Adgate, JL, Goldstein, BD, and McKenzie, LM. (2014). Potential public health hazards, exposures amd health effects from unconventional natural gas development. Environmental Science & Technology. 48: 8307–8320.Google Scholar

Ahmadi, M and John, K. (2015). Statistical evaluation of the impact of shale gas activities on ozone pollution in North Texas. Science of the Total Environment. 536: 457–467. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allen, DT. (2016). Emissions from oil and gas operations in the United States and their air quality implications. Journal of the Air Waste Management Association. 66: 549–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2016.1171263Google Scholar

Allen, DT, Pacsi, AP, Sullivan, DW, Zavala-Araiza, D, Harrison, M, Keen, K, Fraser, MP, Daniel Hill, A, Sawyer, RF, and Seinfeld, JH. (2014a). Methane emissions from process equipment at natural gas production sites in the United States: Pneumatic controllers. Environmental Science & Technology. 49: 633–640. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5040156CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allen, DT, Sullivan, DW, Zavala-Araiza, D, Pacsi, AP, Harrison, M, Keen, K, Fraser, MP, Daniel Hill, A, Lamb, BK, Sawyer, RF, and Seinfeld, JH. (2014b). Methane emissions from process equipment at natural gas production sites in the United States: Liquid unloadings. Environmental Science & Technology. 49: 641–648. https://doi.org/10.1021/es504016rCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allen, DT, Torres, VM, Thomas, J, Sullivan, DW, Harrison, M, Hendler, A, Herndon, SC, Kolb, CE, Fraser, MP, Hill, AD, Lamb, BK, Miskimins, J, Sawyer, RF, and Seinfeld, JH. (2013). Measurements of methane emissions at natural gas production sites in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110: 17768–17773. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1304880110CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allshouse, WB, McKenzie, LM, Barton, K, Brindley, S, and Adgate, JL. (2019). Community noise and air pollution exposure during the development of a multi-well oil and gas pad. Environmental Science & Technology. 53: 7126–7135. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b00052Google Scholar

Alvarez, RA, Zavala-Araiza, D, Lyon, DR, Allen, DT, Barkley, ZR, Brandt, AR, Davis, KJ, Herndon, SC, Jacob, DJ, Karion, A, Kort, EA, Lamb, BK, Lauvaux, T, Maasakkers, JD, Marchese, AJ, Omara, M, Pacala, SW, Peischl, J, Robinson, AL, Shepson, PB, Sweeney, C, Townsend-Small, A, Wofsy, SC, and Hamburg, SP. (2018). Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science. 361: 186–188. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar7204Google Scholar

Anenberg, SC, Henze, DK, Tinney, V, Kinney, PL, Raich, W, Fann, N, Malley, CS, Roman, H, Lamsal, L, Duncan, B, Martin, RV, Van Donkelaar, A, Brauer, M, Doherty, R, Jonson, JE, Davila, Y, Sudo, K, and Kuylenstierna, JCI. (2018). Estimates of the global burden of ambient PM 2.5, Ozone, and NO2 on asthma incidence and emergency room visits. Environmental Health Perspectives. 126. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3766Google Scholar

Baker, AK, Beyersdorf, AJ, Doezema, LA, Katzenstein, A, Meinardi, S, Simpson, IJ, Blake, DR, and Sherwood Rowland, F. (2008). Measurements of nonmethane hydrocarbons in 28 United States cities. Atmospheric Environment. 42: 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.007Google Scholar

Bean, JK, Bhandari, S, Bilotto, A, and Hildebrandt Ruiz, L. (2018). Formation of particulate matter from the oxidation of evaporated hydraulic fracturing wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology. 52: 4960–4968. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06009Google Scholar

Bishop, GA, Schuchmann, BG, and Stedman, DH. (2013). Heavy-duty truck emissions in the South Coast Air Basin of California. Environmental Science & Technology. 47: 9523–9529. https://doi.org/10.1021/es401487bGoogle Scholar

Bolden, AL, Kwiatkowski, CF, and Colborn, T. (2015). New look at BTEX: Are ambient levels a problem? Environmental Science & Technology. 49: 5261–5276. https://doi.org/10.1021/es505316fGoogle Scholar

Brandt, AR, Heath, GA, Kort, EA, O’Sullivan, F, Petron, G, Jordaan, SM, Tans, P, Wilcox, J, Gopstein, AM, Arent, D, Wofsy, S, Brown, NJ, Bradley, R, Stucky, GD, Eardley, D, and Harriss, RC. (2014). Methane leaks from North American natural gas systems. Science. 343: 733–735. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1247045Google Scholar

Brauer, M, Amann, M, Burnett, RT, Cohen, A, Dentener, F, Ezzati, M, Henderson, SB, Krzyzanowski, M, Martin, RV, Van Dingenen, R, van Donkelaar, A, and Thurston, GD. (2012). Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution. Environmental Science & Technology. 46: 652–660. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2025752Google Scholar

Brauer, M, Freedman, G, Frostad, J, van Donkelaar, A, Martin, RV, Dentener, F, Dingenen, R. van, Estep, K, Amini, H, Apte, JS, Balakrishnan, K, Barregard, L, Broday, D, Feigin, V, Ghosh, S, Hopke, PK, Knibbs, LD, Kokubo, Y, Liu, Y, Ma, S, Morawska, L, Sangrador, JLT, Shaddick, G, Anderson, HR, Vos, T, Forouzanfar, MH, Burnett, RT, and Cohen, A. (2016). Ambient air pollution exposure estimation for the global burden of disease 2013. Environmental Science & Technology. 50: 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03709Google Scholar

Bunch, AG, Perry, CS, Abraham, L, Wikoff, DS, Tachovsky, JA, Hixon, JG, Urban, JD, Harris, MA, and Haws, LC. (2014). Evaluation of impact of shale gas operations in the Barnett Shale region on volatile organic compounds in air and potential human health risks. Science Of the Total Environment. 468–469: 832–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2013.08.080Google Scholar

Burnett, RT, Pope III, CA, Ezzati, M, Olives, C, Lim, SS, Mehta, S, Shin, HH, Singh, G, Hubbell, B, Brauer, M, Anderson, HR, Smith, KR, Balmes, JR, Bruce, N, Kan, H, Laden, F, Pruss-Ustun, A, Turner, MC, Gapstur, SM, Diver, WR, and Cohen, A. (2014). An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives. 122: 397–403. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307049Google Scholar

Carlton, AG, Little, E, Moeller, M, Odoyo, S, and Shepson, PB. (2014). The data gap: Can a lack of monitors obscure loss of Clean Air Act benefits in fracking areas? Environmental Science & Technology. 48: 893–894. https://doi.org/dx.doi.org/10.1021/es405672tGoogle Scholar

Carter, WPL and Seinfeld, JH. (2012). Winter ozone formation and VOC incremental reactivites in the Upper Green River Basin of Wyoming. Atmospheric Environment. 50: 255–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheadle, LC, Oltmans, SJ, Petron, G, Schnell, RC, Mattson, EJ, Herndon, SC, Thompson, AM, Blake, DR, and McClure-Begley, A. (2017). Surface ozone in the Colorado northern Front Range and the influence of oil and gas development during FRAPPE/DISCOVER-AQ in summer 2014. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 5: 61. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.254Google Scholar

Clark, NA, Demers, PA, Karr, CJ, Koehoorn, M, Lencar, C, Tamburic, L, Brauer, M. (2010). Effect of early life exposure to air pollution on development of childhood asthma. Environmental Health Perspectives. 118: 284–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Correia, AW, Pope III, CA, Dockery, DW, Wang, Y, Ezzati, M, and Dominici, F. (2013). Effect of air pollution control on life expectancy in the United States: An analysis of 545 U.S. counties for the period from 2000 to 2007. Epidemiology, 24: 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182770237CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dallmann, TR, DeMartini, SJ, Kirchstetter, TW, Herndon, SC, Onasch, TB, Wood, EC, and Harley, RA. (2012). On-road measurements of gas and particle phase pollutant emission factors for individual heavy-duty diesel trucks. Environmental Science & Technology. 46: 8511–8518. https://doi.org/10.1021/es301936cGoogle Scholar

Di, Q, Wang, Yan, Zanobetti, A, Wang, Yun, Koutrakis, P, Choirat, C, Dominici, F, and Schwartz, JD. (2017). Air pollution and mortality in the Medicare population. New England Journal of Medicine. 376: 2513–2522. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1702747Google Scholar

