Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T13:15:33.492Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 4 - Energy and Health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2012

Global Energy Assessment Writing Team
By
Kirk R. Smith ,
Kalpana Balakrishnan ,
Colin Butler ,
Zoë Chafe ,
Ian Fairlie ,
Patrick Kinney ,
Tord Kjellstrom ,
Denise L. Mauzerall ,
Thomas McKone  and
Anthony McMichael
...Show all authors
Kirk R. Smith
Affiliation:
University of California
Kalpana Balakrishnan
Affiliation:
Sri Ramachandra University
Colin Butler
Affiliation:
Australian National University
Zoë Chafe
Affiliation:
University of California
Ian Fairlie
Affiliation:
Consultant on Radiation in the Environment
Patrick Kinney
Affiliation:
Columbia University
Tord Kjellstrom
Affiliation:
Umea University
Denise L. Mauzerall
Affiliation:
Princeton University
Thomas McKone
Affiliation:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Anthony McMichael
Affiliation:
Australian National University
Mycle Schneider
Affiliation:
Consultant on Energy and Nuclear Policy
Paul Wilkinson
Affiliation:
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Jill Jäger
Affiliation:
Sustainable Europe Research Institute
Get access

Summary

Executive Summary

Despite providing significant benefits for human health, energy systems also negatively affect global health in major ways today, causing directly perhaps as many as five million premature deaths annually and more than 5% of all illhealth (measured as lost healthy life years). Air pollution from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass fuels is by far the single major reason that energy systems negatively affect global health, although ash, sulfur, mercury, and other contaminants in fossil fuels also play a role. Effects on workers in energy industries are the second biggest health impact globally.

The largest exposures to energy-related air pollution occur in and around households, particularly in developing countries where unprocessed biomass (wood and agricultural wastes) and coal are used for cooking and heating in simple appliances.

This chapter does not focus on differences in impacts among alternative energy systems that have minor impacts on global health; rather, the focus is on the most significant impacts of energy systems on health. The important positive impacts of energy systems on health are mostly addressed in Chapter 2.

Given the importance of avoiding climate change, there is secondary focus on the ways that mitigating climate change through changes in energy systems might achieve important health improvements: co-benefits.

Unless major policy interventions are introduced, energy systems are expected to continue contributing significantly to the global burden of disease for years to come.

Type
Chapter
Information
Global Energy Assessment
Toward a Sustainable Future
 , pp. 255 - 324
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

,AGIR, 2007: Review of Risks from Tritium. Report of the independent Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation (RCE-4), The Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation (AGIR) on behalf of the United Kingdom Health Protection Agency, Chilton, UK.Google Scholar
Akachi, Y., D., Goodman and D., Parker, 2009: Global Climate Change and Child Health: A Review of Pathways, Impacts and Measures to Improve the Evidence Base. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.Google Scholar
Albalak, R., N., Bruce, J. P., McCracken, K. R., Smith and T., de Gallardo, 2001: Indoor Respirable Particulate Matter Concentrations from an Open Fire, Improved Cookstove, and Lpg/Open Fire Combination in a Rural Guatemalan Community. Environmental science and technology, 35 (13): 2650–2655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, I., N. L., Bindoff, R. A., Bindschadler, P. M., Cox, N. d., Noblet, M. H., England, J. E., Francis, N., Gruber, A. M., Haywood, D. J., Karoly, G., Kaser, C. L., Quéré, T. M., Lenton, M. E., Mann, B. I., McNeil, A. J., Pitman, S., Rahmstorf, E., Rignot, H. J., Schellnhuber, S. H., Schneider, S. C., Sherwood, R. C. J., Somerville, K., Steffen, E. J., Steig, M., Visbeck and A. J., Weaver, 2009: The Copenhagen Diagnosis. Updating the World on the Latest Climate Science. The University of New South Wales Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC), Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Alonso, D., M. J., Bouma and M., Pascual, 2011: Epidemic Malaria and Warmer Temperatures in Recent Decades in an East African Highland. Proceedings of the Royal SocietyB, 278 (1712): 1661–1669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, C. L. and M. Z., Jacobson, 2007: Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms. Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology, 46 (11): 1701–1718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, J. and R., Menon, 1998: Mining and Quarrying. In Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. J. M., Stellman (ed.), International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva, Vol. 3, Chapter 74, pp. 74.71–74.55.Google Scholar
,ASN, 2010: White Paper on Tritium. Autorite de Securite Nucleaire (ASN), Paris.Google Scholar
,Associated Press, 2008: Bund Und Länder Einig Über Uran-Grenzwert Für Trinkwasser. Associated Press (AP), New York.Google Scholar
Avnery, S., D. L., Mauzerall, J., Liu and L. W., Horowitz, 2011a: Global Crop Yield Reductions Due to Surface Ozone Exposure: 1. Year 2000 Crop Production Losses, Economic Damage, and Implications for World Hunger. Atmospheric Environment, 45: 2297–2309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avnery, S., D. L., Mauzerall, J., Liu and L. W., Horowitz, 2011b: Global Crop Yield Reductions Due to Surface Ozone Exposure: 2. Year 2030 Potential Crop Production Losses, Economic Damage, and Implications for World Hunger under Two Scenarios of O3 Pollution. Atmospheric Environment, 45: 2284–2296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, P. J. and D. G., Hoel, 2007: Meta-Analysis of Standardized Incidence and Mortality Rates of Childhood Leukaemia in Proximity to Nuclear Facilities. European Journal of Cancer Care, 16 (4): 355–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balakrishnan, K., J., Parikh, S., Sankar, R., Padmavathi, K., Srividya, V., Venugopal, S., Prasad and V. L., Pandey, 2002: Daily Average Exposures to Respirable Particulate Matter from Combustion of Biomass Fuels in Rural Households of Southern India. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110 (11): 1069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balakrishnan, K., S., Sambandam, P., Ramaswamy, S., Mehta and K. R., Smith, 2004: Exposure Assessment for Respirable Particulates Associated with Household Fuel Use in Rural Districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Exposure Analysis & Environmental Epidemiology, 14: S14–S25.Google ScholarPubMed
Barnes, B. R., A., Mathee, L., Krieger, L., Shafritz, M., Favin and L., Sherburne, 2004: Testing Selected Behaviors to Reduce Indoor Air Pollution Exposure in Young Children. Health Education Research, 19 (5): 543–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, D., F., , K., Openshaw, K., Smith, R., and R., van der Plas, 1993: The Design and Diffusion of Improved Cooking Stoves. The World Bank Research Observer, 8 (2): 119–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, D. F., K., Openshaw, R. S., Kirk and R., van der Plas, 1994: What Makes People Cook with Improved Biomass Stoves? A Comparative International Review of Stove Programs. World Bank Technical Paper (242). Energy Series, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Barnett, J. and W. N., Adger, 2003: Climate Dangers and Atoll Countries. Climatic Change, 61: 321–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Battisti, D. S. and R. L., Naylor, 2009: Historical Warnings of Future Food Insecurity with Unprecedented Seasonal Heat. Science, 323: 240–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Begum, B., S., Biswas and P., Hopke, 2008: Assessment of Trends and Present Ambient Concentrations of Pm2.2 and Pm10 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 1: 125–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, M. L., A., McDermott, S. L., Zeger, J.M., Samet and F., Dominici, 2004: Ozone and Short-term Mortality in 95 USA Urban Communities, 1987–2000. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292 (19): 2372–2378.Google ScholarPubMed
Bennett, D. H., T. E., McKone, J. S., Evans, W. W., Nazaroff, M. D., Margni, O., Jolliet and K. R., Smith, 2002: Peer Reviewed: Defining Intake Fraction. Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (9): 206A–211A.Google Scholar
Besser, J. M., J. P., Giesy, R. W., Brown, J. M., Buell and G. A., Dawson, 1996: Selenium Bioaccumulation and Hazards in a Fish Community Affected by Coal Fly Ash Effluent. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 35 (1): 7–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackden, C. M. and Q., Wodon, 2006: Gender, Time Use, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Working Paper no. 73, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Bloomberg, M. R. and R. T., Aggarwala, 2008: Think Locally, Act Globally: Howe Curbing Global Warming Emissions Can Improve Local Public Health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35 (5): 414–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornehag, C. G., J., Sundell and T., Sigsgaard, 2004: Dampness in Buildings and Health (Dbh): Report from an Ongoing Epidemiological Investigation on the Association between Indoor Environmental Factors and Health Effects among Children in Sweden. Indoor Air, 14 (s7): 59–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyce, D. G., M. R., Lewis and B., Worm, 2010: Global Phytoplankton Decline over the Past Century. Nature, 466: 591–596.Google Scholar
