ONE RECURRING CONCERN in Robert Kroetsch's writing is the impossibilities that arise when trying to envision Canadian geography in terms of landscape while relying upon the vocabulary, the aesthetic and generic protocols that European empires deployed to take visual possession of the world from the Renaissance onwards (Cosgrove 1985, 55; Mitchell 2002, 5–34). From the interrogations that inform his long poem Seed Catalogue (1977) to his later collections of essays and poetry—most notably A Likely Story (1995) and The Hornbooks of Rita K (2001)— Kroetsch insisted on viewing the translation of land into landscape not as a foretold failure but as an imperative for the Canadian writer whose collective responsibility lies in lifting a new environment to expression. Embracing this task also led him to play an active part as a writer and critic inventing a place for Canadian letters at home and abroad. Kroetsch was one of the early ambassadors of Canadian literature in Europe, where his meeting with Reingard Nischik led to the publication of Gaining Ground in 1985. A landmark volume, the collection of essays was the first of its kind to map out the emergence of Canadian literature and legitimate it as a field of scholarly investigation in Western Europe. Gaining Ground made it clear that the literary boom of the Centennial decade of the 1960s had found a critical reception abroad, which also conferred on Canadian literature a legitimate place in the syllabi of European universities.