Edie, R, Robertson, AM, Soltis, J, Field, RA, Snare, D, Burkhart, MD, and Murphy, SM. (2020). Off-site flux estimates of volatile organic compounds from oil and gas production facilities using fast-response instrumentation. Environmental Science & Technology. 54: 1385–1394. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05621Google Scholar

Edwards, PM, Young, CJ, Aikin, K, DeGouw, JA, Dube, WP, Geiger, F, Gilman, JB, Helmig, D, Holloway, JS, Kercher, J, Lerner, B, Martin, R, McLaren, R, Parrish, DD, Peischl, J, Roberts, JM, Ryerson, TB, Thornton, J, Warneke, C, Williams, EJ, and Brown, SS. (2013). Ozone photochemistry in an oil and natural gas extraction region during winter: Simulations of a snow-free season in the Uintah Basin, Utah. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 13: 8955–8971. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8955-2013CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edwards, PM, Brown, SS, Roberts, JM, Ahmadov, R, Banta, RM, de Gouw, JA, Dube, WP, Field, RA, Flynn, JH, Gilman, JB, Graus, M, Helmig, D, Koss, A, Langford, AO, Lefer, BL, Lerner, BM, Li, R, Li, S-M, McKeen, SA, Murphy, SM, Parrish, DD, Senff, CJ, Soltis, J, Stutz, J, Sweeney, C, Thompson, CR, Trainer, MK, Tsai, C, Veres, P, Washenfelder, RA, Warneke, C, Wild, RJ, Young, CJ, Yuan, B, and Zamora, R. (2014). High winter ozone production from carbonyl photolysis in an oil and gas basin. Nature. 514: 351–354. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13767Google Scholar

Fann, N, Baker, KR, Chan, EAW, Eyth, A, Macpherson, A, Miller, E, and Snyder, J. (2018). Assessing human health PM _2.5 and ozone impacts from U.S. oil and natural gas sector emissions in 2025. Environmental Science & Technology. 52: 8095–8103. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02050Google Scholar

Field, RA, Soltis, J, McCarthy, MC, Murphy, S, and Montague, DC. (2015). Influence of oil and gas field operations on spatial and temporal distributions of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons and their effect on ozone formation in winter. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 15: 3527–3542. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3527-2015Google Scholar

Fine, PM, Sioutas, C, and Solomon, PA. (2008). Secondary particulate matter in the United States: Insights from the particulate matter supersites program and related studies secondary particulate matter in the United States: Insights from the particulate matter supersites program and related studies. Journal of the Air Waste Management Association. 58: 234–253. https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.58.2.234Google Scholar

Gehring, U, Gruzieva, O, Agius, RM, Beelen, R, Custovic, A, Cyrys, J, Eeftens, M, Flexeder, C, Fuertes, E, Heinrich, J, Hoffmann, B, de Jongste, JC, Kerkhof, M, Klumper, C, Korek, M, Molter, A, Schultz, ES, Simpson, A, Sugiri, D, Svartengren, M, von Berg, A, Wijga, AH, Pershagen, G, and Brunekreef, B. (2013). Air Pollution Exposure and Lung Function in Children: The ESCAPE Project. Environmental Health Perspectives. 121: 1357–1364. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306770Google Scholar

Gilman, JB, Lerner, BM, Kuster, WC, and de Gouw, J. (2013). Source signature of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from oil and natural gas operations in northeastern Colorado. Environmental Science & Technology. 47: 1297–1305. https://doi.org/10.1021/es304119aCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Goetz, JD, Floerchinger, C, Fortner, EC, Wormhoudt, J, Massoli, P, Knighton, WB, Herndon, SC, Kolb, CE, Knipping, E, Shaw, SL, and DeCarlo, PF. (2015). Atmospheric Emission Characterization of Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Development Sites. Environmental Science & Technology. 49: 7012–7020. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00452Google Scholar

Grahame, TJ and Schlesinger, RB. (2010). Cardiovascular health and particulate vehicular emissions: A critical evaluation of the evidence. Air Quality and Atmospheric Health. 3: 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869–009-0047-xGoogle Scholar

Halliday, HS, Thompson, AM, Wisthaler, A, Blake, DR, Hornbrook, RS, Mikoviny, T, Müller, M, Eichler, P, Apel, EC, and Hills, AJ. (2016). Atmospheric benzene observations from oil and gas production in the Denver-Julesburg Basin in July and August 2014. Journal of Geophysical Research. 121: 11,055–11,074. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025327Google Scholar

Hanninen, O, Knol, AB, Jantunen, M, Lim, T-A, Conrad, A, Rappolder, M, Carrer, P, Fanetti, A-C, Kim, R, Buekers, J, Torfs, R, Iavarone, I, Classen, T, Hornberg, C, Mekel, OC, and Group EbW. (2014). Environmental burden of disease in Europe: Assessing Nine Risk Factors in Six Countries. Environmental Health Perspectives. 122: 439–446. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206154CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hecobian, A, Clements, AL, Shonkwiler, KB, Zhou, Y, MacDonald, LP, Hilliard, N, Wells, BL, Bibeau, B, Ham, JM, Pierce, JR, and Collett, JL. (2019). Air toxics and other volatile organic compound emissions from unconventional oil and gas development. Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 6: 720–726. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00591Google Scholar

Helmig, D, Thompson, CR, Evans, J, Boylan, P, Hueber, J, and Park, J-H. (2014). Highly elevated atmospheric levels of volatile organic compounds in the Uintah Basin, Utah. Environmental Science and Technology. 48: 4707–4715. https://doi.org/dx.doi.org/10.1021/es405046rCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hildebrandt, L, Donahue, NM, and Panids, SN. (2009). High formation of secondary organic aerosol from the photo-oxidation of toluene. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 9 2973–2986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holder, C, Hader, J, Avanasi, R, Hong, T, Carr, E, Mendez, B, Wignall, J, Glen, G, Guelden, B, and Wei, Y. (2019). Evaluating potential human health risks from modeled inhalation exposures to volatile organic compounds emitted from oil and gas operations. Journal of the Air Waste Management Association. 69: 1503–1524. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2019.1680459Google Scholar

Jerrett, M, Burnett, RT, Beckerman, BS, Turner, MC, Krewski, D, Thurston, G, Martin, RV, van Donkelaar, A, Hughes, E, Shi, Y, Gapstur, SM, Thun, MJ, and Pope III, CA. (2013). Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in California. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine. 188: 593–599. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201303-0609OCCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jimenez, JL, Canagaratna, MR, Donahue, NM, Prevot, ASH, Zhang, Q, Kroll, JH, DeCarlo, PF, Allan, JD, Coe, H, Ng, NL, Aiken, AC, Docherty, KS, Ulbrich, IM, Grieshop, AP, Robinson, AL, Duplissy, J, Smith, JD, Wilson, KR, Lanz, VA, Hueglin, C, Sun, YL, Tian, J, Laaksonen, A, Raatikainen, T, Rautiainen, J, Vaattovaara, P, Ehn, M, Kulmala, M, Tomlinson, JM, Collins, DR, Cubison, MJE, Dunlea, J, Huffman, JA, Onasch, TB, Alfarra, MR, Williams, PI, Bower, K, Kondo, Y, Schneider, J, Drewnick, F, Borrmann, S, Weimer, S, Demerjian, K, Salcedo, D, Cottrell, L, Griffin, R, Takami, A, Miyoshi, T, Hatakeyama, S, Shimono, A, Sun, JY, Zhang, YM, Dzepina, K, Kimmel, JR, Sueper, D, Jayne, JT, Herndon, SC, Trimborn, AM, Williams, LR, Wood, EC, Middlebrook, AM, Kolb, CE, Baltensperger, U, and Worsnop, DR. (2009). Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere. Science. 80(326): 1525–1529. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1180353Google Scholar

Johnson, D, Heltzel, R, and Oliver, D. (2019). Temporal variations in methane emissions from an unconventional well site. ACS Omega. 4: 3708–3715. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b03246CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kanakidou, M, Seinfeld, JH, Pandis, SN, Barnes, I, Dentener, FJ, Facchini, MC, Van Dingenen, R, Ervens, B, Nenes, A, Nielsen, CJ, Swietlicki, E, Putaud, JP, Balkanski, Y, Fuzzi, S, Horth, J, Moortgat, GK, Winterhalter, R, Myhre, CEL, Tsigaridis, K, Vignati, E, Stephanou, EG, and Wilson, J. (2005). Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: A review. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 5: 1053–1123.Google Scholar

