Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-30T03:34:26.539Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part III - Topics Related to the Exclusion–Extremism Link

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2024

Michaela Pfundmair
Affiliation:
Federal University of Administrative Sciences, Germany
Andrew H. Hales
Affiliation:
University of Mississippi
Kipling D. Williams
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Exclusion and Extremism
A Psychological Perspective
, pp. 237 - 307
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Allan, E. J., & Madden, M. (2008). Hazing in view: College students at risk. Stop Hazing. www.stophazing.org/hazing-view/Google Scholar
Anderson, R. (2017). “Here I am, 26, with no friends, no job, no girlfriend”: Shooter’s manifesto offers clues to 2015 Oregon college rampage. LA Times. www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-school-shootings-2017-story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Arnocky, S., Davis, A., Locke, A., McKelvie, L., & Vaillancourt, T. (2022). Violence and homicide following partner infidelity. In DeLecce, T., & Shackelford, T. K. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of infidelity (pp. 516554). Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babcock, J. C., Jacobson, N. S., Gottman, J. M., & Yerington, T. P. (2000). Attachment, emotional regulation, and the function of marital violence: Differences between secure, preoccupied, and dismissing violent and nonviolent husbands. Journal of Family Violence, 15, 391409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbaro, N., & Shackelford, T. K. (2019). Environmental unpredictability in childhood is associated with anxious romantic attachment and intimate partner violence perpetration. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34, 240269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnard, G. W., Vera, H., Vera, M. I., & Newman, G. (1982). Till death do us part: A study of spouse murder. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law, 10, 271280.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachment as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boettcher, M. L., & Salinas, C., Jr. (2018). Testimonies. In Salinas, C., Jr., & Boettcher, M. L. (Eds.), Critical perspectives on hazing in colleges and universities: A guide to disrupting hazing culture (pp. 1423). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bondu, R., & Krahe, B. (2015). Links of justice and rejection sensitivity with aggression in childhood and adolescence. Aggressive Behavior, 41(4), 353368. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21556CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bott, S., Guedes, A., Goodwin, M. M., & Mendoza, J. A. (2012). Violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean: A comparative analysis of population-based data from 12 countries. Pan American Health Organization.Google Scholar
Bourgeois, K. S., & Leary, M. R. (2001). Coping with rejection: Derogating those who choose us last. Motivation & Emotion, 25, 101111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breiding, M. J., Basile, K. C., Smith, S. G., Black, M. C., & Mahendra, R. (2015). Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definition and recommended data elements (Ver. 2). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Google Scholar
Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 97102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, D. M., & Duntley, J. D. (2014). Intimate partner violence in evolutionary perspective. In Shackelford, T. K., & Hansen, R. D. (Eds.), The evolution of violence (pp. 122). Springer.Google Scholar
Calvete, E., Orue, I., Estévez, A., Villardón, L., & Padilla, P. (2010). Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 11281135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, C., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Stanley, I. H., et al. (2017). The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research. Psychological Bulletin, 143(12), 13131345. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000123CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conroy, A. (2014). Marital infidelity and intimate partner violence in rural Malawi: A dyadic investigation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 13031314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, J. W., Hedgpeth, D., & Jouvenal, J. (2015, August 26). Two Roanoke journalists killed on live television by angry former colleague. Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/two-roanoke-journalists-killed-on-live-television-by-angry-former-colleague/2015/08/26/8e534e0e-4c0c-11e5-902f-39e9219e574b_story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Crawford, M., & Gartner, R. (1992). Woman killing: Intimate femicide in Ontario, 1974–1990. Women We Honour Action Committee.Google Scholar
Crow, R. B., & Macintosh, E. W. (2009). Conceptualizing a meaningful definition of hazing in sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9(4), 433451. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740903331937CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalrymple, J. (2014, May 25). The bizarre and horrifying autobiography of a mass shooter. Buzzfeed News. www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jimdalrympleii/the-bizarre-and-horrifying-autobiography-of-a-mass-shooterGoogle Scholar
Deas, N., Kowalski, R. M., Finnell, S., et al. (2023). I just want to matter: Examining the role of anti-mattering in online suicide support communities using natural language processing. Computers in Human Behavior, 139, 107499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107499CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demircioğlu, Z. I., & Göncü-Köse, A. (2021). Effects of attachment styles, dark triad, rejection sensitivity, and relationship satisfaction on social media addiction: A mediated model. Current Psychology, 40(1), 414428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9956-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demircioğlu, Z. I., & Göncü-Köse, A. (2022). Antecedents of problematic social media use and cyberbullying among adolescents: Attachment, the dark triad and rejection sensitivity. Current Psychology, 2, 3109131109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04127-2Google Scholar
De Weerth, C., & Kalma, A. P. (1993). Female aggression as a response to sexual jealousy: A sex role reversal? Aggressive Behavior, 19, 265279.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobash, R. E., & Dobash, R. P. (2015). When men murder women. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downey, G., Feldman, S., & Ayduk, O. (2000). Rejection sensitivity and male violence in romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 7(1), 4561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downey, G., Freitas, A. L., Michaelis, B., & Khouri, H. (1998). The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 545560. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.545CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Downey, G., Lebolt, A., Rincon, C, & Freitas, A. L. (1998). Rejection sensitivity and children’s interpersonal difficulties. Child Development, 69, 10741091.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durkheim, E. (1897/1951). Suicide: A study in sociology. Free Press. Translated by J. A. Spaulding and G. Simpson.Google Scholar
Dutton, D. G., Saunders, K., Starzomski, A., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Intimacy-anger and insecure attachment as precursors of abuse in intimate relationships. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 13671386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farahani, H. A., Aghamohamadi, S., Kazemi, Z., Bakhtiarvand, F., & Ansari, M. (2011). Examining the relationship between sensitivity to rejection and using Facebook in university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 28, 807810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, S., & Downey, G. (1994). Rejection sensitivity as a mediator of the impact of childhood exposure to family violence on adult attachment behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 6(1), 231247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freud, S. (1930). Civilization and its discontents. Standard Edition, 21, 64145.Google Scholar
Gao, S., Assink, M., Cipriani, A., & Lin, K. (2017). Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 5974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garg, R. (2009). Ragging: A public health problem in India. Indian Journal of Medical Science, 63(6), 263CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graupensperger, S. A., Benson, A. J., & Evans, M. B. (2018). Everyone else is doing it: The association between social identity and susceptibility to peer influence in NCAA athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 40, 117127. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2017-0339CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guerrero, L. K, Spitzberg, B. H., & Yoshimura, S. M. (2004). Sexual and emotional jealousy. In Harvey, J. H., Wenzel, A., & Sprecher, S. (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality in close relationships (pp. 311345). Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Gun Violence Archive (2023, May 3). Explainer. www.gunviolencearchive.org/explainerGoogle Scholar