Brauer, M. and K., Bartlett, 1996: Assessment of Particulate Concentrations from Domestic Biomass Combustion in Rural Mexico. Environmental Science & Technology, 30 (1): 104–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruce, N., J., McCracken, R., Albalak, M., Schei, K. R., Smith, V., Lopez and C., West, 2004: Impact of Improved Stoves, House Construction and Child Location on Levels of Indoor Air Pollution Exposure in Young Guatemalan Children. Journal of Exposure Analysis & Environmental Epidemiology, 14: S26–S33.Google ScholarPubMed
Bruce, N., M., Weber, B., Arana, A., Diaz, A., Jenny, L., Thompson, J., McCracken, M., Dherani, D., Juarez, S., Ordonez, R., Klein and K. R., Smith, 2007: Pneumonia Case-Finding in the Respire Guatemala Indoor Air Pollution Trial: Standardizing Methods for Resource-Poor Settings. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85 (7): 535–544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, C. D., 2009: Food Security in the Asia-Pacific: Malthus, Limits and Environmental Challenges. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 18 (4): 577–584.Google ScholarPubMed
Butler, C. D., 2010: Climate Change, Crop Yields, and the Future. SCN News, 38: 18–25.Google Scholar
Butler, C. D. and D., Harley, 2010: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Effects of Eco-Climatic Change: The Medical Response. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 86 (1014): 230–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, D., 2007: Darfur's Climate Roots Challenged. Nature (London), 447 (7148): 1038–1038.Google Scholar
Cai, W., 2006: Antarctic Ozone Depletion Causes an Intensification of the Southern Ocean Super-Gyre Circulation. Geophysical Research Letters, 33: L03712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carballo, M., C. B., Smith and K., Pettersson, 2008: Health Challenges. Forced Migration Review, (31): 32–33.Google Scholar
Carbon Positive, 2011: Carbon Positive. www.carbonpositive.net (accessed 31 December, 2010).
Cardis, E., M., Vrijheid and E., Gilbert, 2005: Risk of Cancer after Low Doses of Ionising Radiation – Retrospective Cohort Study in 15 Countries. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 331 (7508): 77–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, S., A., Wilson and P. S., Mellor, 2009: Culicoides and the Emergence of Bluetongue Virus in Northern Europe. Trends in Microbiology, 17 (4): 172–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chauhan, A., H. M., Inskip, C. H., Linaker, S., Smith, J., Schreiber, S. L., Johnston and S. T., Holgate, 2003: Personal Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide (No2) and the Severity of Virus-Induced Asthma in Children. Lancet (British edition), 361 (9373): 1939–1944.Google Scholar
Chelani, A. B. and S., Devotta, 2007: Air Quality Assessment in Delhi: Before and after Cng as Fuel. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 125: 257–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chowdhury, Z., M., Zheng, J. J., Schauer, R. J., Sheesley, L. G., Salmon, G. R., Cass and A. G., Russell, 2007: Speciation of Ambient Fine Organic Carbon Particles and Source Apportionment of Pm2.5 in Indian Cities. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (D15): D15303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,City of New York, 2007: PlaNYC: A Greener, Greater New York. Office of the Mayor, New York.Google Scholar
Clancy, L., P., Goodman, H., Sinclair and D. W., Dockery, 2002: Effect of Air-Pollution Control on Death Rates in Dublin, Ireland: An Intervention Study. Lancet (British edition), 360 (9341): 1210–1214.Google Scholar
,CNSC, 2010a: Health Effects, Dosimetry and Radiological Protection of Tritium. Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC), Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
,CNSC, 2010b: Tritium Studies Project Synthesis Report. Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC), Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. J., H. R., Anderson, B., Ostro, K. D., Pandey, M., Krzyzanowski, N., Künzli, K., Gutschmidt, C. A. P. I., Romieu III, J. M., Samet and K. R., Smith, 2004: Urban Air Pollution. In Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors Geneva. M., Ezzati, A. D., Lopez and C. J. L., Murray (eds.), World Health Organization, pp. 1353–1433.Google Scholar
,COMEAP, 2004: Guidance on the Effects on Health of Indoor Air Pollutants. Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants, UK Department of Health, London, UK.Google Scholar
,Commission for the Social Determinants of Health, 2008: Closing the Gap in a Generation. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Confalonieri, U., B., Menne, R., Akhtar, K. L., Ebi, M., Hauengue, R. S., Kovats, B., Revich and A., Woodward, 2007: Human Health. In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M. L., Parry, O. F., Canziani, J. P., Palutikof, P. J., van der Linden and C. E., Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 391–431.Google Scholar
Cooke, R. M., A. M., Wilson, J. T., Tuomisto, O., Morales, M., Tainio and J. S., Evans, 2007: A Probabilistic Characterization of the Relationship between Fine Particulate Matter and Mortality:Elicitation of European Experts. Environmental Science & Technology, 41 (18): 6598–6605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costello, A., M., Abbas, A., Allen, S., Ball, S., Bell, R., Bellamy, S., Friel, N., Groce, A., Johnson, M., Kett, M., Lee, C., Levy, M., Maslin, D., McCoy, B., McGuire, H., Montgomery, D., Napier, C., Pagel, J., Patel, J. A. Puppim, de Oliveira, N., Redclift, H., Rees, D., Rogger, J., Scott, J., Stephenson, J., Twigg, J., Wolff and C., Patterson, 2009: Managing the Health Effects of Climate Change. The Lancet, 373 (9676): 1693–1733.Google Scholar
Crane, M., 1998: Power Generation and Distribution. In Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. J. M., Stellman (ed.), International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva, Vol. 3, Chapter 76, pp. 76.71–76.17.Google Scholar
Culling, H. and K. R., Smith, 2010: Better Radiation Exposure Estimation for the Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivors Enables Us to Better Protect People from Radiation Today. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (JESEE), 20 (7): 575–576.Google Scholar
Curtis, V. and S., Cairncross, 2003: Effect of Washing Hands with Soap on Diarrhoea Risk in the Community: A Systematic Review. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 3 (5): 275–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D'Souza, R. M., N. G., Becker, G., Hall and K. B. A., Moodie, 2004: Does Ambient Temperature Affect Foodborne Disease?Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 15 (1): 86–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Darby, S., D., Hill, A., Auvinen, J. M., Barros-Dios, H., Baysson, F., Bochicchio, H., Deo, R., Falk, F., Forastiere, M., Hakama, I., Heid, L., Kreienbrock, M., Kreuzer, F., Lagarde, I., Makelainen, C., Muirhead, W., Oberaigner, G., Pershagen, A., Ruano-Ravina, E., Ruosteenoja, A. S., Rosario, M., Tirmarche, L., Tomasek, E., Whitley, H. E., Wichmann and R., Doll, 2005: Radon in Homes and Risk of Lung Cancer: Collaborative Analysis of Individual Data from 13 European Case-Control Studies. British Medical Journal, 330 (7485): 223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, M., M., Ucci, M., McCarthy, T., Oreszczyn, I., Ridley, D., Mumovic, J., Singh and S., Pretlove, 2004: A Review of Evidence Linking Ventilation Rates in Dwellings and Respiratory Health – a Focus on House Dust Mites and Mould. The International Journal of Ventilation, 3 (2): 155–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Bilderling, G., A. J., Chauhan, J. A. R., Jeffs, N., Withers, S. L., Johnston, S. T., Holgate and J. B., Clough, 2005: Gas Cooking and Smoking Habits and the Risk of Childhood and Adolescent Wheeze. American Journal of Epidemiology, 162 (6): 513–522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dear, K., G., Ranmuthugala, T., Kjellström, C., Skinner and I., Hanigan, 2005: Effects of Temperature and Ozone on Daily Mortality During the August 2003 Heat Wave in France. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 60 (4): 205–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deffeyes, K. S., 2001: Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Dherani, M., D., Pope and M., Mascarenhas, 2008: Indoor Air Pollution from Unprocessed Solid Fuel Use and Pneumonia Risk in Children Aged under Five Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86 (5): 390–402.Google ScholarPubMed
