogs improve pain and satisfaction after total joint arthroplasty? A randomized controlled trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473(1): 372–379.Google Scholar

Bray, F, Ferlay, J, Soerjomataram, I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68(6): 394–424.Google Scholar

American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2019. Atlanta, GA, American Cancer Society; 2019. www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2019/cancer-facts-and-figures-2019.pdf (accessed March 31, 2019).Google Scholar

World Health Organization. Cancer key facts. September 18, 2018. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer (accessed April 1, 2019).Google Scholar

National Cancer Institute. What is cancer? February 9, 2015. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer (accessed April 1, 2019).Google Scholar

Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. How do cancer cells grow and spread? September 21, 2016. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279410 (accessed April 11, 2019).Google Scholar

Bray, F, Soerjomataram, I. The changing global burden of cancer: transitions in human development and implications for cancer prevention and control. Cancer Dis Control Priorities 2015; 3(3): 23–44.Google Scholar

The National Wellness Institute. The six dimensions of wellness. 2019. www.nationalwellness.org/page/Six_Dimensions (accessed April 6, 2019).Google Scholar

Allemani, C, Matsuda, T, Di Carlo, V, et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37,513,025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. Lancet 2018; 391: 1023–1075.Google Scholar

S Bluethmann, A Mariotto, J Rowland. Anticipating the “silver tsunami”: prevalence trajectories and comorbidity burden among older cancer survivors in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25(7):1029–1036.Google Scholar

Gegechkori, N, Haines, L, Lin, JJ. Long-term and latent side effects of specific cancer types. Med Clin North Am 2017; 101(6): 1053–1073.Google Scholar

Hoeck, B, Ledderer, L, Hansen, HP. Dealing with cancer: a meta-synthesis of patients’ and relatives’ experiences of participating in psychosocial interventions. Eur J Cancer Care 2017; 26: e12652.Google Scholar

Franc, M, Michalski, B, Kuczerawy, I, et al. Cancer related fatigue syndrome in neoplastic diseases. Prz Neopazualny 2014; 13(6): 352–355.Google Scholar

Nature. Study cancer survivors. Nature 2019; 568: 143.Google Scholar

Rushton, M, Morash, R, Larocque, G, et al. Wellness Beyond Cancer Program: building an effective survivorship program. Curr Oncol 2015; 22(6): 419.Google Scholar

Nayak, MG, George, A, Vidyasagar, MS, et al. Quality of life among cancer patients. Indian J Palliat Care 2017; 23(4): 445–450.Google Scholar

Wyatt, G, Sikorskii, A, Tamkus, D, et al. Quality of life among advanced breast cancer patients with and without distant metastasis. Eur J Cancer Care 2013; 22: 272–280.Google Scholar

Loughney, L, West, MA, Kemp, GJ, et al. Exercise intervention in people with cancer undergoing adjuvant cancer treatment following surgery: a systematic review. Eur J Surg Oncol 2015; 41(12): 1590–1602.Google Scholar

Heldens, AF, Bongers, BC, de Vos-Geelen, J, et al. Feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a physical exercise training program during neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in individual patients with rectal cancer prior to major elective surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol 2016; 42(9): 1322–1330.Google Scholar

Knobf, MT, Thompson, AS, Fennie, K, et al. The effect of a community-based exercise intervention on symptoms and quality of life. Cancer Nurs 2014; 37: E43–E50.Google Scholar

Navigante, A, Morgado, PC. Does physical exercise improve quality of life of advanced cancer patients? Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2016; 10(4): 306–309.Google Scholar

Chambers, SK, Morris, BA, Clutton, S, et al. Psychological wellness and health-related stigma: a pilot study of an acceptance-focused cognitive behavioral intervention for people with lung cancer. Eur J Cancer Care 2014; 24(1): 60–70.Google Scholar

Moye, J, Langdon, M, Jones, JM, et al. Managing health care after cancer treatment: a wellness plan. Fed Pract 2014; 31(3): 27S–32S.Google Scholar

Zhang, X, Xiao, H, Chen, Y. Effects of life review on mental health and well-being among cancer patients: a systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud 2017; 74: 138–148.Google Scholar

Mistretta, EG. Spirituality in young adults with end-stage cancer: a review of the literature and a call for research. Ann Palliat Med 2017; 6(3): 279–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Visser, A, Garssen, B, Vingerhoets, A. Spirituality and well-being in cancer patients: a review. Psycho-Oncology 2009; 19(6): 565–572.Google Scholar