Koss, A, Yuan, B, Warneke, C, Gilman, JB, Lerner, BM, Veres, PR, Peischl, J, Eilerman, S, Wild, R, Brown, SS, Thompson, CR, Ryerson, T, Hanisco, T, Wolfe, GM, St Clair, JM, Thayer, M, Keutsch, FN, Murphy, S, and De Gouw, J. (2017). Observations of VOC emissions and photochemical products over US oil- and gas-producing regions using high-resolution H3O+ CIMS (PTR-ToF-MS). Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 10: 2941–2968. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2941-2017CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kroepsch, AC, Maniloff, PT, Adgate, JL, McKenzie, LM, and Dickinson, KL. (2019). Environmental Justice in Unconventional Oil and Natural Gas Drilling and Production: A Critical Review and Research Agenda. Environmental Science & Technology. 53: 6601–6615. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b00209Google Scholar

Lefler, JS, Higbee, JD, Burnett, RT, Ezzati, M, Coleman, NC, Mann, DD, Marshall, JD, Bechle, M, Wang, Y, Robinson, AL, and Arden Pope, C. (2019). Air pollution and mortality in a large, representative U.S. cohort: Multiple-pollutant analyses, and spatial and temporal decompositions. Environmental Health. 18: 101. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940–019-0544-9Google Scholar

Li, SM, Leithead, A, Moussa, SG, Liggio, J, Moran, MD, Wang, D, Hayden, K, Darlington, A, Gordon, M, Staebler, R, Makar, PA, Stroud, CA, McLaren, R, Liu, PSK, O’Brien, J, Mittermeier, RL, Zhang, J, Marson, G, Cober, SG, Wolde, M, and Wentzell, JJB. (2017). Differences between measured and reported volatile organic compound emissions from oil sands facilities in Alberta, Canada. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 114: E3756–E3765. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617862114Google Scholar

Lyon, DR, Alvarez, RA, Zavala-Araiza, D, Brandt, AR, Jackson, RB, and Hamburg, SP. (2016). Aerial surveys of elevated hydrocarbon emissions from oil and gas production sites. Environmental Science & Technology. 50: 4877–4886. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00705Google Scholar

Marchese, AJ, Vaughn, TL, Zimmerle, DJ, Martinez, DM, Williams, LL, Robinson, AL, Mitchell, AL, Subramanian, R, Tkacik, DS, Roscioli, JR, and Herndon, SC. (2015). Methane emissions from United States natural gas gathering and processing. Environmental Science & Technology. 49: 10718−10727. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02275CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marrero, JE, Townsend-Small, A, Lyon, DR, Tsai, TR, Meinardi, S, and Blake, DR. (2016). Estimating emissions of toxic hydrocarbons from natural gas production sites in the Barnett Shale region of Northern Texas. Environmental Science & Technology. 50: 10756–10764. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02827Google Scholar

May, AA, Nguyen, NT, Presto, AA, Gordon, TD, Lipsky, EM, Karve, M, Gutierrez, A, Robertson, WH, Zhang, M, Brandow, C, Chang, O, Chen, S, Cicero-Fernandez, P, Dinkins, L, Fuentes, M, Huang, S-M, Ling, R, Long, J, Maddox, C, Massetti, J, McCauley, E, Miguel, A, Na, K, Ong, R, Pang, Y, Rieger, P, Sax, T, Truong, T, Vo, T, Chattopadhyay, S, Maldonado, H, Maricq, MM, and Robinson, AL. (2014). Gas- and particle-phase primary emissions from in-use, on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles. Atmospheric Environment. 88: 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.046Google Scholar

McDuffie, EE, Edwards, PM, Gilman, JB, Lerner, BM, Dubé, WP, Trainer, M, Wolfe, DE, Angevine, WM, deGouw, J, Williams, EJ, Tevlin, AG, Murphy, JG, Fischer, EV, McKeen, S, Ryerson, TB, Peischl, J, Holloway, JS, Aikin, K, Langford, AO, Senff, CJ, Alvarez, RJ, Hall, SR, Ullmann, K, Lantz, KO, and Brown, SS. (2016). Influence of oil and gas emissions on summertime ozone in the Colorado Northern Front Range. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 121: 8712–8729. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025265CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McKenzie, LM, Blair, B, Hughes, J, Allshouse, WB, Blake, NJ, Helmig, D, Milmoe, P, Halliday, H, Blake, DR, and Adgate, JL. (2018). Ambient nonmethane hydrocarbon levels along Colorado’s Northern Front Range: Acute and chronic health risks. Environmental Science & Technology. 52: 4514–4525. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05983CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mitchell, AL, Tkacik, DS, Roscioli, JR, Herndon, SC, Yacovitch, TI, Martinez, DM, Vaughn, TL, Williams, LL, Sullivan, MR, Floerchinger, C, Omara, M, Subramanian, R, Zimmerle, D, Marchese, AJ, and Robinson, AL. (2015). Measurements of methane emissions from natural gas gathering facilities and processing plants: Measurement results. Environmental Science & Technology. 49: 3219–3227. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5052809Google Scholar

Moore, CW, Zielinska, B, Petron, G, and Jackson, RB. (2014). Air impacts of increased natural gas acquisition, processing, and use: A critical review. Environmental Science & Technology. 48: 8349–8359. https://doi.org/dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4053472CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ng, NL, Kroll, JH, Chan, AWH, Chhabra, PS, Flagan, RC, and Seinfeld, JH. (2007). Secondary organic aerosol formation from m-xylene, toluene, and benzene. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 7: 3909–3922.Google Scholar

Oltmans, S, Schnell, R, Johnson, B, Pétron, G, Mefford, T, and Neely, R. (2014). Anatomy of wintertime ozone associated with oil and natural gas extraction activity in Wyoming and Utah. Elementa: Science of the Anthropecene. 2: 000024. https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000024Google Scholar

Omara, M, Sullivan, MR, Li, X, Subramian, R, Robinson, AL, and Presto, AA. (2016). Methane emissions from conventional and unconventional natural gas production sites in the Marcellus Shale Basin. Environmental Science & Technology. 50: 2099–2107. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05503CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Omara, M, Zimmerman, N, Sullivan, MR, Li, X, Ellis, A, Cesa, R, Subramanian, R, Presto, AA, and Robinson, AL. (2018). Methane emissions from natural gas production sites in the United States: Data synthesis and national estimate. Environmental Science & Technology. 52: 12915–12925. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03535Google Scholar

Pacsi, AP, Alhajeri, NS, Zavala-Araiza, D, Webster, MD, and Allen, DT. (2013). Regional air quality impacts of increased natural gas production and use in Texas. Environmental Science & Technology. 47. https://doi.org/10.1021/es3044714CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pacsi, AP, Kimura, Y, McGaughey, G, McDonald-Buller, EC, and Allen, DT. (2015). Regional ozone impacts of increased natural gas use in the Texas power sector and development in the Eagle Ford shale. Environmental Science & Technology. 49: 3966–3973. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1021/es5055012Google Scholar

Penard-Morand, C, Schillinger, C, Armengaud, A, Debotte, G, Chretien, E, and Annesi-Maesano, I. (2006). Assessment of schoolchildren’s exposure to traffic-related air pollution in the French Six Cities using a dispersion model. Atmospheric Environment. 40: 2274–2287.Google Scholar

Petron, G, Frost, G, Miller, BR, Hirsch, AI, Montzka, SA, Karion, A, Trainer, M, Sweeney, C, Andrews, AE, Miller, L, Kofler, J, Bar-lian, A, Dlugokencky, EJ, Patrick, L, Moore, CT Jr., Ryerson, TB, Siso, C, Kolodzey, W, Lang, PM, Conway, T, Novelli, P, Masarie, K, Hall, B, Guenther, D, Kitzis, D, Miller, J, Welsh, D, Wolfe, D, Neff, W, and Tans, P. (2012). Hydrocarbon emissions characterization in the Colorado Front Range: A pilot study. Journal of Geophysical Research. 117: D04304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016360Google Scholar

Pétron, G, Karion, A, Sweeney, C, Miller, BR, Montzka, SA, Frost, GJ, Trainer, M, Tans, P, Andrews, A, Kofler, J, Helmig, D, Guenther, D, Dlugokencky, E, Lang, P, Newberger, T, Wolter, S, Hall, B, Novelli, P, Brewer, A, Conley, S, Hardesty, M, Banta, R, White, A, Noone, D, Wolfe, D, and Schnell, R. (2014). A new look at methane and nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions from oil and natural gas operations in the Colorado Denver-Julesburg Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research. 119: 6836–6852. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021272Google Scholar

Pope, CA, Coleman, N, Pond, ZA, and Burnett, RT. (2019). Fine particulate air pollution and human mortality: 25+ years of cohort studies. Environmental Research. 108924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108924Google Scholar