Harris, L. V. (2011, March). Behind the music: Hazing or brotherhood? www.ebony.comGoogle Scholar
Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Stuart, G. L., & Hutchinson, G. (1997). Violent versus nonviolent husbands: Differences in attachment patterns, dependency, and jealousy. Journal of Family Psychology, 11(3), 314331. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.11.3.314CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoover, N. (1999). Initiation rites and athletics: A national survey of NCAA sports teams: Final report. Alfred University and Reidman Insurance Co Inc.Google Scholar
Hurault, J. W. (1961). The Boni refugee Blacks of French Guiana. Ifan.Google Scholar
Jackson, M. A., Sippel, L. M., Mota, N., Whalen, D., & Schumacher, J. A. (2015). Borderline personality disorder and related constructs as risk factors for intimate partner violence perpetration. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 24, 95106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, N., & Harper, B. (2013). The effects of rejection sensitivity on reactive and proactive aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 39, 312. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21455CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. Encyclopedia Brittanica.Google Scholar
Jeffreys, M. D. W. (1952). Samsonic suicide or suicide of revenge among Africans. African Studies, 6(3), 118122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joiner, T. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Harvard University PressGoogle Scholar
Joiner, T. E., Jeon, M. E., Lieberman, A., et al. (2021). On prediction, refutation, and explanatory reach: A consideration of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicidal Behavior. Preventive Medicine, 152(Pt 1), 106453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106453CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joiner, T. E., Jr., Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., et al. (2009). Main predictions of the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicidal behavior: Empirical tests in two samples of young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(3), 634646. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016500CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, S. B., & Nirh, J. (2018). Fraternity and sorority hazing. In Salinas, C., Jr., & Boettcher, M. L. (Eds.), Critical perspectives on hazing in colleges and universities: A guide to disrupting hazing culture (pp. 5264). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karimi, F., & Lavandera, E. (2019, September 1). Report: Gunman in West Texas shooting rampage was fired hours before. CNN. www.cnn.com/2019/09/01/us/odessa-texas-shooting-sunday/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Keller, K. M., Matthews, M., Curry Hall, K., et al. (2015). Hazing in the U.S. Armed Forces: Recommendations for hazing prevention policy and practice. RAND.Google Scholar
Kim, K. J., Feeney, B. C., & Jakubiak, B. K. (2018). Touch reduces romantic jealousy in the anxiously attached. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35, 10191041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, S. L., & Wintrup, G. (2002). Running the gauntlet: An examination of initiation/hazing and sexual abuse in sport. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 8, 4968. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600208413339CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, L. A., Waugh, C. E., Valencia, A., & Webster, G. D. (2002). The functional domain specificity of self-esteem and the differential prediction of aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 756767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2015). The Three-Step Theory (3ST): A new theory of suicide rooted in the “ideation-to-action” framework. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), 114129. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, S., & Boettcher, M. L. (2018). Military hazing in university programs. In Salinas, C., Jr., & Boettcher, M. L. (Eds.), Critical perspectives on hazing in colleges and universities: A guide to disrupting hazing culture (pp. 6574). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G., Schroeder, A., & Lattanner, M. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 10731137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kowalski, R. M., Leary, M., Hendley, T., et al. (2021). K–12, college/university, and mass shootings: Similarities and differences. Journal of Social Psychology, 161(6), 753778. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2021.1900047CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S., & Agatston, P. W. (2012). Cyber bullying: Bullying in the digital age (2nd ed.). Wiley.Google Scholar
Kowalski, R. M., & Toth, A. (2018). Cyberbullying among youth with and without disabilities. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11, 715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-017-0139-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leary, M. R. (2001). Toward a conceptualization of interpersonal rejection. In Leary, M. R. (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 320). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leary, M. R. (2021). Emotional reactions to threats to acceptance and belonging: A retrospective look at the big picture. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73, 411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leary, M. R., & Gabriel, S. (2022). The relentless pursuit of acceptance and belonging. Advances in Motivation Science, 9, 135178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leary, M. R., Koch, E., & Hechenbleikner, N. (2001). Emotional responses to interpersonal rejection. In Leary, M. R. (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 145166). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. (2003). Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 202214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leary, M. R., Springer, C., Negel, L., Ansell, E., & Evans, K. (1998). The causes, phenomenology, and consequences of hurt feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 12251237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 518530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leary, M. R., Twenge, J. M., & Quinlivan, E. (2006). Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(2), 111132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S., & Mun, I. B. (2022) How does perceived parental rejection influence cyberbullying by children? A serial mediation model of children’s depression and smartphone addiction. The Social Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2022.2070826CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lutheran, A., & Barton, G. (2020, November 25). A gun collector’s paranoia, a wrong suspect and the role of racism. What the Molson Coors mass shooting records reveal. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. www.jsonline.com/story/news/crime/2020/11/25/milwaukee-molson-coors-shooting-miller-brewery-shooter-motive-unknown/6422187002/Google Scholar
Makepeace, J. (1989). Dating, living together, and courtship violence. In Pirog-Good, M. A., & Stets, J. E. (Eds.), Violence in dating relationships: Emerging social issues (pp. 94107). Praeger.Google Scholar
Maner, J. K., DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., & Schaller, M. (2007). Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the “porcupine problem.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 4255. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manning, J. (2015). Aggressive suicide. International Journal of Law, Crime, and Justice, 43, 326341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mauricio, A., Tein, J., & Lopez, F. G. (2007). Borderline and antisocial personality scores as mediators between attachment and intimate partner violence. Violence and Victims, 22, 139157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClellan, A. C., & Killeen, M. R. (2000). Attachment theory and violence toward women by male intimate partners. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 32, 353360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, M. D. (2017). Durkheim’s types of suicide and social capital: A cross-national comparison of 53 countries. International Social Science Journal, 66, 151161. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, A. S., Abrutyn, S., Pescosolido, B., & Diefendorf, S. (2021). The social roots of suicide: Theorizing how the external social world matters to suicide and suicide prevention. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621569CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nemeth, J. M., Bonomi, A. E., Lee, M. A., & Ludwin, J. M. (2012). Sexual infidelity as trigger for intimate partner violence. Journal of Women’s Health, 21, 942949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuwer, H. (2001). Wrongs of passage: Fraternities, sororities, hazing, and binge drinking. Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Nuwer, H. (2018). Hazing in fraternities and sororities: A primer. In Nuwer, H. (Ed.), Hazing: Destroying young lives (pp. 2441). Indiana University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliff, H. (2002, April). Lifting the haze around hazing. Education Digest, 67(8), 2127.Google Scholar