Tamburini, M. Health-related quality of life measures in cancer. Annals Oncol 2001; 12(3): S7–S10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Health-related quality of life. October 31, 2018. www.cdc.gov/hrqol/concept.htm (accessed April 8, 2019).Google Scholar

Webster, K, Cella, D, Yost, K. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) measurement systems: properties, applications, and interpretations. Bio Med Central 2003; 1: 79.Google Scholar

Spitzer, W, Dobson, A, Hall, J, et al. Measuring the quality of life of cancer patients. a concise QL-Index for use by physicians. J Chron Dis 1981; 34: 585–597.Google Scholar

Gandhi, AK, Roy, S, Thakar, A, et al. Symptom burden and quality of life in advanced head and neck cancer patients: AIIMS study of 100 patients. Indian J Palliat Care 2014; 20: 189–193.Google Scholar

Horneber, M, Fischer, I, Dimeo, F, et al. Cancer-related fatigue: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2012; 109(9): 161–172.Google Scholar

Lin, X-J, Lin, I-M, Fan, S-Y. Methodological issues in measuring health-related quality of life. Tzu Chi Med J 2013; 25(1): 8–12.Google Scholar

King, S, Exley, J, Parks, S, et al. The use and impact of quality of life assessment tools in clinical care settings for cancer patients, with a particular emphasis on brain cancer: insights from a systematic review and stakeholder consultations. Nature 2016; 25(9): 2245–2256.Google Scholar

Anderson, D, Seib, C, Tjondronegoro, D, et al. The women’s wellness after cancer program: a multisite, single-blinded, randomised controlled trial protocol. BMC Cancer 2017; 17(1). DOI:10.1186/s12885-017-3088-9.Google Scholar

Hewitt, M, Greenfield, S, Stovall, E. From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition. Washington, DC, National Academies Press; 2005.Google Scholar

Jacobsen, P, DeRosa, A, Henderson, T, et al. Systematic review of the impact of cancer survivorship care plans on health outcomes and health care delivery. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36(20): 2088–2100.Google Scholar

Raingruber, B. The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions with cancer patients: an integrative review of the literature (2006–2011). ISRN Nurs 2011; 2011: DOI:10.5402/2011/638218.Google Scholar

Bauchner, H, Fontanarosa, PB. Death, dying, and end of life. JAMA 2016; 315(3): 270–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gawande, A. Quantity and quality of life duties of care in life-limiting illness. JAMA 2016 315(3): 267–269.Google Scholar

Rees, S, Williams, A. Promoting and supporting self-management for adults living in the community with physical chronic illness: a systematic review of the effectiveness and meaningfulness of the patient–practitioner encounter. JBI Libr Syst Rev 2009; 7(13): 492–582.Google Scholar

Garg, R, Chauhan, V, Sabreen, B. Coping styles and life satisfaction in palliative care. Indian J Palliat Care 2018; 24(4): 491–495.Google Scholar

Steptoe, A, Deaton, A, Stone, AA. Psychological wellbeing, health and ageing. Lancet 2015; 385(9968): 640–648.Google Scholar

Hanratty, B, Lowson, E, Grande, G, et al. Transitions at the end of life for older adults: patient, carer and professional perspectives – a mixed-methods study. Health Serv Deliv Res 2014; 2(17).Google Scholar

Lewis, ET, Harrison, R, Hanly, L, et al. End-of-life priorities of older adults with terminal illness and caregivers: a qualitative consultation. Health Expect 2019; 22: 405–414.Google Scholar

Threapleton, DE, Chung, RY, Wong, SYS, et al. Care toward the end of life in older populations and its implementation facilitators and barriers: a scoping review. JAMDA 2017; 18: 1000e1009.Google ScholarPubMed

Abrahm, JL. Update in palliative care and end of life care. Annu Rev Med 2003; 54: 53–72.Google Scholar

Katon, WJ, Lin, EH, Korff, MV, et al. Collaborative care for patients with depression and chronic illnesses. N Engl J Med 2010; 363(27): 2611–2620.Google Scholar

Frijters, P, Beatton, T. The mystery of the U-shaped relationship between happiness and age. J Econ Behav Organization 2012; 82(102): 525–542.Google Scholar

Kerr, CW, Drake, J, Milch, RA, et al. Effects of methylphenidate on fatigue and depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2012; 43(1): 68–77.Google Scholar