Pope, CA III, Burnett, RT, Thun, MJ, Calle, EE, Krewski, D, Ito, K, and Thurston, GD. (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Journal of the American Medical Association. 287: 1132–1141.Google Scholar

Pope, CA III, Burnett, RT, Thurston, GD, Thun, MJ, Calle, EE, Krewski, D, and Godleski, JJ. (2004). Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: Epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease. Circulation. 109: 71–77.Google Scholar

Pope, CA III and Dockery, DW. (2006). Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect. Journal of the Air Waste Management Association. 56: 709–742.Google Scholar

Pope, CA III, Ezzati, M, and Dockery, DW. (2009). Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine. 360: 376–386.Google Scholar

Raaschou-Nielsen, O, Andersen, ZJ, Beelen, R, Samoli, E, Stafoggia, M, Weinmayr, G, Hoffmann, B, Fischer, P, Nieuwenhuijsen, MJ, Brunekreef, B, Xun, WW, Katsouyanni, K, Dimakopoulou, K, Sommar, J, Forsberg, B, Modig, L, Oudin, A, Oftedal, B, Schwarze, PE, Nafstad, P, De Faire, U, Pedersen, NL, Östenson, C-G, Fratiglioni, L, Penell, J, Korek, M, Pershagen, G, Eriksen, KT, Sørensen, M, Tjønneland, A, Ellermann, T, Eeftens, M, Peeters, PH, Meliefste, K, Wang, M, Bueno-de-Mesquita, B, Key, TJ, de Hoogh, K, Concin, H, Nagel, G, Vilier, A, Grioni, S, Krogh, V, Tsai, M-Y, Ricceri, F, Sacerdote, C, Galassi, C, Migliore, E, Ranzi, A, Cesaroni, G, Badaloni, C, Forastiere, F, Tamayo, I, Amiano, P, Dorronsoro, M, Trichopoulou, A, Bamia, C, Vineis, P, and Hoek, G. (2013). Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: Prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Lancet Oncology. 14: 813–822. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470–2045(13)70279-1Google Scholar

Rappenglück, B, Ackermann, L, Alvarez, S, Golovko, J, Buhr, M, Field, RA, Soltis, J, Montague, DC, Hauze, B, Adamson, S, Risch, D, Wilkerson, G, Bush, D, Stoeckenius, T, and Keslar, C. (2014). Strong wintertime ozone events in the Upper Green River basin, Wyoming. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 14: 4909–4934. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4909-2014Google Scholar

Roohani, YH, Roy, AA, Heo, J, Robinson, AL, and Adams, PJ. (2017). Impact of natural gas development in the Marcellus and Utica shales on regional ozone and fine particulate matter levels. Atmospheric Environment. 155: 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.01.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roy, AA, Adams, PJ, and Robinson, AL. (2014). Air pollutant emissions from the development, production, and processing of Marcellus Shale natural gas. Journal Of the Air Waste Management Association. 64: 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2013.826151Google Scholar

Schildcrout, JS, Sheppard, L, Lumley, T, Slaughter, JC, Koenig, JQ, and Shapiro, GG. (2006). Ambient air pollution and asthma exacerbations in children: An eight-city analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology. 164: 505–517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schnell, RC, Oltmans, SJ, Neely, RR, Endres, MS, Molenar, JV, and White, AB. (2009). Rapid photochemical production of ozone at high concentrations in a rural site during winter. Nature Geoscience. 2: 120–122. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO415Google Scholar

Seinfeld, JH and Pandis, SN. (2006). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Shekarrizfard, M, Valois, M-F, Weichenthal, S, Goldberg, MS, Fallah-Shorshani, M, Cavellin, LD, Crouse, D, Parent, M-E, and Hatzopoulou, M. (2018). Investigating the effects of multiple exposure measures to traffic-related air pollution on the risk of breast and prostate cancer. Journal of Transport and Health. 11: 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JTH.2018.09.006Google Scholar

Su, JG, Jerrett, M, Beckerman, B, Wilhelm, M, Ghosh, JK, and Ritz, B. (2009). Predicting traffic-related air pollution in Los Angeles using a distance decay regression selection strategy. Environmental Research. 109: 657–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.06.001Google Scholar

Subramanian, R, Williams, LL, Vaughn, TL, Zimmerle, D, Roscioli, JR, Herndon, SC, Yacovitch, TI, Floerchinger, C, Tkacik, DS, Mitchell, AL, Sullivan, MR, Dallmann, TR, and Robinson, AL. (2015). Methane emissions from natural gas compressor stations in the transmission and storage sector: Measurements and comparisons with the EPA greenhouse gas reporting program protocol. Environmental Science & Technology. 49: 3252–3261. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5060258Google Scholar

Swarthout, RF, Russo, RS, Zhou, Y, Miller, BM, Mitchell, B, Horsman, E, Lipsky, E, McCabe, DC, Baum, E, and Sive, BC. (2015). Impact of Marcellus Shale natural gas development in Southwest Pennsylvania on volatile organic compound emissions and regional air quality. Environmental Science & Technology. 49: 3175–3184. https://doi.org/10.1021/es504315fGoogle Scholar

Tan, Y, Dallmann, TR, Robinson, AL, and Presto, AA. (2016). Application of plume analysis to build land use regression models from mobile sampling to improve model transferability. Atmospheric Environment. 134: 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.032Google Scholar

Tan, Y, Lipsky, EM, Saleh, R, Robinson, AL, and Presto, AA. (2014). Characterizing the spatial variation of air pollutants and the contributions of high emitting vehicles in Pittsburgh, PA. Environmental Science & Technology. 48: 14186–14194. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5034074CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vinciguerra, T, Yao, S, Dadzie, J, Chittams, A, Deskins, T, Ehrman, S, and Dickerson, RR. (2015). Regional air quality impacts of hydraulic fracturing and shale natural gas activity: Evidence from ambient VOC observations. Atmospheric Environment. 110: 144–150. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.056CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Warneke, C, Geiger, F, Edwards, PM, Dube, W, Petron, G, Kofler, J, Zahn, A, Brown, SS, Graus, M, Gilman, J, Lerner, B, Peischl, J, Ryerson, TB, de Gouw, JA, and Roberts, JM. (2014). Volatile organic compound emissions from the oil and natural gas industry in the Uinta Basin, Utah: Oil and gas well pad emissions compared to ambient air composition. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 14: 10977–10988. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10977-2014Google Scholar

Zavala-Araiza, D, Lyon, D, Alvarez, RA, Palacios, V, Harriss, R, Lan, X, Talbot, R, and Hamburg, SP. (2015). Toward a functional definition of methane super-emitters: Application to natural gas production sites. Environmental Science & Technology. 49: 8167–8174. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00133CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zimmerle, DJ, Williams, LL, Vaughn, TL, Quinn, C, Subramanian, R, Duggan, GP, Willson, B, Opsomer, JD, Marchese, AJ, Martinez, DM, and Robinson, AL. (2015). Methane emissions from the natural gas transmission and storage system in the United States. Environmental Science & Technology. 49: 9374–9383. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01669Google Scholar

Alvarez, RA, Pacala, SW, Winebrake, JJ, Chameides, WL, and Hamburg, SP. (2012). Greater focus needed on methane leakage from natural gas infrastructure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109: 6435–6440, doi:10.1073/pnas.1202407109Google Scholar

Alvarez, RA, Zavalao-Araiza, D, Lyon, DR, Allen, DT, Barkley, ZR, Brandt, AR, Davis, KJ, Herndon, SC, Jacob, DJ, Karion, A, Korts, EA, Lamb, BK, Lauvaux, T, Maasakkers, JD, Marchese, AJ, Omara, M, Pacala, JW, Peischl, J, Robinson, AJ, Shepson, PB, Sweeney, C, Townsend-Small, A, Wofsy, SC, and Hamburg, SP. (2018). Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science. 361: 186–188, doi:10.1126/science.aar7204Google ScholarPubMed

Begon, M, Howarth, RW, and Townsend, C. (2014). Essentials of Ecology, 4th Edition. Wiley. ISBN-13: 978-0470909133Google Scholar

Caulton, DR, Shepson, PD, Santoro, RL, Sparks, JP, Howarth, RW, Ingraffea, A, Camaliza, MO, Sweeney, C, Karion, A, Davis, KJ, Stirm, BH, Montzka, SA, and Miller, B. (2014). Toward a better understanding and quantification of methane emissions from shale gas development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111: 6237–6242, doi:10.1073/pnas.1316546111Google Scholar