Dobson, A., 2009: Climate Variability, Global Change, Immunity, and the Dynamics of Infectious Diseases. Ecology, 90 (4): 920–927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doney, S., V., Fabry, R., Feely and J., Kleypas, 2009: Ocean Acidification: The Other Co2 Problem. Annual Review of Marine Science, 1: 169–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donoghue, A. M., 2004: Occupational Health Hazards in Mining: An Overview. Occupational Medicine, 54 (5): 283–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebi, K. L., J., Smith, I., Burton and J., Scheraga, 2006: Some Lessons Learned from Public Health on the Process of Adaptation. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11 (3): 607–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, R., D., , K., Smith, R., , J., Zhang and Y., Ma, 2004: Implications of Changes in Household Stoves and Fuel Use in China. Energy Policy, 32 (3): 395–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Energy Biosciences Institute, 2010: Life-Cycle Environmental and Economic Decision-Making for Alternative Biofuels.Google Scholar
Epstein, P. R., J. J., Buonocore, K., Eckerle, M., Hendryx, B. M. Stout, Iii, R., Heinberg, R. W., Clapp, B., May, N. L., Reinhart, M. M., Ahern, S. K., Doshi and L., Glustrom, 2011: Full Cost Accounting for the Life Cycle of Coal. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1219 (1): 73–98.Google Scholar
,European Commission, 2005: Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Stations and Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Sites in the European Union, 1999–2003. Radiation Protection 143, S. Van der Stricht and A. Janssens, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, Luxembourg.Google Scholar
,European Parliament, 2001: Possible Toxic Effects from the Nuclear Reprocessing Plants at Sellafield (Uk) and Cap De La Hague (France) – a First Contribution to the Scientific Debate. STOA unit, European Parliament, Directorate General for Research, Luxembourg.Google Scholar
,Eurowinter Group, 1997: Cold Exposure and Winter Mortality from Ischaemic Heart Disease, Cerebrovascular Disease, Respiratory Disease, and All Causes in Warm and Cold Regions of Europe. Lancet (British edition), 349 (9062): 1341–1346.Google Scholar
Ezzati, M., H., Saleh and D. M., Kammen, 2000: The Contributions of Emissions and Spatial Microenvironments to Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution from Biomass Combustion in Kenya. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108 (9): 833–839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ezzati, M., S. V., Hoorn, A. D., Lopez, G., Danaei, A., Rodgers, C. D., Mathers and C. D. L., Murray, 2004: Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors. In Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors. A. D., Lopez, C. D., Mathers, M., Ezzati, D. T., Jamison and C. D. L., Murray (eds.), World Bank, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Fairlie, I., 2009: Childhood Cancers near German Nuclear Power Stations: Hypothesis to Explain the Cancer Increases. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 25 (3): 206–220.Google ScholarPubMed
,FAO, 2009: The State of Food Insecurity in the World: Economic Crises – Impacts and Lessons Learned. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
Fargione, J., J., Hill, D., Tilman, S., Polasky and P., Hawthorne, 2008: Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt. Science, 319 (5867): 1235–1238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiore, A. M., D. J., Jacob, I., Bey, R. M., Yantosca, B. D., Field and A. C., Fusco, 2002: Background Ozone over the United States in Summer: Origin, Trend, and Contribution to Pollution Episodes. J. Geophys. Res., 107 (D15): 10.1029.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiore, A. M., J. J., West, L., Horowitz, V., Naik and M. D., Schwarzkopf, 2008: Characterizing the Tropospheric Ozone Response to Methane Emission Controls and the Benefits to Climate and Air Quality. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, G., M., Shah, F. N., Tubiello and H., van Velhuizen, 2005: Socio-Economic and Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture: An Integrated Assessment, 1990–2080. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 360 (1463): 2067–2083.Google Scholar
Forster, P. and V., Ramaswamy, 2007: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, S., Solomon, D., Qin, M., Manning, M., Marquis, K., Averyt, M. M. B., Tignor, H. L., Miller Jr. and Z., Chen, Eds., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, New York. pp. 129–234.Google Scholar
Friedlingstein, P., 2008: A Steep Road to Climate Stabilization. Nature (London), 451 (7176): 297–298.Google Scholar
Friel, S., A. D., Dangour, T., Garnett, K., Lock, Z., Chalabi, I., Roberts, A., Butler, C. D., Butler, J., Waage, A. J., McMichael and A., Haines, 2009: Public Health Benefits of Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse-Gas Emissions: Food and Agriculture. The Lancet, 374: 2016–2025.Google Scholar
Frumkin, H., L., Frank and R., Jackson, 2004: Urban Sprawl and Public Health: Designing, Planning and Building for Healthy Communities. Island Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Frumkin, H., J., Hess and S., Vindigni, 2007: Peak Petroleum and Public Health. JAMA, 298 (14): 1688–1690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, R. O. N., 2003: Overview and Characteristics of Some Occupational Exposures and Health Risks on Offshore Oil and Gas Installations. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 47 (3): 201–210.Google ScholarPubMed
Ghose, M. K. and S. R., Majee, 2007: Characteristics of Hazardous Airborne Dust around an Indian Surface Coal Mining Area. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 130 (1–3): 17–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbertson, J., M., Stevens, B., Stiell and N., Thorogood, 2006: Home Is Where the Hearth Is: Grant Recipients' Views of England's Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (Warm Front). Social Science and Medicine, 63 (4): 946–956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Government of India, 2009: Road Transport Year Book 2006–2007. R. T. Ministry of Shipping, and Highways, Transport Research Wing, New Delhi.Google Scholar
Grosche, B., M., Kreuzer, M., Kreisheimer, M., Schnelzer and A., Tschense, 2006: Lung Cancer Risk among German Male Uranium Miners: A Cohort Study, 1946–1998. British Journal of Cancer, 95 (9): 1280–1287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haines, A., A. J., McMichael, K. R., Smith, I., Roberts, J., Woodcock, A., Markandya, B. G., Armstrong, D. Campbell-, Lendrum, A. D., Dangour, M., Davies, N., Bruce, C., Tonne, M., Barrett and P., Wilkinson, 2009: Public Health Benefits of Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse-Gas Emissions: Overview and Implications for Policy Makers. The Lancet, 374 (9707): 2104–2114.Google Scholar
Hamilton, L. D., 1998: Energy and Health. In Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. J. M., Stellman (ed.), International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva, Vol. 3, Chapter 53, pp. 53.19–53.22.Google Scholar
Hansen, J. E., 2007: Scientific Reticence and Sea Level Rise. Environmental Research Letters, 2 (2): 024002–024002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harley, D., A., Swaminathan and A. J., McMichael, 2011: Climate Change and the Geographical Distribution of Infectious Diseases. In A Geographic Guide to Infectious Diseases. E., Petersen, L. H., Chen and P., Schlagenhauf (eds.), Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 414–423.Google Scholar
He, G., B., Ying, J., Liu, S., Gao, S., Shen, K., Balakrishnan, Y., Jin, F., Liu, N., Tang, K., Shi, E., Baris and M., Ezzati, 2005: Patterns of Household Concentrations of Multiple Indoor Air Pollutants in China. Environmental science and technology, 39 (4): 991–998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, K., H., Huo and Q., Zhang, 2002: Urban Air Pollution in China: Current Status, Characteristics, and Progress. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 27: 397–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Health Canada, 2004: Canadian Handbook on Health Impact Assessment. Volume 4: Health Impacts by Industry Sector, A Report of the Federal/Provincial/Territorial Committee on Environmental and Occupational Health.Google Scholar
,HEI, 2010: Outdoor Air Pollution and Health in the Developing Countries of Asia: A Comprehensive Review. Health Effects Institute (HEI), Boston.Google Scholar
Hendryx, M. and M. M., Ahern, 2008: Relations between Health Indicators and Residential Proximity to Coal Mining in West Virginia. Am J Public Health, 98 (4): 669–671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, J., E., Nelson, D., Tilman, S., Polasky and D., Tiffany, 2006: Environmental, Economic, and Energetic Costs and Benefits of Biodiesel and Ethanol Biofuels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (30): 11206–11210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, J., S., Polasky, E., Nelson, D., Tilman, H., Huo, L., Ludwig, J., Neumann, H., Zheng and D., Bonta, 2009: Climate Change and Health Costs of Air Emissions from Biofuels and Gasoline. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 (6): 2077–2082.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and J. F., Bruno, 2010: The Impact of Climate Change on the World's Marine Ecosystems. Science, 328: 1523–1528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffmann, W., C., Terschueren and D. B., Richardson, 2007: Childhood Leukemia in the Vicinity of the Geesthacht Nuclear Establishments near Hamburg, Germany. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 (6): 947–952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holdren, J. P. and K. R., Smith, 2000: Chapter 3: Energy, the Environment, and Health. In World Energy Assessment. United Nations Development Programme, New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
