Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T00:43:10.172Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) – an underrecognized and undertreated disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2015

José Biller
Affiliation:
Loyola University Stricht School of Medicine
José M. Ferro
Affiliation:
Universidade de Lisboa
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Common Pitfalls in Cerebrovascular Disease
Case-Based Learning
, pp. 27 - 38
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Hankey, GJ. Redefining risks after TIA and minor ischaemic stroke. Lancet 2005;365:2065–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Easton, JD, Saver, JL, Albers, GW, et al. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke 2009;40:2276–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Rothwell, PM, Warlow, CP. Timing of TIAs preceding stroke: time window for prevention is very short. Neurology 2005;64:817–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Wardlaw, J, Brazzelli, M, Miranda, H, et al. An assessment of the cost-effectiveness of magnetic resonance, including diffusion-weighted imaging, in patients with transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke: a systematic review, meta-analysis and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2014;18(27):1368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Rothwell, PM, Giles, MF, Chandratheva, A, et al. Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet 2007;370:1432–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Lavallée, PC, Meseguer, E, Abboud, H, et al. A transient ischaemic attack clinic with round-the-clock access (SOS-TIA): feasibility and effects. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:953–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Chandratheva, A, Mehta, Z, Geraghty, OC, et al. Population-based study of risk and predictors of stroke in the first few hours after a TIA. Neurology 2009;72:1941–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Johnston, SC, Rothwell, PM, Nguyen-Huynh, MN, et al. Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2007;369:28392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Stroke. The Diagnosis and Acute Management of Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attacks. London: NICE; 2008.Google Scholar
10.Eliasziw, M, Kennedy, J, Hill, MD, et al. for the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy (NASCET) Group. Early risk of stroke after a transient ischemic attack in patients with internal carotid artery disease. CMAJ 2004;170:1105–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Rothwell, PM, Eliasziw, M, Gutnikov, SA, et al. for the Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists’ Collaboration. Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroup and timing of surgery. Lancet 2004;363:915–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Koton, S, Rothwell, PM. Performance of the ABCD and ABCD2 scores in TIA patients with carotid stenosis and atrial fibrillation. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;24:231–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Purroy, F, Montaner, J, Molina, CA, Delgado, P, Ribo, M, Alvarez-Sabin, J. Patterns and predictors of early risk of recurrence after transient ischemic attack with respect to etiologic subtypes. Stroke 2007;38:3225–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Amarenco, P, Labreuche, J, Lavallée, PC, et al. Does ABCD2 score below 4 allow more time to evaluate patients with a transient ischemic attack? Stroke 2009;40(9):3091–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Amarenco, P, Labreuche, J, Lavallée, PC. Patients with transient ischemic attack with ABCD2 <4 can have similar 90-day stroke risk as patients with transient ischemic attack with ABCD2 ≥4. Stroke 2012;43:863–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Walker, J, Isherwood, J, Eveson, D, Naylor, AR. Triaging TIA/minor stroke patients using the ABCD2 score does not predict those with significant carotid disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012;43:495–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Brazzelli, M, Chappell, FM, Miranda, H, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging and diagnosis of transient ischemic attack. Ann Neurol 2014;75(1):6776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Merwick, A, Albers, GW, Amarenco, P, et al. Addition of brain and carotid imaging to the ABCD2 score to identify patients at early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack: a multicentre observational study. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:1060–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Giles, MF, Albers, GW, Amarenco, P, et al. Addition of brain infarction to the ABCD2 Score (ABCD2I): a collaborative analysis of unpublished data on 4574 patients. Stroke 2010;41:1907–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Donnan, GA, O’Malley, HM, Quang, L, et al. The capsular warning syndrome: pathogenesis and clinical features. Neurology 1993;43(5):957–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Muengtaweepongsa, S, Singh, NN, Cruz-Flores, S. Pontine warning syndrome: case series and review of literature. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2010;19(5):353–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Coutts, SB, Modi, J, Patel, SK, et al. Calgary Stroke Program. CT/CT angiography and MRI findings predict recurrent stroke after transient ischemic attack and minor stroke: results of the prospective CATCH study. Stroke 2012;43:1013–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Wang, Y, Zhao, X, Liu, L, et al. CHANCE Investigators. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Koudstaal, PJ, van Gijn, J, Staal, A, Duivenvoorden, HJ, Gerritsma, JG, Kraaijeveld, C. Diagnosis of transient ischemic attacks: improvement of interobserver agreement by a check-list in ordinary language. Stroke 1986;17:723–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Kraaijeveld, CL, van Gijn, J, Schouten, HJ, Staal, A. Interobserver agreement for the diagnosis of transient ischemic attacks. Stroke 1984;15:723–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.Ferro, JM, Falcao, I, Rodrigues, G, et al. Diagnosis of transient ischemic attack by the nonneurologist. A validation study. Stroke 1996;27:2225–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Castle, J, Mlynash, M, Lee, K, et al. Agreement regarding diagnosis of transient ischemic attack fairly low among stroke-trained neurologists. Stroke 2010;41:1367–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Bots, ML, van der Wilk, EC, Koudstaal, PJ, et al. Transient neurological attacks in the general population. Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical relevance. Stroke 1997;28(4):768–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Fonseca, AC, Canhão, P. Diagnostic difficulties in the classification of transient neurological attacks. Eur J Neurol 2011;18(4): 644–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Dawson, J, Lamb, KE, Quinn, TJ, et al. A recognition tool for transient ischaemic attack. QJM 2009;102:43–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Quinn, TJ, Cameron, AC, Dawson, J, et al. ABCD2 scores and prediction of noncerebrovascular diagnoses in an outpatient population. A case-control study. Stroke 2009;40:749–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Bushnell, CD, Olson, DM, Zhao, X, et al. AVAIL Investigators. Secondary preventive medication persistence and adherence 1 year after stroke. Neurology 2011;77(12):1182–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×