Collins, WJ, Webber, CP, Cox, PM, Huntingford, C, Lowe, J, Sitch, S, Chadburn, SE, Comyn-Platt, E, Harper, AB, Hayman, G, and Powell, T. (2018). Increased importance of methane reduction for a 1.5 degree target. Environmental Research Letters. 13: 054003, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab89cGoogle Scholar

Fesenfeld, LP, Schmidt, TS, and Schrode, A. (2018). Climate policy for short- and long-lived pollutants. Nature Climate Change. 8: 933–936, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0328-1Google Scholar

Hausfather, Z. (2018). Analysis: How much ‘carbon budget’ is left to limit global warming to 1.5C? Carbon Brief www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-how-much-carbon-budget-is-left-to-limit-global-warming-to-1-5cGoogle Scholar

Hayhoe, K, Kheshgi, HS, Jain, AK, Wuebbles, DJ. (2002). Substitution of natural gas for coal: Climatic effects of utility sector emissions. Climatic Change. 54: 107–139Google Scholar

Hmiel, B, Petrenko, VV, Dyonisius, MN et al. (2020). Preindustrial ¹⁴CH₄ indicates greater anthropogenic fossil CH₄ emissions. Nature. 578: 409–412, doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1991-8Google Scholar

Hong, B and Howarth, RW. (2016). Greenhouse gas emissions from domestic hot water: heat pumps compared to most commonly used systems. Energy Science & Engineering. 4: 123–133, doi:10.1002/ese3.112Google Scholar

Howarth, RW. (2014). A bridge to nowhere: Methane emissions and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas. Energy Science & Engineering. 2: 47–60, doi:10.1002/ese3.35CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Howarth, RW. (2019). Ideas and perspectives: Is shale gas a major driver of recent increase in global atmospheric methane? Biogeosciences. 16: 3033–3046, doi:10.5194/bg-16-3033-2019Google Scholar

Howarth, RW. (2019a). Interactive comment on “Is shale gas a major driver of recent increase in global atmospheric methane” by Robert W. Howarth et al. Biogeosciences Discussion, doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-131-AC3CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Howarth, RW. (2020). Methane emissions from fossil fuels: Exploring recent changes in greenhouse-gas reporting requirements for the State of New York. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2020.1789666Google Scholar

Howarth, RW, Santoro, R, and Ingraffea, A. (2011). Methane and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations. Climatic Change Letters. 106: 679–690, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0061-5Google Scholar

Howarth, RW, Santoro, R, and Ingraffea, A. (2012). Venting and leakage of methane from shale gas development: Reply to Cathles et al. Climatic Change. 113: 537–549, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0401-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ingraffea, AR, Wawrzynek, PA, Santoro, R, Wells, M. (2020). Reported methane emissions from active oil and gas wells in Pennsylvania, 2014–2018. Environmental Science & Technology. 54: 5783–5789, doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c00863Google Scholar

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/Google Scholar

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2018). Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Karion, A, Sweeney, C, Pétron, G, Frost, G, Hardesty, RM, Kofler, J, Miller, BR, Newberger, T, Wolter, S, Banta, R, and Brewer, A. (2013). Methane emissions estimate from airborne measurements over a western United States natural gas field. Geophysical Research Letters. 40: 4393–4397, doi:10.1002/grl.50811, 2013.Google Scholar

Karion, A, Sweeney, C, Kort, EA, Shepson, PB, Brewer, A, Cambaliza, M, et al. (2015). Aircraft-based estimate of total methane emissions from the Barnett Shale region. Environmental Science & Technology. 49: 8124–8131, doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b00217Google Scholar

Kessel, JM and Tabuchi, H. (2019). It’s a vast, invisible climate menace: We made it visible. New York Times, December 12, 2019, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/12/climate/texas-methane-super-emitters.htmlGoogle Scholar

Kirschke, S, Bousquest, P, Ciais, P, Saunois, M, Canadell, J, Dlugokencky, EJ, Beramaschi, P, Beergmann, D, Blake, D, et al. (2013). Three decades of global methane sources and sinks. Nature Geosciences. 6: 813–823, doi:10.1038/ngeo1955Google Scholar

Lamb, BK, Cambaliza, M, Davis, K, Edburg, S, Ferrara, T, Floerchinger, C, Heimburger, A, Herndon, S, Lauvaux, T, Lavoie, T, Lyon, D, Miles, N, Prasad, K, Richardson, S, Roscioli, J, Salmon, O, Shepson, P, Stirm, B, and Whetstone, J. (2016). Direct and indirect measurements and modeling of methane emissions in Indianapolis, Indiana. Environmental Science & Technology. 50: 8910–8917, doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b01198Google Scholar

Lassey, KR, Etheridge, DM, Lowe, DC, Smith, AM, and Ferretti, DF. (2007). Centennial evolution of the atmospheric methane budget: What do the carbon isotopes tell us? Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 7: 2119–2139, doi:10.5194/acp-7-2119-2007Google Scholar

Lavelle, M. (2019). Trump EPA tries again to roll back methane rules for oil and gas industry. Inside Climate News, August 30, 2019. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29082019/methane-regulation-oil-gas-storage-pipelines-epa-rollback-trump-wheelerGoogle Scholar

McKain, K, Down, A, Raciti, S, Budney, J, Hutyra, LR, Floerchinger, C, Herndon, SC, Nehrkorn, T, Zahniser, M, Jackson, R, Phillips, N, and Wofsy, S. (2015). Methane emissions from natural gas infrastructure and use in the urban region of Boston, Massachusetts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112: 1941–1946, doi:10.1073/pnas.1416261112Google Scholar

Milkov, AV, Schwietzke, S, Allen, G, Sherwood, OA, and Etiope, G. (2020). Using global isotopic data to constrain the role of shale gas production in recent increases in atmospheric methane. Scientific Reports. 10: 4199.Google Scholar

Miller, SM, Wofsy, SC, Michalak, AM, Kort, EA, Andrews, AE, Biraud, SC, Dlugokencky, EJ, Janusz Eluszkiewicz, J, Fischer, ML, Janssens-Maenhout, G, Miller, BR, Miller, JB, Montzka, SA, Nehrkorn, T, and Sweeney, C. (2013). Anthropogenic emissions of methane in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110: 20018–20022, doi:10.1073/pnas.1314392110Google Scholar

Ocko, IB, Hamburg, SP, Jacob, DJ, Keith, DW, Keohane, NO et al. (2017). Unmask temporal trade-offs in climate policy debates. Science. 356: 492–493, doi:10.1126/science.aaj2350Google Scholar

Pandey, S, Gautam, R, Houweling, S, van der Gon, HD, Sadavarte, P, Borsdorff, T, Hasekamp, O, Landgraf, J, Tol, P, van Kempen, T, Hoogeveen, R, van Hees, R, Hamburg, SP, Maasakkers, JD, and Ilse, Aben. (2019). Satellite observations reveal extreme methane leakage from a natural gas well blowout. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116: 26376–26381. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908712116Google Scholar

Peischl, J, Ryerson, T, Brioude, J, Aikin, K, Andrews, A, Atlas, E et al. (2013). Quantifying sources of methane using light alkanes in the Los Angeles basin. California. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 118: 4974–4990, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50413Google Scholar

Peischl, J, Ryerson, T, Aikin, K, de Gouw, J, Gilman, J, Holloway, J et al. (2015). Quantifying atmospheric methane emissions from the Haynesville, Fayetteville, and northeastern Marcellus Shale gas production regions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 120: 2119–2139, doi:10.1002/2014JD022697Google Scholar

Peischl, J, Karion, A, Sweeney, C, Kort, E, Smith, M, Brandt, A et al. (2016). Quantifying atmospheric methane emissions from oil and natural gas production in the Bakken Shale region of North Dakota. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 121: 6101–6111, doi:10.1002/2015JD024631Google Scholar

Peischl, J, Eilerman, S, Neuman, J, Aikin, K, de Gouw, J, Gilman, J et al. (2018). Quantifying methane and ethane emissions to the atmosphere from central and western U.S. oil and natural gas production regions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 123: 7725–7740, doi:10.1029/2018JD028622Google Scholar

Petrenko, V, Smith, A, Schaefer, H et al. (2017). Minimal geological methane emissions during the Younger Dryas–Preboreal abrupt warming event. Nature. 548: 443–446, doi:10.1038/nature23316Google Scholar

Plant, G, Kort, EA, Floerchinger, C, Gvakharia, A, Vimont, I, and Sweeney, C. (2019). Large fugitive methane emissions from urban centers along the US east coast. Geophysical Research Letters. 46: 8500–8507, doi:10.1029/2019GL082635Google Scholar