Strand, JJ, Kamdar, MM, Carey, EC. Top 10 things palliative care clinicians wished everyone knew about palliative care. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88(8): 859–865.Google Scholar

Riordan, PA, Briscoe, J, Uritsky, TJ, et al. Top ten tips palliative care clinicians should know about psychopharmacology. J Palliat Med 2019; 22: 572–579.Google Scholar

Chapman, CR, Gavrin, J. Suffering and its relationship to pain. J Palliat Care 1993;9: 5–13.Google Scholar

Montoya-Juarez, R, Garcia-Caro, MP, Campos-Calderon, C, et al. Psychological responses of terminally ill patients who are experiencing suffering: a qualitative study. Int J Nurs Stud 2013; 50: 53–62.Google Scholar

Knight, SJ, Emanuel, L. Processes of adjustment to end-of-life losses: a reintegration model. J Palliat Med 2007; 10(5): 1190–1198.Google Scholar

Kwan, CWM, Chan, CWH, Choi, KC. The effectiveness of a nurse-led short-term life review intervention in enhancing the spiritual and psychological well-being of people receiving palliative care: a mixed method study. Int J Nurs Stud 2019; 91: 134–143.Google Scholar

Montoya-Juárez, R, García-Caro, MP, Schmidt-Rio-Valle, J, et al. Suffering indicators in terminally ill children from the parental perspective. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2013; 17: 720e725.Google Scholar

Pravin, RR, Enrica, TEK, Moy, TA. The portrait of a dying child. Indian J Palliat Care 2019; 25(1): 156–160.Google Scholar

Bovero, A, Leombruni, P, Miniotti, M, et al. Spirituality, quality of life, psychological adjustment in terminal cancer patients in hospice. Eur J Cancer Care 2016; 25: 961–969.Google Scholar

Renz, M, Reichmuth, O, Bueche, D, et al. Fear, pain, denial, and spiritual experiences in dying processes. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2018; 35(3): 478–491.Google Scholar

Wnuk, M, Marcinkowski, JT. Do existential variables mediate between religious-spiritual facets of functionality and psychological wellbeing? J Relig Health 2014; 53: 56–67.Google Scholar

Park, CL. Religion as a meaning-making framework in coping with life stress. J Social Issues 2005; 61: 707–729.Google Scholar

Prince-Paul, M. Understanding the meaning of social well-being at the end of life. Oncol Nurs Forum 2008; 35(3): 365–371.Google Scholar

Goetzel, RZ, Ozminkowski, RJ. The health and cost benefits of work site health-promotion programs. Annu Rev Public Health 2008; 29: 303–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mattke, S, Kapinos, KA, Caloveras, JP, et al. Workplace wellness programs: services offered, participation, and incentives. RAND Health Q 2015; 5(2): 7.Google Scholar

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. The Affordable Care Act and wellness programs. 2012. www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Fact-Sheets-and-FAQs/wellness11202012a.html (accessed April 21, 2020).Google Scholar

Ramazzini, B. Diseases of Workers. Classics of Medicine Library; Special ed., 1983.Google Scholar

Mukherjee, S. The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer. New York, Scribner; 2010.Google Scholar

Stearns, RN. The Industrial Revolution in World History (4th ed.). New York, Routledge; 2018.Google Scholar

Schneid., TD Safety Law: Legal Aspects in Occupational Safety and Health. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press; 2018.Google Scholar

Mattke, S, Liu, H, Caloyeras, J, et al. Workplace wellness programs study: final report. RAND Health Q 2013; 3(2): 7.Google Scholar

Gebhardt, DL, Crump, CE. Employee fitness and wellness programs in the workplace. Am Psychologist 1990; 45: 262–272.Google Scholar

Isaac, F, Flynn, P. Johnson & Jonson LIVE FOR LIFE Program: now and then. Am J Health Promot 2001; 15: 365–367.Google Scholar

Heaney, CA. Worksite health interventions: targets for change and strategies for attaining them. In: Quick, JC, Tetrick, LE, eds., Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology (2nd ed.). Washington, DC, American Psychological Association; 2014; 319–336.Google Scholar

Shain, M, Kramer, DM. Health promotion in the workplace: framing the concept; reviewing the evidence. Occup Environ Med 2004; 61: 643–648.Google Scholar

Linnan, L, Bowling, M, Childress, J, et al. Results of the 2004 national worksite health promotion survey. Am J Public Health 2008; 98(8): 1503–1509.Google Scholar