Owen, S. S., Burke, T. W., & Vichesky, D. (2008). Hazing in student organizations: Prevalence, attitudes, and solutions. Oracle: The Research Journal of the Association of Fraternity Advisors, 3(1), 4058.Google Scholar
Peterson, J., & Densley, J. (2021). The violence project: How to stop a mass shooting epidemic. Abrams Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, J., & Densley, J. (2023). The Violence Project database of mass shootings in the United States (Version 6). www.theviolenceproject.orgGoogle Scholar
Richman, L. S., & Leary, M. R. (2009). Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: A dynamic, multi-motive model. Psychological Review, 116, 365383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, G. (2015, August 26). Virginia TV journalists killed by suspect with “powder keg” of anger. Reuters. www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-shooting-virginia/virginia-tv-journalists-killed-by-suspect-with-powder-keg-of-anger-idUSKCN0QV1HY20150826Google Scholar
Romero-Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K., Ayduk, O., & Kang, N. J. (2010). Rejection sensitivity and the rejection–hostility link in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality, 78, 119148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00611.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schildkraut, J., & Turanovic, J. J. (2022). A new wave of mass shootings? Exploring the potential of COVID-19. Homicide Studies, 26(4), 362378. https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679221101605CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackelford, T. K., Goetz, A. T., Buss, D. M., Euler, H. A., & Hoier, S. (2005). When we hurt the ones we love: Predicting violence against women from men’s mate retention. Personal Relationships, 12, 447463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidner, S., Lah, K., Almasy, S., & Ellis, R. (2015, October 2). Oregon shooting: Gunman was student in class where he killed 9. CNN. www.cnn.com/2015/10/02/us/oregon-umpqua-community-college-shooting/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Silveira, J. M. (2018). Tradition or torment: Examining hazing in the college marching band. In Salinas, C., Jr., & Boettcher, M. L. (Eds.), Critical perspectives on hazing in colleges and universities: A guide to disrupting hazing culture (pp. 4051). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silveira, J. M., & Hudson, M. W. (2015). Hazing in the college marching band. Journal of Research in Music Education, 63(1), 527. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022-429415569064CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjåstad, H., Zhang, M., Masvie, A. E., & Baumeister, R. (2021). Social exclusion reduces happiness by creating expectations of future rejection. Self and Identity, 20(1), 116125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2020.1779119CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, C., Mallory, A. B., Cafferky, B. M., et al. (2019). Mental health factors and intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Violence, 9, 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, R., Darbes, L. A., Rosso, M. T., et al. (2023). Perceptions of contexts of intimate partner violence among young, partnered gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37.Google Scholar
Stockl, H., Devries, K., Rotstein, A., et al. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: A systematic review. Lancet, 382, 859865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swingle, E., & Salinas, C., Jr. (2018). Hazing in intercollegiate athletics. In Salinas, C., Jr., & Boettcher, M. L. (Eds.), Critical perspectives on hazing in colleges and universities: A guide to disrupting hazing culture (pp. 2739). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, B. J., & Meglich, P. (2018). Justifying new employees’ trials by fire: Workplace hazing. Personnel Review, 48(2), 381399. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2018-0025CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can’t join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 10581069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velotti, P., Beomonte Zobel, S., Rogier, G., & Tambelli, R. (2018). Exploring relationships: A systematic review on intimate partner violence and attachment. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waldron, J. J., & Kowalski, C. L. (2009). Crossing the line: Rites of passage, team aspects, and ambiguity of hazing. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80, 291302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warburton, W., Williams, K. D., & Cairns, D. (2003, April). Effects of ostracism and loss of control on aggression. Paper presented at the 32nd meeting of the Society of Australian Social Psychology, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Willard, N. (2007). Cyberbullying and cyberthreats. Responding to the challenge of online social aggression, threats, and distress. Research Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1996). Male sexual proprietariness and violence against wives. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5, 27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, M. F. (2017). Parental mediation, cyberbullying, and cybertrolling: The role of gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 189195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.059CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, M. F., & Li, Y. (2013). The association between cyber victimization and subsequent cyber aggression: The moderating effect of peer rejection. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 42(5), 662674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9903-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Anderson, M., Kaufman, J., Simon, T. R., et al. (2001). School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1994–1999. Jama, 286(21), 26952702. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.21.2695CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aureli, N., Marinucci, M., & Riva, P. (2020). Can the chronic exclusion–resignation link be broken? An analysis of support group in prisons. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 50(2), 638650. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12701CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Büttner, C. M., Jauch, M., Marinucci, M., et al. (2023). It will (never) stop hurting: Does chronic social exclusion lead to hyper- or hypo-sensitive psychological responses? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302221140002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Norman, G. J., & Berntson, G. G. (2011). Social isolation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231(1), 1722. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06028.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cave, D., & Saxton, A. (2021). New Zealand gives Christchurch killer a record sentence. New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2020/08/26/world/asia/christchurch-brenton-tarrant-sentenced.htmlGoogle Scholar
DAAM (2020, September 18). The paths of Jihadist extremism and experiences of daily exclusion among the youth of the popular neighborhoods: An attempt at understanding. https://daamdth.org/archives/11945?lang=enGoogle Scholar
DeSouza, E. R., Wesselmann, E. D., Taschetto, L. R., et al. (2019). Investigating ostracism and racial microaggressions toward Afro-Brazilians. Journal of Black Psychology, 45(4), 222268. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798419864001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F. M., Kruglanski, A. W., et al. (2016). Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 7984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dotan-Eliaz, O., Sommer, K. L., & Rubin, Y. S. (2009). Multilingual groups: Effects of linguistic ostracism on felt rejection and anger, coworker attraction, perceived team potency, and creative performance. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 31(4), 363375. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530903317177CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2004). Why rejection hurts: A common neural alarm system for physical and social pain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(7), 294300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerber, J., & Wheeler, L. (2009). On being rejected: A meta-analysis of experimental research on rejection. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(5), 468488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums. Doubleday/Anchor.Google Scholar