Ren, X, Hall, D, Vinciguerra, T, Benish, S, Stratton, P, Ahn, D et al. (2019). Methane emissions from the Marcellus Shale in Southwestern Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia based on airborne measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 124: 1862–1878, doi:10.1029/2018JD029690Google Scholar

Schaefer, H, Mikaloff-Fletcher, S, Veid, C. Lassey, K, Brailsford, G, Bromley, T, Dlubokenck, E, Michel, S, Miller, J, Levin, I, Lowe, D, Martin, R, Vaugn, B, and White, J. (2016). A 21st century shift from fossil-fuel to biogenic methane emissions indicated by ¹³CH₄. Science. 352: 80–84, doi:10.1126/science.aad2705.Google Scholar

Schwietzke, S, Sherwood, O, Bruhwiler, L, Miller, J, Etiiope, G, Dlugokencky, E, Michel, S, Arling, V, Vaughn, B, White, J, and Tans, P. (2016). Upward revision of global fossil fuel methane emissions based on isotope database. Nature. 538: 88–91, doi:10.1038/nature19797CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schneising, O, Burrows, JP, Dickerson, RR, Buchwitz, M, Reuter, M, and Bovensmann, H. (2014). Remote sensing of fugitive emissions from oil and gas production in North American tight geological formations. Earth’s Future. 2: 548–558, doi:10.1002/2014EF000265Google Scholar

Schneising, O, Buchwitz, M, Reuter, M, Vanselow, S, Bovensmann, H, and Burrows, JP. (2020). Remote sensing of methane leakage from natural gas and petroleum systems revisited. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 20: 9169–9183.Google Scholar

Shindell, D, Kuylenstierna, JC, Vignati, E, van Dingenen, R, Amann, M, Klimont, Z, Anenberg, SC, Muller, N, Janssens-Maenhout, G, Raes, R, Schwartz, J, Falvegi, G, Pozzoli, L, Kupiainent, K, Höglund-Isaksson, L, Emberson, L, Streets, D, Ramanathan, V, Kicks, K, Oanh, NT, Milly, G, Williams, M, Demkine, V, and Fowler, D. (2012). Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security. Science. 335: 183–189, doi:10.1126/science.1210026Google Scholar

Townsend-Small, A. (2022). Isotopes as tracers of atmospheric and groundwater methane sources. In Stolz, JF, Griffin, WM, and Bain, DJ (eds.) Environmental Impacts from the Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas Reserves. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Turner, AJ, Jacob, DJ, Benmergui, J, Wofsy, SC, Maasakker, JD, Butz, A, Haekamp, O, and Biraud, SC. (2016). A large increase in US methane emissions over the past decade inferred from satellite data and surface observations, Geophysical Research Letters. 43: 2218–2224, doi:10.1002/2016GL067987Google Scholar

US Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2020). Cattle Inventory. National Agricultural Statistics Service, US Department of Agriculture. www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Cattle_Inventory/ downloaded August 28, 2020.Google Scholar

US Energy Information Administration (US EIA). (2016). Shale gas production drives world natural gas production growth. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=27512, downloaded September 13, 2018.Google Scholar

US EIA. (2020a). How much shale gas is produced in the United States? Energy Information Agency, U.S. Department of Energy. www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=907&t=8, downloaded November 13, 2020.Google Scholar

US EIA. (2020b). Natural Gas: Dry Shale Gas Production Estimates by Play. Energy Information Agency, U.S. Department of Energy. www.eia.gov/naturalgas/data.php, downloaded September 9, 2020.Google Scholar

US EPA. (2011). Regulatory Impact Analysis: Proposed New Source Performance Standards and Amendments to the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for the Oil and Gas Industry. July 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation.Google Scholar

US EPA. (2016). Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Emission Standards for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, final rule, 40 CFR Part 60, EPA–HQ–OAR–2010–0505; FRL–9944–75– OAR, RIN 2060–AS30. Federal Register 81 (#107): 35824-35942. www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2016-06-03/pdf/2016-11971.pdfGoogle Scholar

Vaughn, TL, Bella, CS, Picering, CK, Schwietzke, S, Heath, GA, Pétron, G, Zimmerle, DJ, Schnell, RC, and Nummedal, D. (2018). Temporal variability largely explains top-down/bottom-up difference in methane emission estimates from a natural gas production region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115: 11712–11717, doi:10.1073/pnas.1805687115Google Scholar

Worden, J, Bloom, A, Pandey, S, Jiang, Z, Worden, H, Walter, T, Houweling, S, and Röckmann, T. (2017). Reduced biomass burning emissions reconcile conflicting estimates of the post-2006 atmospheric methane budget. Nature Communications. 8: 2227, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02246-0, 2017.Google Scholar

Wunch, D, Toon, G, Hedelius, J, Vizenor, N, Roehl, C, Saad, K, Blavier, J, Blake, D, and Wennberg, P. (2016). Quantifying the loss of processed natural gas within California’s South Coast Air Basin using long-term measurements of the ethane and methane. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 16: 14091–14105, doi:10.5194/acp-16-14091-2016Google Scholar

Zhang, Y, Gautam, R, Pandey, S, Omara, M, Maasakkers, J, Sadavarte, P, Lyon, D et al. (2020). Quantifying methane emissions from the largest oil-producing basin in the United States from space. Science Advances. 6(17): eaaz5120 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz5120Google Scholar

Allison, E and Mandler, B. (2018). Petroleum and the Environment. American Geosciences Institute. https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/petroleum-environmentGoogle Scholar

Ates, N, Yetis, U, and Kitis, M. (2007). Effects of bromide ion and natural organic matter fractions on the formation and speciation of chlorination by-products. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 133: 947–954.Google Scholar

AWWA. (2013). Water and hydraulic fracturing. Available at www.spe.org/jpt/print/archives/2010/12/10Hydraulic.pdf. [Accessed February 24, 2020].Google Scholar

AWWA Research Foundation. (1996). Internal Corrosion of Water Distribution Systems. Second Ed., Denver.Google Scholar

Bair, ES and Digel, RK. (1990). Subsurface transport of inorganic and organic solutes from experimental road spreading of oil-field brine. Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation. 10: 94–105. Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1990.tb00008.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bidwell, JR, Farris, JL, and Cherry, DS. (1995). Comparative response of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, and the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, to DGH/QUAT, a nonoxidizing molluscicide. Aquatic Toxicology. 33: 183–200.Google Scholar

Chang, EE, Lin, YP, and Chiang, PC. (2001). Effects of bromide on the formation of THMs and HAAs. Chemosphere. 43: 1029–1034.Google Scholar

Clark, CE and Veil, JA (2009). Produced Water Volumes and Management Practices in the United States. U.S. Department of Energy.Google Scholar

Clark, JE, Bonura, DK, and Vorhees, RF. (2006). An overview of injection well history in the United States of America. In Tsang, C-F and Apps, JA (eds.) Underground Injection: Science and Technology. Elsevier, pp. 3–12.Google Scholar

Cowman, GA and Singer, PC. (1996). Effect of bromide ion on haloacetic acid speciation resulting from chlorination and chloramination of aquatic humic substances. Environmental Science & Technology. 30: 16–24.Google Scholar

Eaton, LJ, Hoyle, J, and King, A. (1999). Effect of deicing salt on lowbush blueberry flowering and yield. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 79: 125–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckstein, Y. (2011). Is use of oil-field brine as a dust-abating agent really benign? Tracing the source and flowpath of contamination by oil brine in a shallow phreatic aquifer. Environmental Earth Science. 63: 201–214.Google Scholar

Ellsworth, WL (2013) Injection-induced earthquakes. Science. 341(6142). Available at https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225942 [Accessed March 12, 2020].Google Scholar

Elshahed, MS, Najar, FZ, Roe, BA, Oren, A, Dewers, TA, and Krumholz, LR. (2004). Survey of archaeal diversity reveals an abundance of halophilic Archaea in a low-salt, sulfide- and sulfur-rich spring. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 70: 2230–2239.Google Scholar

Ferrar, KJ, Michanowicz, DR, Christen, CL, Mulcahy, N, Malone, SL, and Sharma, RK. (2013). Assessment of effluent contaminants from three facilities discharging Marcellus shale wastewater to surface waters in Pennsylvania. Environmental Science & Technology. 47(7): 3472–3481.Google Scholar

Gallegos, TJ, Varela, BA, Haines, SS, and Engle, MA. (2015). Hydraulic fracturing water use variability in the United States and potential environmental implications. Water Resources Research. 51: 5839–5845.Google Scholar