Mattke, S, Schnyer, C, Van Busum, KR. A review of the U.S. workplace wellness market. RAND Health Q 2013; 2(4): 7.Google Scholar

Aneni, EC, Roberson, LL, Maziak, W, et al. A systematic review of internet-based worksite wellness approaches for cardiovascular disease risk management: outcomes, challenges, & opportunities. PLoS One 2014; 9(1): 1–11.Google Scholar

Rongen, A, Robroek, SJW, van Lenthe, FJ, Burdorf, A. Workplace health promotion: a meta-analysis of effectiveness. Am J Prev Med 2013; 44(4): 406–415.Google Scholar

Anderson, LM, Quinn, TA, Glanz, K, et al. The effectiveness of worksite nutrition and physical activity interventions for controlling employee overweight and obesity. Am J Prev Med 2009; 37(4): 340–357.Google Scholar

Cooper, CL, Dewe, PJ, O’Driscoll, MP. Employee assistance programs: strengths, challenges, and future roles. In: Quick, JC, Tetrick, LE, eds., Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology (2nd ed.). Washington, DC, American Psychological Association; 2014; 337–356.Google Scholar

Murphy, LR. Stress management in work settings: a critical review of the health effects. Am J Health Promot 1996; 11(2): 112–135.Google Scholar

Richardson, KM, Rothstein, HR. Effects of occupational stress management intervention programs: a meta-analysis. J Occup Health Psych 2008; 13(1): 69–93.Google Scholar

Aikens, KA, Astin, J, Pelletier, KR, et al. Mindfulness goes to work: impact of an online workplace intervention. J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56(7): 721–731.Google Scholar

Allexandre, D, Bernstein, AM, Walker, E, et al. A web-based mindfulness stress management program in a corporate call center: a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the added benefit of onsite group support. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 58(3): 254–264.Google Scholar

van Berkel, J, Boot, CRL, Proper, KI, et al. Process evaluation of a workplace health promotion intervention aimed at improving work engagement and energy balance. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 55(1): 19–26.Google Scholar

Lomas, T, Medina, JC, Ivtzan, I, et al. Mindfulness-based interventions in the workplace: an inclusive systematic review and meta-analysis of their impact upon wellbeing. J Pos Psych 2018. DOI:10.1080/17439760.2018.1519588.Google Scholar

Baicker, K, Cutler, D, Song, Z. Workplace wellness programs can generate savings. Health Affairs 2010; 29(2): 1–8.Google Scholar

Jeffery, RW, Forster, JL, French, SA, et al. The healthy worker project: a work-site intervention for weight control and smoking cessation. Am J Public Health 1993; 83(3): 395–401.Google Scholar

Merrill, RM, Anderson, A, Thygerson, SM. Effectiveness of a worksite wellness program on health behaviors and personal health. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53(9): 1008–1012.Google Scholar

Conn, VS, Hafdahl, AR, Cooper, PS, et al. Meta-analysis of workplace physical activity interventions. Am J Prev Med 2009; 37(4): 330–339.Google Scholar

Moraros, J, Lemstra, M, Nwankwo, C. Lean interventions in healthcare: do they actually work? A systematic literature review. Int J Qual Health Care 2016; 28(2): 150–165.Google Scholar

Teich, ST, Faddoul, FF. Lean management: the journey from Toyota to healthcare. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2013; 4(2): e0007.Google Scholar

Burns, LR, Goldsmith, JC, Sen, A. Horizontal and vertical integration of physicians: a tale of two tails. In: Annual Review of Health Care Management: Revisiting the Evolution of Health Systems Organization. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing; 2014; 39–117.Google Scholar

Brigham, T, Barden, C, Dopp, AL, et al. A journey to construct an all-encompassing conceptual model of factors affecting clinician well-being and resilience. NAM Perspectives Discussion Paper. National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC; 2018. https://nam.edu/journey-construct-encompassing-conceptual-model-factors-affecting-clinician-well-resilience (accessed April 21, 2020).Google Scholar

Dyrbye, LN, Shanafelt, TD, Sinsky, CA, et al. Burnout among health care professionals: a call to explore and address this underrecognized threat to safe, high-quality care. NAM Perspectives Discussion Paper. National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC; 2017. https://nam.edu/burnout-among-health-care-professionals-a-call-to-explore-and-address-this-underrecognized-threat-to-safe-high-quality-care (accessed April 21, 2020).Google Scholar