Gómez, Á., Morales, J. F., Hart, S., Vázquez, A., & Swann, W. B. Jr (2011). Rejected and excluded forevermore, but even more devoted: Irrevocable ostracism intensifies loyalty to the group among identity-fused persons. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(12), 15741586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graf, J. (2016, July 22). Er wurde zuruckgewiesen uberall. Wie Breivik zum Massenmorder wurde. [He got rejected – everywhere. How Breivik became a mass murderer.] N-tv. www.n-tv.de/politik/Wie-Breivik-zum-Massenmoerder-wurde-article18245816.htmlGoogle Scholar
Gustafson, E. (2021). Jihadist terrorist organization usage of foreign fighters: An analysis of the factors surrounding the recruitment, motivation, and usage of foreign fighters. TCU Digital Repository. https://repository.tcu.edu/handle/116099117/49052Google Scholar
Hales, A. (2018). Death as a metaphor for ostracism: Social invincibility, autopsy, necromancy, and resurrection. Mortality, 23(4), 366380. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2017.1382462CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hales, A. H., Dvir, M., Wesselmann, E. D., Kruger, D. J., & Finkenauer, C. (2018). Cell phone-induced ostracism threatens fundamental needs. The Journal of Social Psychology, 158(4), 460473. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2018.1439877CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hales, A. H., & Williams, K. D. (2018). Marginalized individuals and extremism: The role of ostracism in openness to extreme groups. Journal of Social Issues, 74(1), 7592. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12257CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hales, A. H., Wood, N. R., & Williams, K. D. (2021). Navigating COVID-19: Insights from research on social ostracism. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 306310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220981408CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannaford, A. (2018, September 12). We asked 12 mass killers: “What would have stopped you?” GQ Magazine: British GQ. www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/mass-shootings-in-america-interviewsGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A., Kruglanski, A., & Van den Bos, K. (2013). Uncertainty and the roots of extremism. Journal of Social Issues, 69(3), 407418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jessor, R., Jessor, S. L., & Finney, J. (1973). A social psychology of marijuana use: Longitudinal studies of high school and college youth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26(1), 115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khosrokhavar, F. (2013). Radicalization in prison: The French case. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 14(2), 284306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimel, S. Y., Mischkowski, D., Kitayama, S., & Uchida, Y. (2017). Culture, emotions, and the cold shoulder: Cultural differences in the anger and sadness response to ostracism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48, 13071319. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117724900CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, L. A., & Geise, A. C. (2011). Being forgotten: Implications for the experience of meaning in life. The Journal of Social Psychology, 151(6), 696709. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2010.522620CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klages, S. V., & Wirth, J. H. (2014). Excluded by laughter: Laughing until it hurts someone else. The Journal of Social Psychology, 154(1), 813. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2013.843502CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kluger, J. (2016, June 14). This is what drove the Orlando killer. Time. http://time.com/4368275/mateen-orlando-why-he-killed/Google Scholar
Kowalski, R. M., Leary, M., Hendley, T., et al. (2021). K–12, college/university, and mass shootings: Similarities and differences. The Journal of Social Psychology, 161(6), 753778. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2021.1900047CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M. J., Bélanger, J. J., et al. (2014). The psychology of radicalization and deradicalization: How significance quest impacts violent extremism. Political Psychology, 35, 6993. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12163CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kydd, A. H., & Walter, B. F. (2006). The strategies of terrorism. International Security, 31(1), 4980. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2006.31.1.49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. (2003). Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 29(3), 202214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindström, B., & Tobler, P. N. (2018) Incidental ostracism emerges from simple learning mechanisms. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 405414. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0355-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Long, C. R., & Averill, J. R. (2003). Solitude: An exploration of benefits of being alone. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33(1), 2144. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00204CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lutz, S., & Schneider, F. M. (2021). Is receiving dislikes in social media still better than being ignored? The effects of ostracism and rejection on need threat and coping responses online. Media Psychology, 24(6), 741765. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2020.1799409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons-Padilla, S., Gelfand, M. J., Mirahmadi, H., Farooq, M., & Van Egmond, M. (2015). Belonging nowhere: Marginalization & radicalization risk among Muslim immigrants. Behavioral Science & Policy, 1(2), 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maner, J. K., DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., & Schaller, M. (2007). Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the “porcupine problem.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 4255. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marinucci, M., & Riva, P. (2021a). Surrendering to social emptiness: Chronic social exclusion longitudinally predicts resignation in asylum seekers. British Journal of Social Psychology, 60(2), 429447. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12410CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marinucci, M., & Riva, P. (2021b). How intergroup social connections shape immigrants’ responses to social exclusion. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(3), 411435. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219894620CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marinucci, M., Mazzoni, D., Pancani, L., & Riva, P. (2022). To whom should I turn? Intergroup social connections moderate social exclusion’s short- and long-term psychological impact on immigrants. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104275CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marinucci, M., Pancani, L., Aureli, N., & Riva, P. (2022). Online social connections as surrogates of face-to-face interactions: A longitudinal study under Covid-19 isolation. Computers in Human Behavior, 128, 107102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marinucci, M., Riva, P., Lenzi, M., et al. (2023). On the lowest rung of the ladder: How social exclusion, perceived economic inequality and stigma increase homeless people’s resignation. British Journal of Social Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12657CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazzoni, D., Pancani, L., Marinucci, M., & Riva, P. (2020). The dual path of the rejection (dis)identification model: A study on adolescents with a migrant background. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 799809. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2672CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAuley, J. (2016, July 16). New details suggest attacker in Nice was alienated, troubled man. Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-details-suggest-attacker-in-nice-was-alienated-troubled-man/2016/07/16/d53caab4-4af7-11e6-8dac-0c6e4accc5b1_story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Merskey, H., Albe-Fessard, D. G., Bonica, J. J., et al. (1979). The need of a taxonomy. Pain, 6(3), 247252. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(79)90046-0Google Scholar