Government of Canada. (2007). Priority substances list assessment report for road salts. Available at www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/environmental-workplace-health/reports-publications/environmental-contaminants/canadian-environmental-protection-act-1999-priority-substances-list-assessment-report-road-salts.html [Accessed February 11, 2020].Google Scholar

Greenstone, M. (2018). Fracking Has Its Costs And Benefits: The Trick Is Balancing Them. Forbes. Available at www.forbes.com/sites/ucenergy/2018/02/20/fracking-has-its-costs-and-benefits-the-trick-is-balancing-them/#1075fe8e19b4 [Accessed February 24, 2020].Google Scholar

Griswold, E. (2011). The Fracturing of Pennsylvania. New York Times. Available at www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/magazine/fracking-amwell-township.html [Accessed February 24, 2020].Google Scholar

Groffman, PM, Gold, AJ, and Howard, G. (1995). Hydrologic tracer effects on soil microbial activities. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 59: 478–481.Google Scholar

Hart, BT, Bailey, P, Edwards, R, Hortle, K, James, K, McMahon, A, Meredith, C, and Swadling, K. (1991). A review of the salt sensitivity of the Australian freshwater biota. Hydrobiologia. 210: 105–144.Google Scholar

Hayes, T. (2009). Sampling and Analysis of Water Streams Associated with the Development of Marcellus Shale gas. Prepared for Marcellus Shale Coalition. Available at https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/sampling-and-analysis-of-water-streams-associated-with-the-development-of-marcellus-shale-gas/resource/4a092e1c-f824-4ecf-8562-0556cd52e353/download/MSCommission-Report.pdf.Google Scholar

Hellergrossman, L, Manka, J, Limonirelis, B, and Rebhun, M. (1993). Formation and distribution of haloacetic acids, THM, and TOX in chlorination of bromide-rich lake water. Water Research. 27: 1323–1331.Google Scholar

Hong, PKA and Macauley, Y-Y. (1998). Corrosion and leaching of copper tubing exposed to chlorinated drinking water. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 108: 457–471.Google Scholar

Horton, S (2012) Disposal of hydrofracking waste fluid by injection into subsurface aquifers triggers earthquake swarm in central Arkansas with potential for damaging earthquake. Seismology Research Letters. 83: 250–260.Google Scholar

Institute of Medicine. (2014). Health Impact Assessment of Shale Gas Extraction. National Academies Press.Google Scholar

Kappel, WM, Williams, JH, and Szabo, Z. (2013). Water Resources and Shale Gas/Oil Production in the Appalachian Basin-Critical Issues and Evolving Developments. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1137. 12p. Available at: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1137/pdf/ofr2013-1137.pdfGoogle Scholar

Kaushal, S, Groffman, PM, Likens, GE, Belt, KT, Stack, WP, Kelly, VR, Band, LE, and Fisher, GT. (2005). Increased salinization of fresh water in the northeastern United States. Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Sciences. 102: 13517–13520.Google Scholar

Kondash, AJ, Albright, E, and Vengosh, A. (2017). Quantity of flowback and produced waters from unconventional oil and gas exploration. Science of the Total Environment. 574: 314–321.Google Scholar

Kondash, A. J. Lauer, NE, and Vengosh, A. (2018). The intensification of the water footprint of hydraulic fracturing. Science Advances. 4(8).Google Scholar

Koplos, J. Tuccillo, ME, and Ranalli, B. (2014). Hydraulic fracturing overview: How, where, and its role in oil and gas. Journal of the American Water Works Association. 106: 38–46.Google Scholar

Kuwayama, Y, Olmstead, S, and Krupnick, A. (2015). Water quality and quantity impacts of hydraulic fracturing. Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports. 2: 17–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liang, L and Singer, PC. (2003). Factors influencing the formation and relative distribution of haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes in drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology. 37: 2920–2928.Google Scholar

Lin, Z, Lin, T, Lim, SH, Hove, MH, and Schuh, WM. (2018). Impacts of Bakken shale oil development on regional water uses and supply. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 54: 225–239.Google Scholar

Lutz, BD, Lewis, AN, and Doyle, MW. (2013). Generation, transport, and disposal of wastewater associated with Marcellus Shale gas development. Water Resources Research. 49: 647–656.Google Scholar

Maloney, KO, Young, JA, Faulkner, SP, Hailegiorgis, A, Slonecker, ET, and Milheim, LE. (2018). A detailed risk assessment of shale gas development on headwater streams in the Pennsylvania portion of the Upper Susquehanna River Basin, U.S.A. Science of the Total Environment. 610–611: 154–166.Google Scholar

Mitchell, AL, Small, M, and Casman, EA. (2013). Surface water withdrawals for Marcellus shale gas development: Performance of alternative regulatory approaches in the upper Ohio river basin. Environmental Science & Technology. 47: 12669–12678.Google Scholar

Murray, KE. (2013). State-scale perspective on water use and production associated with oil and gas operations, Oklahoma, U.S. Environmental Science & Technology. 47: 4918–4925.Google Scholar

Muylwyk, Q, Sandvig, A, and Snoeyink, V. (2014). Developing corrosion control for drinking water systems. Opflow. 40: 24–27.Google Scholar

Nagpal, NK, Levy, SA, MacDonald, DD, and Ministry of Environment Canada B. C. (2003). Water Quality: Ambient water quality guidelines for choride – overview report. Available at www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/BCguidelines/chloride/chloride.html.Google Scholar

National Academies of Sciences. (2017). Flowback and Produced Waters: Opportunities and Challenges for Innovation: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press.Google Scholar

National Geographic. (2013). How hydraulic fracturing works. National Geographic Magazine Available at www.nationalgeographic.org/media/how-hydraulic-fracturing-works/ [Accessed February 24, 2020].Google Scholar

National Research Council. (2014). Risks and Risk Governance in Shale Gas Development. National Academies Press.Google Scholar

NGWA. (2013). Water wells in proximity to natural gas or oil development. Available at www.ntllabs.com [Accessed February 24, 2020].Google Scholar

Nicot, JP and Scanlon, BR. (2012). Water use for shale-gas production in Texas, U.S. Environmental Science & Technology. 46: 3580–3586.Google Scholar

Nielsen, DL, Brock, MA, Rees, GN, and Baldwin, DS. (2003). Effects of increasing salinity on freshwater ecosystems in Australia. Australian Journal of Botany. 51: 655–665. Available at www.publish.csiro.au/paper/BT02115.htm.Google Scholar

North Dakota State Water Commission. (2019). North Dakota Fracking & Water Facts. Available at www.swc.nd.gov/pdfs/fracking_water_use.pdf [Accessed February 24, 2020].Google Scholar

Nunez, C. (2015). Fracking, quakes, and drinking water: Your questions answered. National Geographic Magazine Available at www.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2015/07/150723-fracking-questions-answered/#close [Accessed February 24, 2020].Google Scholar

Nunez, C. (2013). How has fracking changed our future? National Geographic Magazine Available at: www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/great-energy-challenge/big-energy-question/how-has-fracking-changed-our-future/#close [Accessed February 24, 2020].Google Scholar

NYS DEC. (1999). An Investigation of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Oil and Gas Wells in New York State. Available at www.dec.ny.gov/docs/materials_minerals_pdf/normrpt.pdf.Google Scholar

PA DEP. (2018a). 2018 Oil and Gas Annual Report. Available at www.depgis.state.pa.us/2018OilGasAnnualReport/index.html [Accessed January 2, 2020].Google Scholar

PA DEP. (2018b). Oil and gas reports. Available at www.dep.pa.gov/DataandTools/Reports/Oil and Gas Reports/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed January 2, 2020].Google Scholar

PA DEP. (2016). www.elibrary.dep.state.pa.us/dsweb/Get/Document-112658/Pennsylvania%20Department%20of%20Environmental%20Protection%20TENORM%20Study%20Report%20Rev%201.pdfGoogle Scholar

PA DEP. (2011). Proposed Rulemaking [25 PA. CODE CH. 95] Wastewater treatment requirements [39 Pa.B. 6467]. Available at www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol39/39-45/2065.html.Google Scholar

Richardson, SD, Plewa, MJ, Wagner, ED, Schoeny, R, and DeMarini, DM. (2007). Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research. Mutation Research. 636: 178–242.Google Scholar

Rosa, L, Rulli, MC, Davis, KF, and D’Odorico, P. (2018). The water-energy nexus of hydraulic fracturing: A global hydrologic analysis for shale oil and gas extraction. Earth’s Future. 6: 745–756.Google Scholar

