continues the explanation of the origin and evolution of emoji by introducing the importance of non-verbal communication for face-to-face conversation and the issues that can arise from the absence of this online. The chapter looks at research into universal facial expressions, from Duchenne to Eckman, and how this provides a context for how emoji are used and interpreted. It also explains how the language of emoji faces has its origins in conventions developed in manga, which means that there’s also a learned element to the way they express particular concepts and sentiments.