Hosgood, H. D. III, H., Wei, A., Sapkota, I., Choudhury, N., Bruce, K. R., Smith, N., Rothman and Q., Lan, 2011: Household Coal Use and Lung Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies, with an Emphasis on Geographic Variation. International Journal of Epidemiology.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hosier, R.H., and J., Dowd, 1987: Household fuel choice in Zimbabwe – An empirical test of the energy ladder hypothesis, Resources and Energy, 9: 347–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphrey, J. H., 2009: Child Undernutrition, Tropical Enteropathy, Toilets, and Handwashing. The Lancet, 374: 1032–1035.Google Scholar
,IARC, 1984: Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part 3, Industrial Exposures in Aluminium Production, Coal Gasification, Coke Production, and Iron and Steel Founding. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 34, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France.Google Scholar
,IARC, 2010: Household Use of Solid Fuels and High Temperature Frying. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon.Google Scholar
,ILO, 1998: Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety. Fourth edition. J. M., Stellman, Ed. International Labour Offfice, Geneva.Google Scholar
,ILO, 2009: International Labour Office Database on Labour Statistics. laborsta.ilo.org (accessed 31 December, 2010).Google Scholar
,IPCC, 2007a: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. S., Solomon, D., Qin, M., Manning, Z., Chen, M., Marquis, K. B., Averyt, M., Tignor and H. L., Miller (eds.), Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
,IPCC, 2007b: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In Climate Change: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. M., Parry, O., Canziani, J., Palutikof, P., van der Linden and C., Hanson (eds.), Cambridge, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
,IRSN, 2009: La Radioprotection Des Travailleurs – Bilan 2008 De La Surveillance Des Travilleurs Exposés Aux Rayonnements Ionisants En France. Institute de Radioprotection et Surete Nucleaire (IRSN), Fonteney-aux-Roses, Paris.Google Scholar
,IRSN, 2010a: Sources of Production and Management of Tritium Produced by Nuclear Plants. Institute de Radioprotection et Surete Nucleaire (IRSN), Fonteney-aux-Roses, Paris.Google Scholar
,IRSN, 2010b: Tritium in the Environment – Review of the Irsn. Institute de Radioprotection et Surete Nucleaire (IRSN), Fonteney-aux-Roses, Paris.Google Scholar
,IRSN, 2010c: Tritium in the Environment – a View from the Irsn on the Key Issues and Avenues of Research and Development. Institute de Radioprotection et Surete Nucleaire (IRSN), Fonteney-aux-Roses, Paris.Google Scholar
,IRSN, 2010d: Elements of Reflection on the Health Risk Posed by Tiritium. Institute de Radioprotection et Surete Nucleaire (IRSN), Fonteney-aux-Roses.Google Scholar
,IRSN, 2010e: Tritium: Limits of Relseases and Impact. Institute de Radioprotection et Surete Nucleaire (IRSN), Fonteney-aux-Roses, Paris.Google Scholar
,IRSN, 2010f: Tritium and Ospar. Institute de Radioprotection et Surete Nucleaire (IRSN), Fonteney-aux-Roses, Paris.Google Scholar
Jackson, R. and K. N., Shields, 2008: Preparing the Us Health Community Climate Change. Annual Review of Public Health, 29: 57–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, S. and A. C., Sleigh, 2000: Resettlement for China's Three Gorges Dam: Socio-Economic Impact and Institutional Tensions. Communist and Post Communist Studies, 33: 223–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacob, D. J. and D. A., Winner, 2009: Effect of Climate Change on Air Quality. Atmospheric Environment, 43 (1): 51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z. and G. M., Masters, 2001: Exploiting Wind Versus Coal. Science, 293 (5534): 1438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaffe, D., T., Anderson, D., Covert, R., Kotchenruther, B., Trost, J., Danielson, W., Simpson, T., Bernsten, S., Karlsdottir, D., Blake, J., Harris, G., Carmichael and I., Uno, 1999: Transport of Asian Air Pollution to North America. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 26: 711–714.Google Scholar
Jennings, N. S., 1998: Mining: An Overview. In Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. J. M., Stellman (ed.), International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva, Vol. 3, Chapter 74, pp. 74.72–74.74.Google Scholar
Jernelov, A., 2010: The Threats from Oil Spills: Now, Then, and in the Future. Ambio, 39 (5–6): 353–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaatsch, P., C., Spix, R., Schulze-Rath, S., Schmiedel and M., Blettner, 2008: Leukaemia in Young Children Living in the Vicinity of German Nuclear Power Plants. International Journal of Cancer, 122 (4): 721–726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kampmann, B. and C., Piekarski, 2005: Assessment of Risks of Heat Disorders Encountered During Work in Hot Conditions in German Hard Coal Mines. In Environmental Ergonomics: The Ergonomics of Human Comfort, Health, and Performance in the Thermal Environment. Ergonomics Book Series. 3, Y., Tochihara and T., Ohnaka, Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 79–84.Google Scholar
Kandlikar, M. and G., Ramachandran, 2000: The Causes and Consequences of Particulate Air Pollution in Urban India: A Synthesis of the Science. Annual Review of energy and the environment, 25: 629–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelman, I., 2006: Island Security and Disaster Diplomacy in the Context of Climate Change. Les Cahiers de la Sécurité, 63: 61–94.Google Scholar
Kesavan, P. C. and M. S., Swaminathan, 2006: Managing Extreme Natural Disasters in Coastal Areas. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 364 (1845): 2191–2216.Google Scholar
Kevane, M. and L., Gray, 2008: Darfur: Rainfall and Conflict. Environmental Research Letters, 3 (3): 034006–034006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, C. S., N. E., Alexis, A. G., Rappold, H., Kehrl, M. J., Hazucha, J. C., Lay, M. T., Schmitt, M., Case, R. B., Devlin, D. B., Peden and D., Diaz-Sanchez, 2011: Lung Function and Inflammatory Responses in Healthy Young Adults Exposed to 0.06 Ppm Ozone for 6.6 Hours. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 183 (9): 1215–1221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinney, P. L., 2008: Climate Change, Air Quality, and Human Health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35 (5): 459–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinney, P. L., M. Gatari, Gichuru, N., Volavka-close, N., Ngo, P. K., Ndiba, A., Law, A., Gachanja, S. M., Gaita, S. N., Chillrud, and E., Sclar, 2011: Traffic Impacts on PM2.5 Air Quality in Nairobi, Kenya. Environmental Science and Policy, 14: 369–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kjellstrom, T., 1994: Issues in the Developing World. In Textbook of Clinical Occupational and Environmental Medicine. L., Rosenstock and M., Cullen (eds.), W.B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia, pp. 25–31.Google Scholar
Kjellstrom, T., 2009: Climate Change, Direct Heat Exposure, Health and Well-Being in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Global Health Action, 2: 1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kjellstrom, T., I., Holmer and B., Lemke, 2009: Workplace Heat Stress, Health and Productivity – an Increasing Challenge for Low and Middle-Income Countries During Climate Change. Global Health Action, 2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knutsson, A., 2003: Health Disorders of Shift Workers. Occupational Medicine, 53 (2): 103–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopacz, M., D. L., Mauzerall, J., Wang, E. M., Leibensperger, D. K., Henze, and K., Singh, 2011: Origin and Radiative Forcing of Black Carbon Transported to the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 2837–2852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopp, R. E. and D. L., Mauzerall, 2010: Assessing the Climatic Benefits of Black Carbon Mitigation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Kovats, R. S., S. J., Edwards, S., Hajat, B. G., Armstrong, K. L., Ebi and B., Menne, 2004: The Effect of Temperature on Food Poisoning: A Time-Series Analysis of Salmonellosis in Ten European Countries. Epidemiology and Infection, 132: 443–453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kovats, R. S. and S., Hajat, 2008: Heat Stress and Public Health: A Critical Review. Annual Review of Public Health, 29 (1): 41–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraus, R. S. (1998). Oil Exploration and Drilling. Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety. J. M., Stellman. Geneva, International Labour Office. 3: 75.71–75.14.