Moghaddam, F. M. (2005). The staircase to terrorism: A psychological exploration. American Psychologist, 60(2), 161169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molden, D. C., Lucas, G. M., Gardner, W. L., Dean, K., & Knowles, M. L. (2009). Motivations for prevention or promotion following social exclusion: Being rejected versus being ignored. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(2), 415431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezlek, J. B., Wesselmann, E. D., Wheeler, L., & Williams, K. D. (2012). Ostracism in everyday life. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 16(2), 91104. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028029CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pancani, L., Marinucci, M., Aureli, N., & Riva, P. (2021). Forced social isolation and mental health: A study on 1,006 Italians under COVID-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 663799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfundmair, M. (2019). Ostracism promotes a terroristic mindset. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 11(2), 134148. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2018.1443965CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfundmair, M., Aßmann, E., Kiver, B., et al. (2022). Pathways toward jihadism in Western Europe: An empirical exploration of a comprehensive model of terrorist radicalization. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(1), 4870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfundmair, M., & Mahr, L. A. (2022). How group processes push excluded people into a radical mindset: An experimental investigation. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13684302221107782.Google Scholar
Pfundmair, M., Wood, N. R., Hales, A., & Wesselmann, E. D. (2022). How social exclusion makes radicalism flourish: A review of empirical evidence. Journal of Social Issues, 119. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12520CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pohlan, L. (2019). Unemployment and social exclusion. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 164, 273299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.06.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reijntjes, A., Thomaes, S., Bushman, B. J., et al. (2010). The outcast-lash-out effect in youth: Alienation increases aggression following peer rejection. Psychological Science, 21(10), 13941398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ren, D., Wesselmann, E. D., & van Beest, I. (2020). Seeking solitude after being ostracized: A replication and beyond. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(3), 426440. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220928238CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riva, P. (2016). Emotion regulation following social exclusion: Psychological and behavioral strategies. In Riva, P., & Eck, J. (Eds.), Social exclusion: Psychological approaches to understanding and reducing its impact (pp. 199225). Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33033-4_10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riva, P., & Eck, J. (2016). The many faces of social exclusion. In Riva, P., & Eck, J. (Eds.), Social exclusion: Psychological approaches to understanding and reducing its impact (pp. ixxv). Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33033-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riva, P., Montali, L., Wirth, J. H., Curioni, S., & Williams, K. D. (2017). Chronic social exclusion and evidence for the resignation stage: An empirical investigation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34(4), 541564. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407516644348CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riva, P., Wesselmann, E. D., Wirth, J. H., Carter-Sowell, A. R., & Williams, K. D. (2014). When pain does not heal: The common antecedents and consequences of chronic social and physical pain. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 36, 329346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riva, P., Williams, K. D., Torstrick, A. M., & Montali, L. (2014). Orders to shoot (a camera): Effects of ostracism on obedience. The Journal of Social Psychology, 154, 208216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 134141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, M., & Stuart, R. (2018). Kill or cure? Different types of social class identification amplify and buffer the relation between social class and mental health. The Journal of Social Psychology, 158(2), 236251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudert, S. C., Janke, S., & Greifeneder, R. (2021). Ostracism breeds depression: Longitudinal associations between ostracism and depression over a three-year-period. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 4, 100118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sageman, M. (2004) Understanding terror networks. University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmid, A. P. (2013). Radicalisation, de-radicalisation, counter-radicalisation: A conceptual discussion and literature review. ICCT Research Paper, 4(2), 197.Google Scholar
Schuster, B. (1996). Rejection, exclusion, and harassment at work and in schools. European Psychologist, 1(4), 293317. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.1.4.293CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smart Richman, L., & Leary, M. R. (2009). Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: A multimotive model. Psychological Review, 116(2), 365383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stranahan, P. (2000). Radicalization of refugees: Communist Party activity in wartime Shanghai’s displaced persons camps. Modern China, 26(2), 166193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can’t join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 10581069. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1058CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vangelisti, A. L. (2001). Making sense of hurtful interactions in close relationships: When hurt feelings create distance. In Manusov, V., & Harvey, J. H. (Eds.), Advances in personal relations: Attribution, communication behavior, and close relationships (pp. 3858). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vangelisti, A. L., Young, S. L., Carpenter-Theune, K., & Alexander, A. L. (2005). Why does it hurt? The perceived causes of hurt feelings. Communication Research, 32, 443477. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650205277319CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varady, D. (2008). Muslim residential clustering and political radicalism. Housing Studies, 23(1), 4566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vergani, M., Iqbal, M., O’Brien, K., Lentini, P., & Barton, G. (2021). Examining the relationship between alienation and radicalization into violent extremism. In Bonino, S. & Ricucci, R. (Eds.), Islam and Security in the West (pp. 115138). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67925-5_6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warburton, W. A., Williams, K. D., & Cairns, D. R. (2006) When ostracism leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(2), 213220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webber, D., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2016). Psychological factors in radicalization: A “3 N” approach. In LaFree, G., & Freilich, J. D. (Eds.), The handbook of the criminology of terrorism (pp. 3346). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118923986.ch2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wesselmann, E. D., Butler, F. A., Williams, K. D., & Pickett, C. L. (2010). Adding injury to insult: Unexpected rejection leads to more aggressive responses. Aggressive Behavior, 36(4), 232237. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20347CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wesselmann, E. D., Grzybowski, M. R., Steakley-Freeman, D. M., et al. (2016). Social exclusion in everyday life. In Riva, P., & Eck, J. (Eds.), Social exclusion: Psychological approaches to understanding and reducing its impact (pp. 323). Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33033-4_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wesselmann, E. D., Michels, C., & Slaughter, A. (2019). Understanding common and diverse forms of social exclusion. In Rudert, S., Greifeneder, R., & Williams, K. (Eds.), Current directions in ostracism, social exclusion, and rejection research (pp. 117). Routledge.Google Scholar
Wesselmann, E. D., & Williams, K. D. (2017). Social life and social death: Inclusion, ostracism, and rejection in groups. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(5), 693706. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217708861CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wesselmann, E. D., Williams, K. D., Ren, D., & Hales, A. H. (2021). Ostracism and solitude. In Coplan, R. J., Bowker, J. C., & Nelson, L. J. (Eds.) The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone (pp. 209223). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119576457.ch15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wessely, S., Chalder, T., Hirsch, S., Wallace, P., & Wright, D. (1996). Psychological symptoms, somatic symptoms, and psychiatric disorder in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: A prospective study in the primary care setting. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 10501059. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.8.1050Google ScholarPubMed