Rosenblum, J, Nelson, AW, Ruyle, B, Schultz, MK, Ryan, JN, and Linden, KG. (2017). Temporal characterization of flowback and produced water quality from a hydraulically fractured oil and gas well. Science of the Total Environment. 596–597: 369–377.Google Scholar

Ross, N and Luu, P. (2012). Hydraulic fracturing and water resources: Separating the frack from the fiction. Available at www.pacinst.orgphone:510.251.1600Facsimile:510.251.2203 [Accessed February 24, 2020].Google Scholar

Scanlon, BR, Reedy, RC, and Nicot, JP. (2014). Comparison of water use for hydraulic fracturing for unconventional oil and gas versus conventional oil. Environmental Science & Technology. 48: 12386–12393.Google Scholar

Soeder, DJ and Kappel, WM. (2009). Water resources and natural gas production from the Marcellus Shale. Available at http://geology.com/articles/marcellus-shale.shtml [Accessed February 18, 2020].Google Scholar

States, S, Cyprych, G, Stoner, M, Wydra, F, Kuchta, J, Monnell, J, and Casson, L. (2013). Brominated THMs in drinking water: A possible link to Marcellus Shale and other wastewaters. Journal of the American Water Works Association. 105: E432–E448. Available at www.awwa.org/publications/journal-awwa/abstract/articleid/38156568.aspx [Accessed June 8, 2017].Google Scholar

Stone, J. (2017). Fracking is dangerous to your health: Here’s why. Forbes. Available at www.forbes.com/sites/judystone/2017/02/23/fracking-is-dangerous-to-your-health-heres-why/#45a60fd75945 [Accessed February 24, 2020].Google Scholar

Tasker, TL, Burgos, WD, Piotrowski, P, Castillo-Meza, L, Blewett, TA, Ganow, KB, Stallworth, A, Delompré, PLM, Goss, GG, Fowler, LB, Vanden Heuvel, JP, Dorman, F, and Warner, NR. (2018). Environmental and human health impacts of spreading oil and gas wastewater on roads. Environmental Science & Technology. 52: 7081–7091.Google Scholar

US EPA. (1988). Ambient Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria for Chloride. Washington, DCGoogle Scholar

US EPA. (2015). Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas on Drinking Water Resources. Washington, DC.Google Scholar

US EPA. (2001). Class I underground injection control program: Study of the risks associated with class I underground injection wells. Available at www.epa.gov/safewater [Accessed January 2, 2020].Google Scholar

US EPA Science Advisory Board. (2016). SAB review of the EPA’s draft assessment of the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas on drinking water resources.Google Scholar

VanBriesen, JM and Hammer, R. (2012). In Fracking’s Wake: New Rules Are Needed to Protect our Health and Environment from Contaminated Wastewater. NRDC.Google Scholar

VanBriesen, JM, Wilson, JM, and Wang, Y. (2014). Management of produced water in Pennsylvania: 2010–2012. In Proceedings of the 2014 Shale Energy Engineering Conference. Pittsburgh, pp. 1–7.Google Scholar

Veil, J. (2015). U.S. Produced Water Volumes and Management Practices in 2012. Available at www.gwpc.org/sites/default/files/Produced Water Report 2014-GWPC_0.pdf [Accessed February 24, 2020].Google Scholar

Veil, J. (2020). U.S. Produced Water Volumes and Management Practices in 2017. Available at www.veilenvironmental.com/publications/pw/pw_report_2017_final.pdf [Accessed February 24, 2020]Google Scholar

Walsh, FR and Zoback, MD. (2015). Oklahoma’s recent earthquakes and saltwater disposal. Science Advances. 1: e1500195.Google Scholar

Wang, Y, Small, MJ, and VanBriesen, JM. (2017). Assessing the risk associated with increasing bromide in drinking water sources in the Monongahela River. Pennsylvania Journal of Environmental Engineering. 143: 04016089.Google Scholar

Warner, NR, Christie, CA, Jackson, RB, and Vengosh, A. (2013). Impacts of shale gas wastewater disposal on water quality in Western Pennsylvania. Environmental Science & Technology. 47: 11849–11857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Warwick, NWM and Bailey, PCE. (1997). The effect of increasing salinity on the growth and ion content of three non-halophytic wetland macrophytes. Aquatic Botany. 58: 73–88.Google Scholar

Wilson, JM and VanBriesen, JM. (2012). Oil and gas produced water management and surface drinking water sources in Pennsylvania. Environmental Practice 14: 288–300.Google Scholar

Wilson, JM and VanBriesen, JM. (2013). Source water changes and energy extraction activities in the Monongahela River, 2009–2012. Environmental Science & Technology. 47: 12575–12582.Google Scholar

Young, WF, Horth, H, Crane, R, Ogden, T, and Arnott, M. (1996). Taste and odour threshold concentrations of potential potable water contaminants. Water Research. 30: 331–340.Google Scholar

AER (Alberta Energy Regulator). (2019). Subsurface Order No. 6. www.aer.ca/documents/orders/subsurface-orders/SO6.pdfGoogle Scholar

Aki, K. (1965). Maximum likelihood estimate of b in the formula log N = a – bM and its confidence limits. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute. 43(1): 237–239.Google Scholar

Anderson, EM. (1951). The Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Formation with Applications to Britain. Hafner Pub. Co.Google Scholar

Atkinson, GM, Eaton, DW, Ghofrani, H, Walker, D, Cheadle, B, Schultz, R, Shcherbakov, R, Tiampo, K, Gu, J, Harrington, RM, and Liu, Y. (2016). Hydraulic fracturing and seismicity in the western Canada sedimentary basin. Seismological Research Letters. 87(3): 631–647.Google Scholar

Atkinson, GM, Eaton, DW, Igonin, N. (2020). Developments in understanding seismicity triggered by hydraulic fracturing. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 1(1): 264–277.Google Scholar

Babaie Mahani, AB, Schultz, R, Kao, H, Walker, D, Johnson, J, and Salas, C. (2017). Fluid injection and seismic activity in the northern Montney play, British Columbia, Canada, with special reference to the 17 August 2015 Mw 4.6 induced earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 107(2): 542–552.Google Scholar

Babaie Mahani, A, Kao, H, Atkinson, GM, Assatourians, K, Addo, K, and Liu, Y. (2019). Ground‐motion characteristics of the 30 November 2018 injection‐induced earthquake sequence in Northeast British Columbia, Canada.Seismological Research Letters. 90(4): 1457–1467.Google Scholar

Babaie Mahani, A, Esfahani, F, Kao, H, Gaucher, M, Hayes, M, Visser, R, and Venables, S. (2020). A systematic study of earthquake source mechanism and regional stress field in the Southern Montney Unconventional Play of northeast British Columbia, Canada. Seismological Research Letters. 91(1): 195–206.Google Scholar

Bao, X, and Eaton, DW. (2016). Fault activation by hydraulic fracturing in western Canada. Science. 354(6318): 1406–1409.Google Scholar

Barbour, AJ, Norbeck, JH, and Rubinstein, JL. (2017). The effects of varying injection rates in Osage County, Oklahoma, on the 2016 Mw 5.8 Pawnee earthquake. Seismological Research Letters. 88(4): 1040–1053.Google Scholar

Barclay, JE, Krause, FF, Campbell, RI, and Utting, J. (1990). Dynamic casting and growth faulting: Dawson Creek graben complex, Carboniferous-Permian Peace River embayment, western Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology. 38(1): 115–145.Google Scholar

BC OGC (British Columbia Oil and Gas Commission). (2014a). Montney Formation Play Atlas NEBC. www.bcogc.ca/node/8131/downloadGoogle Scholar

BC OGC (British Columbia Oil and Gas Commission). (2014b). Investigation of observed seismicity in the Montney trend. www.bcogc.ca/sites/default/files/documentation/technical-reports/investigation-observed-seismicity-montney-trend.pdfGoogle Scholar

BC OGC (British Columbia Oil and Gas Commission). (2017). Application guideline for deep well disposal of produced water. www.bcogc.ca/application-guideline-deep-well-disposal-produced-water-non-hazardous-waste.Google Scholar

Bhattacharya, P and Viesca, RC. (2019). Fluid-induced aseismic fault slip outpaces pore-fluid migration. Science. 364(6439): 464–468.Google Scholar

Biot, MA. (1941). General theory of three‐dimensional consolidation. Journal of Applied Physics. 12(2): 155–164.Google Scholar

Bommer, JJ, Oates, S, Cepeda, JM, Lindholm, C, Bird, J, Torres, R, Marroquín, G, and Rivas, J. (2006). Control of hazard due to seismicity induced by a hot fractured rock geothermal project. Engineering Geology. 83(4): 287–306.Google Scholar