Krewitt, W., D. W., Pennington, S. I., Olsen, P., Crettaz and O., Jolliet, 2002: Indicators for Human Toxicity in Life Cycle Impact Assessment. In Life Cycle Impact Assessment: Striving Towards Best Practice, SETAC Press, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 123–148.Google Scholar
Kunzli, N., L., Perez and R., Rapp, 2010: Air Quality and Health. European Respiratory Society, Lausanne, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Kurmi, O. P., S., Semple, P., Simkhada, W. C. S., Smith and J. G., Ayres, 2010: Copd and Chronic Bronchitis Risk of Indoor Air Pollution from Solid Fuel: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thorax, 65 (3): 221–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, H.-H., M., Ezzati and M., Murray, 2007: Tobacco Smoke, Indoor Air Pollution and Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Medicine, 4 (1): 1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, J., D. L., Mauzerall and L. W., Horowitz, 2009: Evaluating Inter-Continental Transport of Fine Aerosols:(2) Global Health Impact. Atmospheric Environment, 43 (28): 4339–4347.Google Scholar
Liu, J. F. and D. L., Mauzerall, 2005: Estimating the Average Time for Inter-Continental Transport of Air Pollutants. Geophysical Research Letters, 32 (11).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,LLRWMO, 2004: Inventory of Radioactive Waste in Canada. A report prepared for Natural Resources Canada by the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Office, Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
Lobell, D. and C., Field, 2007: Global Scale Climate—Crop Yield Relationships and the Impacts of Recent Warming. Environmental Research Letters, 2 (1): 014002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lobell, D. B., M. B., Burke, C., Tebaldi, M. D., Mastrandrea, W. P., Falcon and R. L., Naylor, 2008: Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptation Needs for Food Security in 2030. Science, 319: 607–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marenco, A. and H., Gouget, 1994: Evidence of a Long-Term Increase in Tropospheric Ozone from Pic Du Midi Data Series: Consequences: Positive Radiative Forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 99 (D8): 16617–16632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markandya, A., B. G., Armstrong, S., Hales, A., Chiabai, P., Criqui, S., Mima, C., Tonne and P., Wilkinson, 2009: Public Health Benefits of Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse-Gas Emissions: Low-Carbon Electricity Generation. The Lancet, 374 (9706): 2006–2015.Google Scholar
Marshall, J. D., S. K., Teoh and W. W., Nazaroff, 2005: Intake Fraction of Nonreactive Vehicle Emissions in Us Urban Areas. Atmospheric Environment, 39 (7): 1363–1371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masera, O. R., B. D., Saatkamp and D. M., Kammen, 2000: From Linear Fuel Switching to Multiple Cooking Strategies: A Critique and Alternative to the Energy Ladder Model. World Development, 28 (12): 2083–2103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mauzerall, D. L. and X., Wang, 2001: Protecting Agricultural Crops from the Effects of Tropospheric Ozone Exposure: Reconciling Science and Standard Setting in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Annual Review of energy and the environment, 26: 237–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCormick, R., 2007: The Impact of Biodiesel on Pollutant Emissions and Public Health. Inhalation Toxicology, 19 (12): 1033–1039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, B. D., H. R., Herren, J., Wakhungu and R. T., Watson, Eds. 2007: Synthesis Report – a Synthesis of the Global and Sub-Global Iaastd Reports. International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD), Washington, DC.
McKone, T. E., A. D., Kyle, O., Jolliet, S. I., Olsen and M., Hauschild, 2006: Dose-Response Modeling for Life Cycle Impact Assessment: Findings of the Portland Review WorkshopLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California.Google Scholar
McManus, N., 1998: Hydroelectric Power Generation In Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. J. M., Stellman (ed.), Inernational Labour Office (ILO), Geneva, Vol. 3, Chapter 76, pp. 76.72–76.76.Google Scholar
McMichael, A., H. J., Weaver, H., Berry, P. J., Beggs, B., Currie, J., Higgins, B., Kelly, J., McDonald and S., Tong, 2009: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Plan: Human Health. National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, Australia.Google Scholar
McMichael, A., J., , P., Wilkinson, R. S., Kovats, S., Pattenden, S., Hajat, B., Armstrong, N., Vajanapoom, M. Niciu, Emilia, H., Mahomed, C., Kingkeow, M., Kosnik, O. N. M. S, , I., Romieu, M., Ramirez-Aguilar, L. Barreto, Mauricio, N., Gouveia and B., Nikiforov, 2008: International Study of Temperature, Heat and Urban Mortality: The “Isothurm” Project. International Journal of Epidemiology: Official Journal of the International Epidemiological Association, 37 (5): 1121–1131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMichael, A. J., D., Campbell-Lendrum, S., Kovats, S., Edwards, P., Wilkinson, T., Wilson, R., Nicholls, S., Hales, F., Tanser, D. L., Sueur, M., Schlesinger and N., Andronova, 2004: Global Climate Change. In Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Due to Selected Major Risk Factors. M., Ezzati, A. D., Lopez, A., Rodgers and C. J. L., Murray (eds.), World Health Organization, Geneva, pp. 1543–1649.Google Scholar
McMichael, A. J., 2009a: Climate Change and Human Health. In Commonwealth Health Ministers' Update 2009, Pro-Book Publishing, London, UK, pp. 11–20.Google Scholar
McMichael, A. J., 2009b: Climate Change in Australia: Risks to Human Wellbeing and Health. Mapping Causal Complexity in Climate Change: Austral Special Report 09–03S, R., Tanter et al., RMIT Press, Melbourne.Google Scholar
McMichael, A. J. and R., Bertollini, 2011: Risks to Human Health, Present and Future. In Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions. K., Richardson, W., Steffen, D., Liverman, T., Barker, F., Jotzo, D., Kammen, R., Leemans, T., Lenton, M., Munasinghe, B. Osman-, Elasha, J., Schellnhuber, N., Stern, C., Vogel and O., Waever (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 114–116.Google Scholar
McMichael, A. J. and E., Lindgren, 2011: Climate Change: Present and Future Risks to Health – and Necessary Responses. Journal of Internal Medicine.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mecaskey, J. W., C. A., Knirsch, J. A., Kumaresan and J. A., Cook, 2003: The Possibility of Eliminating Blinding Trachoma. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 3 (11): 728–734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendell, M. J., 2007: Indoor Residential Chemical Emissions as Risk Factors for Respiratory and Allergic Effects in Children: A Review. Indoor Air, 17 (4): 259–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, J. F. B., J., Lowe, R. A., Wood and M., Vellinga, 2006: Extreme Events Due to Human-Induced Climate Change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 364 (1845): 2117–2133.Google Scholar
Moffit, A., 1998: Iron and Steel. In Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. J. M., Stellman (ed.), International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva, Vol. 3, chapter 73, pp. 73.71–73.18.Google Scholar
Morton, J. F., 2007: The Impact of Climate Change on Smallholder and Subsistence Agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 104 (50): 19680–19685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, C. J. L., D. B., Evans, A., Acharya and R. M. P. M., Baltussen, 2000: Development of Who Guidelines on Generalized Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Health Economics, 9 (3): 235–251.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naeher, L. P., M., Brauer, M., Lipsett, J. T., Zelikoff, C. D., Simpson, J. Q., Koenig and K. R., Smith, 2007: Woodsmoke Health Effects: A Review. Inhalation Toxicology, 19 (1): 67–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
,NAS, 2000: Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. C. o. L. Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Nazaroff, W. W., 2006: Inhalation Intake Fraction of Pollutants from Episodic Indoor Emissions. Building and Environment, 43 (3): 269–277.Google Scholar