Williams, K. D. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need‐threat model. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 275314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00406-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, K. D., & Nida, S. A. (2022). Ostracism and social exclusion: Implications for separation, social isolation, and loss. Current Opinion in Psychology, 47, 101353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101353CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, K. D., & Zadro, L. (2001). Ostracism: On being ignored, excluded, and rejected. In Leary, M. R. (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 2153). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wood, N. (2020). Adventures in solitude: The link between social isolation and violent extremism [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Zadro, L. (2004). Ostracism: Empirical studies inspired by real-world experiences of silence and exclusion [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Zamperini, A., Menegatto, M., Mostacchi, M., Barbagallo, S., & Testoni, I. (2020). Loss of close relationships and loss of religious belonging as cumulative ostracism: From social death to social resurrection. Behavioral Sciences, 10(6), 99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, J., Ding, C., Tang, Y., Zhang, C., & Yang, D. (2017). A measure of perceived chronic social adversity: Development and validation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2168. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Abalakina-Paap, M., Stephan, W. G., Craig, T., & Gregory, W. L. (1999). Beliefs in conspiracies. Political Psychology, 20, 637647. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00160CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahadzadeh, A. S., Ong, F. S., & Wu, S. L. (2023). Social media skepticism and belief in conspiracy theories about COVID-19: The moderating role of the dark triad. Current Psychology, 42(11), 88748886.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alper, S. (2023). There are higher levels of conspiracy beliefs in more corrupt countries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 53(3), 503517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alper, S., & Imhoff, R. (2023). Suspecting foul play when it is objectively there: The association of political orientation with general and partisan conspiracy beliefs as a function of corruption levels. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 14, 610620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartlett, J., & Miller, C. (2010). The power of unreason: Conspiracy theories, extremism and counter-terrorism. Demos.Google Scholar
Bertlich, T., Bräscher, A., Germer, S., Witthöft, M., & Imhoff, R. (2024). Owners of a lonely heart? Investigating the longitudinal relationship between loneliness and conspiracy beliefs. [Manuscript under review].Google Scholar
Biddlestone, M., Green, R., Cichocka, A., Douglas, K., & Sutton, R. M. (2022, April 8). A systematic review and meta-analytic synthesis of the motives associated with conspiracy beliefs. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rxjqcCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bierwiaczonek, K., Gundersen, A. B., & Kunst, J. R. (2022). The role of conspiracy beliefs for COVID-19 health responses: A meta-analysis. Current Opinion in Psychology, 46, 101346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bierwiaczonek, K., Kunst, J. R., & Pich, O. (2020). Belief in COVID‐19 conspiracy theories reduces social distancing over time. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 12(4), 12701285.Google ScholarPubMed
Bilewicz, M., & Imhoff, R. (2022). Political conspiracy beliefs and their alignment on the left–right political spectrum. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 89, 679706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowes, S. M., Costello, T. H., & Arber, T. (2023). The conspiratorial mind: A meta-analytic review of motivational and personological correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 149(5–6), 259293. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000392CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 475482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruder, M., Haffke, P., Neave, N., Nouripanah, N., & Imhoff, R. (2013). Measuring individual differences in generic beliefs in conspiracy theories across cultures: Conspiracy mentality questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., & Biddlestone, M. (2022). Why do narcissists find conspiracy theories so appealing? Current Opinion in Psychology, 47, 101386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., & Golec de Zavala, A. (2016a). Does self-love or self-hate predict conspiracy beliefs? Narcissism, self-esteem, and the endorsement of conspiracy theories. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(2), 157166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., Golec de Zavala, A., & Olechowski, M. (2016b). “They will not control us”: In-group positivity and belief in intergroup conspiracies. British Journal of Psychology, 107, 556576. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12158CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cislak, A., Marchlewska, M., Wojcik, A. D., et al. (2021). National narcissism and support for voluntary vaccination policy: The mediating role of vaccination conspiracy beliefs. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(5), 701719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R., Broadnax, S., & Blaine, B. E. (1999). Belief in US government conspiracies against blacks among black and white college students: Powerlessness or system blame? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 941953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2023). What are conspiracy theories? A definitional approach to their correlates, consequences, and communication. Annual Review of Psychology, 74, 271298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., Callan, M. J., Dawtry, R. J., & Harvey, A. J. (2016). Someone is pulling the strings: Hypersensitive agency detection and belief in conspiracy theories. Thinking & Reasoning, 22(1), 5777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., & Cichocka, A. (2017). The psychology of conspiracy theories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(6), 538542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douglas, K. M., van Prooijen, J.-W., & Sutton, R. M. (2021). Is the label “conspiracy theory” a cause or a consequence of disbelief in alternative narratives? British Journal of Psychology, 113(3), 575590. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12548CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiedler, K., Schott, M., & Meiser, T. (2011). What mediation analysis can (not) do. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 12311236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frenken, M., & Imhoff, R. (2021). A uniform conspiracy mindset or differentiated reactions to specific conspiracy beliefs? Evidence from latent profile analyses. International Review of Social Psychology, 34(1), 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frenken, M., & Imhoff, R. (2022). Malevolent intentions and secret coordination. Dissecting cognitive processes in conspiracy beliefs via diffusion modeling. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 103, 104383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frenken, M., & Imhoff, R. (2023). Don’t trust anybody: Conspiracy mentality and the detection of facial trustworthiness cues. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 37, 256265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilman, R., Carter-Sowell, A., DeWall, C. N., Adams, R. E., & Carboni, I. (2013). Validation of the ostracism experience scale for adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 25, 319330. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00379CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gkinopoulos, T., & Uysal, M. (2021, October 7). Ostracism and conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19: Personality and existential underlying mechanisms in a quote sampling study during the first wave of the pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q4hknCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goertzel, T. (1994). Belief in conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 15, 731742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A., Bierwiaczonek, K., & Ciesielski, P. (2022). An interpretation of meta-analytical evidence for the link between collective narcissism and conspiracy theories. Current Opinion in Psychology, 47, 101360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golec de Zavala, A., & Federico, C. M. (2018), Collective narcissism and the growth of conspiracy thinking over the course of the 2016 United States presidential election: A longitudinal analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 10111018. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2496CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graeupner, D., & Coman, A. (2017). The dark side of meaning-making: How social exclusion leads to superstitious thinking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69, 218222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, R., Toribio-Flórez, D., Douglas, K. M., Brunkow, J. W., & Sutton, R. M. (2023). Making an impression: The effects of sharing conspiracy theories. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 104, 104398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hales, A. H., & Williams, K. D. (2020). Extremism leads to ostracism. Social Psychology, 51(3), 149156. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hales, A. H., & Williams, K. D. (2021). Social ostracism: Theoretical foundations and basic principles. In Van Lange, P. A. M., Higgins, E. T., & Kruglanski, A. W. (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (3rd ed., pp. 337349). Guilford.Google Scholar