Dzau, VJ, Kirch, DG, Nasca, TJ. To care is human: collectively confronting the clinician-burnout crisis. N Engl J Med 2018; 378(4): 312–314.Google Scholar

ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education). Improving physician well-being, restoring meaning in medicine. www.acgme.org/What-We-Do/Initiatives/Physician-Well-Being (accessed April 21, 2020).Google Scholar

ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education). ACGME common program requirements. www.acgme.org/What-We-Do/Accreditation/Common-Program-Requirements (accessed April 21, 2020).Google Scholar

Panagioti, M, Panagopoulou, E, Bower, P, et al. Controlled interventions to reduce burnout in physicians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2017; 177(2): 195–205.Google Scholar

West, CP, Dyrbe, LN, Erwin, PJ, Shanafelt, TD. Interventions to prevent and reduce physician burnout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2016; 388(10057): 2272–2281.Google Scholar

Shanafelt, TD, Balch, CM, Bechamps, GJ, et al. Burnout and career satisfaction among American surgeons. Ann Surg 2009; 250(3): 463–471.Google Scholar

Arndt, BG, Beasley, JW, Watkinson, MD, et al. Tethered to the EHR: primary care physician workload assessment using EHR event log data and time-motion observations. Ann Fam Med 2017; 15(5): 419–426.Google Scholar

Hamidi, MS, Boggild, MK, Cheung, AM. Running on empty: a review of nutrition and physicians’ well-being. Postgrad Med J 2016; 92(1090): 478–481.Google Scholar

Bohman, B, Dyrbye, L, Sinksy, CA, et al. Physician well-being: the reciprocity of practice efficiency, culture of wellness, and personal resilience. NEJM Catalyst 2017.Google Scholar

Omid, A, Haghani, F, Adibi, P. Emotional intelligence: an old issue and a new look in clinical teaching. Adv Bio Res 2018; 7(32). DOI:10.4103/2277-9175.225926.Google Scholar

Singer, T, Klimecki, OM. Empathy and compassion. Curr Biol 2014; 24(18): R875–R878.Google Scholar

West, CP, Dyrbye, LN, Rabatin, JT, et al. Intervention to promote physician well-being, job satisfaction, and professionalism: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174(4): 527–533.Google Scholar

Krasner, MS, Epstein, RM, Beckman, H, et al. Association of an educational program in mindful communication with burnout, empathy, and attitudes among primary care physicians. JAMA Intern Med 2009; 302(12): 1284–1293.Google Scholar

Ahmed, N, Devitt, K, Keshet, I, et al. A systematic review of the effects of resident duty hour restrictions in surgery: impact on resident wellness, training, and patient outcomes. Ann Surg 2014; 259(6): 1041–1053.Google Scholar

Raj, KS. Well-being in residency: a systematic review. J Grad Med Educ 2016; 8(5): 674–684.Google Scholar

CPPPH. Guidelines. www.cppph.org/cppph-guidelines (accessed April 21, 2020).Google Scholar

Reuben, DB, Knudsen, J, Senelick, W, Glazier, E, Kortez, BK. The effect of a physician partner program on physician efficiency and patient satisfaction. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174(7): 1190–1193.Google Scholar

Sinksy, C, Shanafelt, T, Murphy, ML, et al. Creating the organizational foundation for joy in medicine. 2017. https://edhub.ama-assn.org/steps-forward/module/2702510 (accessed April 21, 2020).Google Scholar

Perlo, J, Balik, B, Swensen, S, et al. IHI framework for improving joy in work. IHI White Paper, Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Cambridge, MA; 2017.Google Scholar

Beckers, DGJ, van der Linden, D, Smulders, PGW, et al. Voluntary or involuntary? Control over overtime and rewards for overtime in relation to fatigue and work satisfaction. Work Stress 2008; 22(1): 33–50.Google Scholar

Itzhaki, M, Bluvstein, I, Peles Bortz, A, et al. Mental health nurse’s exposure to workplace violence leads to job stress, which leads to reduced professional quality of life. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9(59): 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00059.Google Scholar

Patel, RS, Bachu, R, Adikey, A, Malik, M, Shah, M. Factors related to physician burnout and its consequences: a review. Behav Sci (Basel). 2018; 8(11): 98.Google Scholar

Puddester, D, Flynn, L, Cohen, J. CanMEDS Physician Health Guide: A Practical Handbook for Physician Health and Well-Being. Ottawa, The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada; 2009.Google Scholar