Nelson, G. C., M. W., Rosegrant, J., Koo, R., Robertson, T., Sulser, T., Zhu, C., Ringler, S., Msangi, A., Palazzo, M., Batka, M., Magalhaes, R., Valmonte-Santos, M., Ewing and D., Lee, 2009: Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation. Food Policy Report, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Nemet, G. F., T., Holloway and P., Meier, 2010: Implications of Incorporating Air-Quality Co-Benefits into Climate Change Policymaking. Environmental Research Letters, 5 (January-March 2009): 014007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nickels, S., C., Furgal, M., Buell and H., Moquin, 2005: Unikkaaqatigiit – Putting the Human Face on Climate Change: Perspectives from Inuit in Canada. Joint publication of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Nasivvik Centre for Inuit Health and Changing Environments at Université Laval and the Ajunnginiq Centre at the National Aboriginal Health Organization, Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
,NRC, 1999: Health Effects of Exposure to Radon. BEIR VI, National Research Council (NRC), Natoinal Academies Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
,NRC, 2006: Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. BEIR VII Phase 2, National Research Council (NRC), National Academies Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
,NRC, 2009a: Review of the Federal Strategy for Nanotechnology-Related Environmental, Health, and Safety Research. National Research Council Committee for Review of the Federal Strategy to Address Environmental, Health, and Safety Research Needs for Engineered Nanoscale Materials, National Research Council, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
,NRC, 2009b: Review of the Federal Strategy Fornanotechnology-Related Environmental, Health, and Safety Research. Committee for Review of the Federal Strategy to Address Environmental, Health, and Safety Research Needs for Engineered Nanoscale Materials, National Research Council (NRC), National Academies Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
,NRC, 2010: Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use. Committee on Health, Environmental, and Other External Costs and Benefits of Energy Production and Consumption, N. A. o. Sciences, National Research Council (NRC), Washington, DC.Google Scholar
O'Neill, B. C., M., Dalton, R., Fuchs, L., Jiang, S., Pachauri and K., Zigova, 2010: Global Demographic Trends and Future Carbon Emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.Google Scholar
Ohara, T., H., Akimoto, J., Kurokawa, N., Horii, K., Yamaji, X., Yan and T., Hayasaka, 2007: An Asian Emission Inventory of Anthropogenic Emission Sources for the Period 1980–2020. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 7 (16): 4419–4444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Ontario Royal Commission, 1978: Ontario Royal Commission on Electric Power Planning, Race against Time. Interim Report on Nuclear Power, Ontario Royal Comission, Toronto.Google Scholar
Oreszczyn, T., I., Ridley, H. Hong, Sung and P., Wilkinson, 2006: Mould and Winter Indoor Relative Humidity in Low Income Households in England. Indoor and Built Environment, 15 (2): 125–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,ORNL/RFF, 1992–1998: External Costs and Benefits of Fuel Cycles: Reports 1–8. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Resources for the Future (RFF), Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Palmer, M. A., E. S., Bernhardt, W. H., Schlesinger, K. N., Eshleman, E., Foufoula-Georgiou, M. S., Hendryx, A. D., Lemly, G. E., Likens, O. L., Loucks, M. E., Power, P. S., White and P. R., Wilcock, 2010: Science and Regulation. Mountaintop Mining Consequences. Science, 327 (5962): 148–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pandey, M. R., R. P., Neupane, A., Gautam and I. B., Shrestha, 1990: The Effectiveness of Smokeless Stoves in Reducing Indoor Air Pollution in a Rural Hill Region of Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 10 (4): 313–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, R. J., D. J., Jacob, B. D., Field, R. M., Yantosca and M., Chin, 2004: Natural and Transboundary Pollution Influences on Sulfate-Nitrate-Ammonium Aerosols in the United States: Implications for Policy. J. Geophys. Res., 109: D15204, doi:15210.11029/12003JD004473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascual, M. and M. J., Bouma, 2009: Do Rising Temperatures Matter?Ecology, 90 (4): 906–912.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patz, J. A., H. K., Gibbs, J. A., Foley, J. V., Rogers and K. R., Smith, 2007: Climate Change and Global Health: Quantifying a Growing Ethical Crisis. EcoHealth, 4 (4).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, D., 2001: Energy Policy and Externalities: An Overview. Paper prepared for OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Keynote address to Workshop on Energy Policy and Externalities: the Life Cycle Analysis Approach, Paris, France.Google Scholar
Peltier, R. and M., Lippmann, 2009: On the Sources of Ambient Respirable Particles Laden with Trace Metals: An Investigation of Extensive Sources of Aerosol with High Fractions of Transition Metals in New York City. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 20 (6): S201–S201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peltier, R. E., S.-I., Hsu, R., Lall and M., Lippmann, 2008: Residual Oil Combustion: A Major Source of Airborne Nickel in New York City. J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol, 19 (6): 603–612.Google Scholar
Perch-Nielsen, S. L., M. B., Bättig and D., Imboden, 2008: Exploring the Link between Climate Change and Migration. Climatic Change, 91 (3): 375–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pope, C. A. III, R. T., Burnett, M. J., Thun, E. E., Calle, D., Krewski, K., Ito and G. D., Thruston, 2002: Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality and Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 287 (9): 1132–1141.Google ScholarPubMed
Pope, C. A. III, R. T., Burnett, D., Krewski, M., Jerrett, Y., Shi, E. E., Calle and M. J., Thun, 2009: Cardiovascular Mortality and Exposure to Airborne Fine Particulate Matter and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure-Response Relationship. Circulation: official journal of the American heart association, 120 (11): 941–948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pope, D. P., V., Mishra, L., Thompson, A. R., Siddiqui, E. A., Rehfuess, M., Weber and N. G., Bruce, 2010: Risk of Low Birth Weight and Stillbirth Associated with Indoor Air Pollution from Solid Fuel Use in Developing Countries. Epidemiologic Reviews, 32: 70–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poschen, P., 1998a: Forestry. In Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. J. M., Stellman (ed.), International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva, Vol. 3, Chapter 68, pp. 68.61–68.41.Google Scholar
Poschen, P., 1998b: General Profile (Forestry). In Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. J. M., Stellman (ed.), International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva, Vol. 3, Chapter 68, pp. 68.62–68.66.Google Scholar