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hettich, N., Beutel, M. E., Ernst, M., et al. (2022). Conspiracy endorsement and its associations with personality functioning, anxiety, loneliness, and sociodemographic characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic in a representative sample of the German population. PLoS ONE, 17(1), e0263301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E. A., & Fielding, K. S. (2018). Relationships among conspiratorial beliefs, conservatism and climate scepticism across nations. Nature Climate Change, 8(7), 614620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornsey, M. J., & Pearson, S. (2022). Cross-national differences in willingness to believe conspiracy theories. Current Opinion in Psychology, 47, 101391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504268574CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husting, G., & Orr, M. (2007). Dangerous machinery: “Conspiracy theorist” as a transpersonal strategy of exclusion. Symbolic interaction, 30(2), 127150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imhoff, R. (2015). Beyond (right-wing) authoritarianism: Conspiracy mentality as an incremental predictor of prejudice. In Bilewicz, M., Cichocka, A., & Soral, W. (Eds.), The psychology of conspiracy (pp. 122141). Routledge.Google Scholar
Imhoff, R. (2022). Conspiracy theories through a cross-cultural lens. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 5(3).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imhoff, R. (2023). The psychology of pandemic conspiracy theories. In Butter, M., & Knight, P. (Eds.) Covid conspiracy theories in global perspective (pp. 1525). Taylor & Francis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imhoff, R., Bertlich, T., & Frenken, M. (2022a). Tearing apart the “evil” twins: A general conspiracy mentality is not the same as specific conspiracy beliefs. Current Opinion in Psychology, 46, 101349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imhoff, R., & Bruder, M. (2014). Speaking (un-)truth to power: Conspiracy mentality as a generalized political attitude. European Journal of Personality, 28, 2543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imhoff, R., Dieterle, L., & Lamberty, P. (2021). Resolving the puzzle of conspiracy worldview and political activism: Belief in secret plots decreases normative but increases non-normative political engagement. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12, 7179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. (2017). Too special to be duped: Need for uniqueness motivates conspiracy beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 724734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. (2018). How paranoid are conspiracy believers? Towards a more fine-grained understanding of the connect and disconnect between paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 909926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. (2020). A bioweapon or a hoax? The link between distinct conspiracy beliefs about the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and pandemic behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11, 11101118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imhoff, R., Lamberty, P., & Klein, O. (2018). Using power as a negative cue: How conspiracy mentality affects epistemic trust in sources of historical knowledge. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44, 13641379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imhoff, R., Zimmer, F., Klein, O., et al. (2022b). Conspiracy mentality and political orientation across 26 countries. Nature Human Behavior, 6, 392403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacoby, J., & Sassenberg, K. (2009). Is being excluded boring? Paper presentation. The 10th Annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference, Tampa, FL.Google Scholar
Jaiswal, J., Singer, S. N., Siegel, K., & Lekas, H. M. (2019). HIV-related “conspiracy beliefs”: Lived experiences of racism and socio-economic exclusion among people living with HIV in New York City. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 21(4), 373386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jolley, D., & Lantian, A. (2022). Bullying and conspiracy theories: Experiences of workplace bullying and the tendency to engage in conspiracy theorizing. Social Psychology, 53, 198208. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jolley, D., Mari., S., & Douglas, K. M. (2020). Consequences of conspiracy theories. In Butter, M., & Knight, P. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of conspiracy theories (pp. 231241). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jolley, D., & Paterson, J. L. (2020). Pylons ablaze: Examining the role of 5G COVID‐19 conspiracy beliefs and support for violence. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(3), 628640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jolley, D., Paterson, J., & Thomas, R. (2023). Refusing to pay taxes: Loneliness, conspiracy theorising and non-normative political action. Social Psychology, 54(5), 308319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, C. S. (2021). The targets of all treachery: Delusional ideation, paranoia, and the need for uniqueness as mediators between two forms of narcissism and conspiracy beliefs. Journal of Research in Personality, 93, 104128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kofta, M., Soral, W., & Bilewicz, M. (2020). What breeds conspiracy antisemitism? The role of political uncontrollability and uncertainty in the belief in Jewish conspiracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(5), 900918.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lantian, A., Muller, D., Nurra, C., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). “I know things they don’t know!”: The role of need for uniqueness in belief in conspiracy theories. Social Psychology, 48(3), 160171. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lantian, A., Muller, D., Nurra, C., et al. (2018). Stigmatized beliefs: Conspiracy theories, anticipated negative evaluation of the self, and fear of social exclusion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(7), 939954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (1995). The need to belong. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497529.Google Scholar
Leman, P. J., & Cinnirella, M. (2007). A major event has a major cause: Evidence for the role of heuristics in reasoning about conspiracy theories. Social Psychological Review, 9(2), 1828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemmer, G., & Gollwitzer, M. (2017). The “true” indirect effect won’t (always) stand up: When and why reverse mediation testing fails. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69, 144149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liekefett, L., Christ, O., & Becker, J. C. (2023). Can conspiracy beliefs be beneficial? Longitudinal linkages between conspiracy beliefs, anxiety, uncertainty aversion, and existential threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 49(2), 167179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchlewska, M., Cichocka, A., Łozowski, F., Górska, P., & Winiewski, M. (2019). In search of an imaginary enemy: Catholic collective narcissism and the endorsement of gender conspiracy beliefs. The Journal of Social Psychology, 159(6), 766779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meuer, M., & Imhoff, R. (2021). Believing in hidden plots is associated with decreased behavioral trust: Conspiracy belief as greater sensitivity to social threat or insensitivity towards its absence? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molet, M., Macquet, B., Lefebvre, O., & Williams, K. D. (2013). A focused attention intervention for coping with ostracism. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(4), 12621270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Napolitano, M. G., & Reuter, K. (2023). What is a conspiracy theory? Erkenntnis, 88(5), 20352062.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neu, C., Küpper, B., Luhmann, M., Deutsch, M., & Fröhlich, P. (2023). Extrem einsam? Die demokratische Relevanz von Einsamkeitserfahrungen unter Jugendlichen in Deutschland [Extremely lonely? The democratic relevance of loneliness experiences among adolescents in Germany]. Das Progressive Zentrum. www.progressives-zentrum.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Kollekt_Studie_Extrem_Einsam_Das-Progressive-Zentrum.pdfGoogle Scholar