Purse, B. V., P. S., Mellor, D. J., Rogers, A. R., Samuel, P. P. C., Mertens and M., Baylis, 2005: Climate Change and the Recent Emergence of Bluetongue in Europe. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 3 (2): 171–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qin, Y., E., Kim and P. K., Hopke, 2006: The Concentrations and Sources of Pm2.5 in Metropolitan New York City. Atmospheric Environment, 40: 312–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabl, A. and M., Dreicer, 2002: Health and Environmental Impacts of Energy Systems. International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 18 (2/3/4): 113–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahmstorf, S., A., Cazenave, J. A., Church, J. E., Hansen, R. F., Keeling, D. E., Parker and R. C. J., Somerville, 2007: Recent Climate Observations Compared to Projections. Science, 316 (5825): 709–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramakrishna, J., M. B., Durgaprasad and K. R., Smith, 1989: Cooking in India: The Impact of Improved Stoves on Indoor Air Quality. Environment International, 15 (1–6): 341–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramanathan, V. and G., Carmichael, 2008: Global and Regional Climate Changes Due to Black Carbon. Nature geoscience, 1 (4): 221–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, C. Y., M. A., Riggs, G. L., Chew, M. L., Muilenberg, P. S., Thorne and D. V., Sickle, 2007: Characterization of Airborne Molds, Endotoxins, and Glucans in Homes in New Orleans after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73 (5): 1630–1634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raven, P. H., 2002: Science, Sustainability, and the Human Prospect. Science, 297 (5583): 954–958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raymond-Whish, S., L. P., Mayer, T., O'Neal, A., Martinez, M. A., Sellers, P. J., Christian, S. L., Marion, C., Begay, C. R., Propper, P. B., Hoyer and C. A., Dyer, 2007: Drinking Water with Uranium Below the U.S. Epa Water Standard Causes Estrogen Receptor-Dependent Responses in Female Mice. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 (12): 1711–1716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reddy, A. K. N., R. H., Williams and T. B., Johnasson, 1997: Energy after Rio: Prospects and Challenges. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York.Google Scholar
Reid, H. F., K. R., Smith and B., Sherchand, 1986: Indoor Smoke Exposures from Traditional and Improved Cookstoves Comparisons among Rural Nepali Women. Mountain research and development, 6 (4): 293–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, C. C. O. and M., Kandlikar, 2008: Climate Impacts of Air Quality Policy: Switching to a Natural Gas-Fueled Public Transportation System in New Delhi. Environmental Science & Technology, 42 (16): 5860–5865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riojas-Rodríguz, H., P., Romano-Riquer, C., Santos-Burgoa and K. R., Smith, 2001: Household Firewood Use and the Health of Children and Women of Indian Communities in Chiapas, Mexico. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 7 (1): 44–53.Google Scholar
Robertson, G. P., V. H., Dale, O. C., Doering, S. P., Hamburg, J. M., Melillo, M. M., Wander, W. J., Parton, P. R., Adler, J. N., Barney, R. M., Cruse, C. S., Duke, P. M., Fearnside, R. F., Follett, H. K., Gibbs, J., Goldemberg, D. J., Mladenoff, D., Ojima, M. W., Palmer, A., Sharpley, L., Wallace, K. C., Weathers, J. A., Wiens and W. W., Wilhelm, 2008: Agriculture: Sustainable Biofuels Redux. Science, 322 (5898): 49–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rollin, H. B., A., Mathee, N., Bruce, J., Levin and Y. E. R., von Schirnding, 2004: Comparison of Indoor Air Quality in Electrified and Un-Electrified Dwellings in Rural South African Villages. Indoor Air, 14 (3): 208–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, M. H. and J., Murray, 2004: Occupational Respiratory Disease in Mining. Occupational Medicine, 54 (5): 304–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruiz-Mercado, I., O., Masera, H., Zamora and K. R., Smith, 2011: Adoption and Sustained Use of Improved Cookstoves. Energy Policy, 39 (2011): 7557–7566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz-Moreno, D., M., Pascual, M., Bouma, A., Dobson and B., Cash, 2007: Cholera Seasonality in Madras (1901–1940): Dual Role for Rainfall in Endemic and Epidemic Regions. EcoHealth, 4 (1): 52–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saksena, S., R., Prasad, R. C., Pal and V., Joshi, 1992: Patterns of Daily Exposure to Tsp and Co in the Garhwal Himalaya. Atmospheric Environment Part A, General Topics, 26 (11): 2125–2134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saksena, S., L., Thompson and K. R., Smith, 2003: Database of Household Air Pollution Studies in Developing Countries, Protection of the Human Environment. World Health Organization, Geneva.Google Scholar
Salehyan, I., 2008: From Climate Change to Conflict? No Consensus Yet. Journal of Peace Research, 45 (3): 315–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, J., B., Coull, F., Laden and L., Ryan, 2008: The Effect of Dose and Timing of Dose on the Association between Airborne Particles and Survival. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116 (1): 64–69.Google Scholar
Searchinger, T., R., Heimlich, R. A., Houghton, F., Dong, A., Elobeid, J., Fabiosa, S., Tokgoz, D., Hayes and T.-H., Yu, 2008: Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases through Emissions from Land-Use Change. Science, 319 (5867): 1238–1240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selevan, S. G., C. A., Kimmel and P., Mendola, 2000: Identifying Critical Windows of Exposure for Children's Health. Environ Health Perspect, 108 Suppl 3: 451–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selin, N. E., 2005: Mercury Rising: Is Global Action Needed to Protect Human Health and the Environment?Environment, 47 (1): 22–35.Google Scholar
Selin, N. E., D. J., Jacob, R. J., Park, R. M., Yantosca, S., Strode, L., Jaegle and D., Jaffe, 2007: Chemical Cycling and Deposition of Atmospheric Mercury: Global Constraints from Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (D02308).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semenza, J. C., C. H., Rubin, K. H., Falter, J. D., Selanikio, W. D., Flanders, H. L., Howe and e. al., 1996: Heat-Related Deaths During the July 1995 Heat Wave in Chicago. New England Journal of Medicine, 335 (2): 84–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheeran, J., 2008: The Challenge of Hunger. The Lancet, 371 (9608): 180–181.Google Scholar
Sims, J., 1994: Anthology on Women, Health and Environment. WHO/EHG/94.11, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Sinton, J. E., K. R., Smith, J. W., Peabody, L., Yaping, Z., Xiliang, R., Edwards and G., Quan, 2004: An Assessment of Programs to Promote Improved Household Stoves in China. Energy for Sustainable Development, 8 (3): 33–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smil, V., 2005: Energy at the Crossroads: Global Perspectives and Uncertainties. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Smith, K. R., A. L., Aggarwal and R. M., Dave, 1983: Air Pollution and Rural Biomass Fuels in Developing Countries: A Pilot Village Study in India and Implications for Research and Policy. Atmospheric Environment, 17 (11): 2343–2362.Google Scholar
Smith, K. R., G., Shuhua, H., Kun and Q., Daxiong, 1993: One Hundred Million Improved Cookstoves in China: How Was It Done?World Development, 21 (6): 941–961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, K. R. and M., Desai, 2002: The Contribution of Global Environmental Factors to Ill-Health. In Environmental Change, Climate, and Health: Issues and Research Methods. P., Martens and A. T., McMichael (eds.), Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 52–95.Google Scholar
Smith, K. R., S., Mehta and M., Maeusezahl-Feuz, 2004: Indoor Air Pollution from Household Use of Solid Fuels. In Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors. M., Ezzati, A. D., Lopez, A., Rodgers and C. J. L., Murray (eds.), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1435–1494.Google Scholar
Smith, K. R. and M., Ezzati, 2005: How Environmental Health Risks Change with Development: The Epidemiologic and Environmental Risk Transitions Revisited. Annual Review of Environment & Resources, 30 (1): 291-C-298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, K. R., 2008: Comparative Environmental Health Assessments. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1140: 31–39.Google Scholar
Smith, K. R. and E., Haigler, 2008: Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation and Health Protection in Energy Systems: Scoping Methods. Annual Review of Public Health, 29 (1): 11–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, K. R. and K., Balakrishnan, 2009: Mitigating Climate, Meeting the Mdgs, and Blunting Chronic Disease: The Health Co-Benefits Landscape. In Commonwealth Health Ministers' Update 2009, Woodgridge, UK. pp. 59–65.Google Scholar
Smith, K. R., M., Jerrett, H. R., Anderson, R. T., Burnett, V., Stone, R., Derwent, R. W., Atkinson, A., Cohen, S. B., Shonkoff, D., Krewski, C. A., Pope, M. J., Thun and G., Thurston, 2009: Public Health Benefits of Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse-Gas Emissions: Health Implications of Short-Lived Greenhouse Pollutants. The Lancet, 374 (9707): 2091–2103.Google Scholar