Oeberst, A., & Imhoff, R. (2023). Towards parsimony in bias research: Proposing a common framework of belief-consistent information processing. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(6), 14641487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfundmair, M., Eyssel, F., Graupmann, V., Frey, D., & Aydin, N. (2015). Wanna play? The role of self-construal when using gadgets to cope with ostracism. Social Influence, 10(4), 221235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poon, K. T., Chen, Z., & Wong, W. Y. (2020). Beliefs in conspiracy theories following ostracism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(8), 12341246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Popper, K. (1966). The open society and its enemies (5th ed.). Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pummerer, L., Ditrich, L., Winter, K., & Sassenberg, K. (2023). Think about it! Deliberation reduces the negative relation between conspiracy belief and adherence to prosocial norms. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 14(8), 952963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radnitz, S., & Underwood, P. (2017). Is belief in conspiracy theories pathological? A survey experiment on the cognitive roots of extreme suspicion. British Journal of Political Science, 47(1), 113129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rottweiler, B., & Gill, P. (2022). Conspiracy beliefs and violent extremist intentions: The contingent effects of self-efficacy, self-control and law-related morality. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(7), 14851504. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1803288CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousis, G. J., Richard, F. D., & Wang, D. D. (2022). The truth is out there: The prevalence of conspiracy theory use by radical violent extremist organizations. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(8), 17391757. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1835654CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudert, S. C., Keller, M. D., Hales, A. H., Walker, M., & Greifeneder, R. (2020). Who gets ostracised? A personality perspective on risk and protective factors of ostracism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118, 12471268. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakki, I., & Castrén, L. (2022). Dehumanization through humour and conspiracies in online hate towards Chinese people during the COVID-19 pandemic. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61, 14181438. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12543CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schnepf, J., Lux, A., Jin, Z., & Formanowicz, M. (2021). Left out: Feelings of social exclusion incite individuals with high conspiracy mentality to reject complex scientific messages. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 40(5–6), 627652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siem, B., Kretzmeyer, B., & Stürmer, S. (2021). The role of self-evaluation in predicting attitudes toward supporters of COVID-19-related conspiracy theories: A direct and a conceptual replication of Cichocka et al. (2016). Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 15, 18344909211052587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stasielowicz, L. (2022). Who believes in conspiracy theories? A meta-analysis on personality correlates. Journal of Research in Personality, 98, 104229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternisko, A., Cichocka, A., Cislak, A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2023). National narcissism predicts the belief in and the dissemination of conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from 56 countries. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 49(1), 4865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stojanov, A., & Halberstadt, J. (2020). Does lack of control lead to conspiracy beliefs? A meta‐analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(5), 955968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, D., Landau, M. J., & Rothschild, Z. K. (2010). An existential function of enemyship: Evidence that people attribute influence to personal and political enemies to compensate for threats to control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 434449. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017457CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutton, R. M., & Douglas, K. M. (2022). Rabbit Hole Syndrome: Inadvertent, accelerating, and entrenched commitment to conspiracy beliefs. Current Opinion in Psychology, 48, 101462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swami, V., Coles, R., Stieger, S., et al. (2011). Conspiracist ideation in Britain and Austria: Evidence of a monological belief system and associations between individual psychological differences and real‐world and fictitious conspiracy theories. British Journal of Psychology, 102(3), 443463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van der Linden, S., Panagopoulos, C., Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The paranoid style in American politics revisited: An ideological asymmetry in conspiratorial thinking. Political Psychology, 42(1), 2351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Prooijen, J. W. (2016). Sometimes inclusion breeds suspicion: Self‐uncertainty and belongingness predict belief in conspiracy theories. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(3), 267279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Prooijen, J. W. (2017). Why education predicts decreased belief in conspiracy theories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 31(1), 5058.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Prooijen, J. W., & Acker, M. (2015). The influence of control on belief in conspiracy theories: Conceptual and applied extensions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29(5), 753761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Prooijen, J. W., Douglas, K. M., & De Inocencio, C. (2018). Connecting the dots: Illusory pattern perception predicts belief in conspiracies and the supernatural. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 320335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Prooijen, J. W., & Imhoff, R. (2022). The psychological study of conspiracy theories: Strengths and limitations. Current Opinion in Psychology, 48, 101465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101465CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Prooijen, J. W., Ligthart, J., Rosema, S., & Xu, Y. (2022). The entertainment value of conspiracy theories. British Journal of Psychology, 113(1), 2548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Prooijen, J. W., Staman, J., & Krouwel, A. P. (2018). Increased conspiracy beliefs among ethnic and Muslim minorities. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 32(5), 661667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Prooijen, J. W., & Van Dijk, E. (2014). When consequence size predicts belief in conspiracy theories: The moderating role of perspective taking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 6373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Prooijen, J. W., & Van Lange, P. A. (2014). The social dimension of belief in conspiracy theories. In van Prooijen, J. W., & van Lange, P. A. (Eds.) Power, politics, and paranoia: Why people are suspicious of their leaders (pp. 237253). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldeck, D., Tyndall, I., Riva, P., & Chmiel, N. (2017). How do we cope with ostracism? Psychological flexibility moderates the relationship between everyday ostracism experiences and psychological distress. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(4), 425432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008). Lacking control increases illusory pattern-perception. Science, 322, 115117. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159845CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, K. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need threat model. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 275314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. N., Marques, M. D., Hill, S. R., Kerr, J. R., & Ling, M. (2022). Why are beliefs in different conspiracy theories positively correlated across individuals? Testing monological network versus unidimensional factor model explanations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(3), 10111031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winter, K., Hornsey, M. J., Pummerer, L., & Sassenberg, K. (2022). Anticipating and defusing the role of conspiracy beliefs in shaping opposition to wind farms. Nature Energy, 7(12), 12001207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, W., Levordashka, A., Ruff, J. R., et al. (2015). Ostracism online: A social media ostracism paradigm. Behavior Research Methods, 47, 361373. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0475-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, M. J. (2016). Some dare call it conspiracy: Labeling something a conspiracy theory does not reduce belief in it. Political Psychology, 37(5), 695705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×