Smith, K. R. and J., Peel, 2010: Mind the Gap. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118 (12): 1643–1645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, K. R., J. P., McCracken, M. W., Weber, A., Hubbard, A., Jenny, L., Thompson, J., Balmes, A., Diaz, B., Arana and N., Bruce, 2011: Effect of Reduction in Household Air Pollution on Childhood Pneumonia in Guatemala (RESPIRE): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 378: 1717–1726.Google Scholar
Solomon, G. M. and S., Janssen, 2010: Health Effects of the Gulf Oil Spill. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 304 (10): 1118–1119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sorensen, B., 2003: Total Life-Cycle Assessment of Pem Fuel Cell Car. Roskilde University, Energy & Environment Group, Roskilde, Denmark.Google Scholar
Spix, C., S., Schmiedel, P., Kaatsch, R., Schulze-Rath and M., Blettner, 2008: Case-Control Study on Childhood Cancer in the Vicinity of Nuclear Power Plants in Germany 1980–2003. European Journal of Cancer, 44 (2): 275–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stern, N. H., 2007: The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tame, N. W., B. Z., Dlugogorski and E. M., Kennedy, 2007: Formation of Dioxins and Furans During Combustion of Treated Wood. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 33 (4): 384–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,TDR, 2009: Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control. Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Deseases and World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Tilman, D., J., Hill and C., Lehman, 2006: Carbon-Negative Biofuels from Low-Input High-Diversity Grassland Biomass. Science, 314 (5805): 1598–1600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
,UNDP, 2000: World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability. United Nations Development Programme, New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
,UNDP, 2009: The Energy Access Situation in Developing Countries: A Review Focused on Least Developed Countries and Sub-Saharan Africa. United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
,UNEP, 2007: Sudan: Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
,UNEP, 2011: Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone: Summary for Decision Makers. B. Ullstein, United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and World Meterological Organization (WMO), Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
Unger, N., D. T., Shindell, D. M., Koch and D. G., Streets, 2008: Air Pollution Radiative Forcing from Specific Emissions Sectors at 2030. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 113 (D02306).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,UNIDIR, 2008: The Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium. Plublished in Disarmament Forum, I. Fairlie, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
,US EIA, 2005: Average Consumption by Fuels Used, 2005. 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Energy Consumption and Expenditures Tables, Energy Information Administration (US EIA), Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
,US EPA, 2000: Report on Greenhouse Gases from Small-Scale Combustion Devices in Developing Countries: Household Stoves in India. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
,US EPA, 2009: Epa Lifecycle Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Renewable Fuels. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
van Dingenen, R., F., Raes, M. C., Krol, L., Emberson and J., Cofala, 2009: The Global Impact of O3 on Agricultural Crop Yields under Current and Future Air Quality Legislation. Atmospheric Environment, 43: 604–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, B., S., Barrett, S., Polasky, V., Galaz, C., Folke, G., Engström, F., Ackerman, K., Arrow, S., Carpenter, K., Chopra, G., Daily, P., Ehrlich, T., Hughes, N., Kautsky, S., Levin, K.-G., Mäler, J., Shogren, J., Vincent, T., Xepapadeas and A. d., Zeeuw, 2009: Looming Global-Scale Failures and Missing Institutions. Science, 325 (5946): 1345–1346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, X. P. and D. L., Mauzerall, 2004: Characterizing Distributions of Surface Ozone and Its Impact on Grain Production in China, Japan and South Korea: 1990 and 2020. Atmospheric Environment, 38 (26): 4383–4402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ware, H., 2005: Demography, Migration and Conflict in the Pacific. Journal of Peace Research, 42 (4): 435–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasterlund, D. S., 1998: A Review of Heat Stress Research with Application to Forestry. Applied Ergonomics, 29 (3): 179–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weeks, J. L., 1998: Health Hazards of Mining and Quarrying. In Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. J. M., Stellman (ed.), International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva, Vol. 3, Chapter 74, pp. 74.51–74.55.Google Scholar
White, I., T., Falkland, T., Metutera, E., Metai, M., Overmars, P., Perez and A., Dray, 2007: Climatic and Human Influences on Groundwater in Low Atolls. Vadose Zone Journal, 6 (3): 581–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,WHO, 1994: Ultraviolet Radiation: An Authoritative Scientific Review of Environmental and Health Effects of Uv, with Reference to Global Ozone Layer Depletion. Environmental health criteria no. 160, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
,WHO, 1998: Chrysotile Asbestos. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
,WHO, 2000: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, Second Edition. WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.Google Scholar
,WHO, 2002: World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
,WHO, 2003: Making Choices in Health: Who Guide to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
,WHO, 2004: Health Aspects of Air Pollution: Results from the Who Project “Systematic Review of Health Aspects of Air Pollution in Europe”. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
,WHO, 2005: Global Indoor Air Pollution Database. www.who.int/indoorair/health_impacts/databases_iap/ (accessed 31 December, 2010).Google Scholar
,WHO, 2006: Air Quality Guidelines: Global Update for 2005. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
,WHO, 2007: Housing, Energy and Thermal Comfort: A Review of 10 Countries within the Who European Region. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.Google Scholar
,WHO, 2008: The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, P., M., Landon, B., Armstrong, S., Stevenson, S., Pattenden, M., McKee and T., Fletcher, 2001: Cold Comfort: The Social and Environmental Determinants of Excess Winter Deaths in England, 1986–96. Bristol, UK.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, P., K. R., Smith, M., Davies, H., Adair, B. G., Armstrong, M., Barrett, N., Bruce, A., Haines, I., Hamilton, T., Oreszczyn, I., Ridley, C., Tonne and Z., Chalabi, 2009: Public Health Benefits of Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse-Gas Emissions: Household Energy. The Lancet, 374 (9705): 1917–1929.Google Scholar
Wilson, K., 2009: Forum: Climate Change and the Spread of Infectious Ideas. Ecology, 90 (4): 901–903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodcock, J., P., Edwards, C., Tonne, B. G., Armstrong, O., Ashiru, D., Banister, S., Beevers, Z., Chalabi, Z., Chowdhury, A., Cohen, O. H., Franco, A., Haines, R., Hickman, G., Lindsay, I., Mittal, D., Mohan, G., Tiwari, A., Woodward and I., Roberts, 2009: Public Health Benefits of Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse-Gas Emissions: Urban Land Transport. The Lancet, 374 (9705): 1930–1943.Google Scholar
Zhou, X.-N., G.-J., Yang, K., Yang, X.-H., Wang, Q.-B., Hong, L.-P., Sun, J. B., Malone, T. K., Kristensen, N. R., Bergquist and J., Utzinger, 2008: Potential Impact of Climate Change on Schistosomiasis Transmission in China. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 78 (2): 188–194.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×