Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T04:11:30.129Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Toward Better Beliefs

from Part III - Variation in Beliefs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2022

Julien Musolino
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
Joseph Sommer
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
Pernille Hemmer
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cognitive Science of Belief
A Multidisciplinary Approach
, pp. 555 - 556
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Arkes, H. R. (1981) Impediments to accurate clinical judgment and possible ways to minimize their impact. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(3), 323330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arkes, H. R. (1991) Costs and benefits of judgment errors: implications for debiasing. Psychological Bulletin, 110(3), 486498.Google Scholar
Arkes, H. R. & Blumer, C. (1985) The psychology of sunk cost. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 35(1), 124140.Google Scholar
Arkes, H. R., Faust, D., Guilmette, T. J. & Hart, K. (1988) Eliminating the hindsight bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2), 305307.Google Scholar
Arkes, H. R., & Harkness, A. R. (1983) Estimates of contingency between two dichotomous variables. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 112(1), 117135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton, M., Symborski, C., Quinn, M. M., Morewedge, C. K., Kassam, K. S., & Korris, J. H. (2015) The Use of Theory in Designing a Serious Game for the Reduction of Cognitive Biases. Paper presented at the DiGRA ‘15 – Proceedings of the 2015 DiGRA International Conference.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benartzi, S. & Thaler, R. (2007) Heuristics and biases in retirement savings behavior. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(3), 81104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhargava, S. & Loewenstein, G. (2015) Behavioral economics and public policy 102: beyond nudging. American Economic Review, 105(5), 396401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Bruin, W. B., Parker, A. M., & Fischhoff, B. (2007) Individual differences in adult decision-making competence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 938956.Google Scholar
Camerer, C. F. & Hogarth, R. M. (1999) The effects of financial incentives in experiments: a review and capital-labor-production framework. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 19(1), 742.Google Scholar
Chang, W., Chen, E., Mellers, B., & Tetlock, P. (2016) Developing expert political judgment: the impact of training and practice on judgmental accuracy in geopolitical forecasting tournaments. Judgment and Decision Making, 11(5), 509526.Google Scholar
Davies, M. F. (1992) Field dependence and hindsight bias: cognitive restructuring and the generation of reasons. Journal of Research in Personality, 26(1), 5874.Google Scholar
Downs, J. S. & Shafir, E. (1999) Why some are perceived as more confident and more insecure, more reckless and more cautious, more trusting and more suspicious, than others: enriched and impoverished options in social judgment. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6(4), 598610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischhoff, B. (1977) Perceived informativeness of facts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3(2), 349358.Google Scholar
Fischhoff, B. (1982) Debiasing. In Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (Eds.). Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases (pp. 422444). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fong, G. T., Krantz, D. H., & Nisbett, R. E. (1986) The effects of statistical training on thinking about everyday problems. Cognitive Psychology, 18(3), 253292.Google Scholar
Fong, G. T. & Nisbett, R. E. (1991) Immediate and delayed transfer of training effects in statistical reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120(1), 3445.Google Scholar
Frederick, S. (2005) Cognitive reflection and decision making. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 2542.Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G. & Hoffrage, U. (1995) How to improve Bayesian reasoning without instruction: frequency formats, Psychological Review, 102(4), 684704.Google Scholar
Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (Eds.) (2002) Heuristics and biases: the psychology of intuitive judgment. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hertwig, R. (2017) When to consider boosting: some rules for policy-makers. Behavioural Public Policy, 1(2), 143161.Google Scholar
Hertwig, R. & Grüne-Yanoff, T. (2017) Nudging and boosting: steering or empowering good decisions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 973986.Google Scholar
Hogarth, R. M. (2001). Educating intuition. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Holmes, D. S. (1968) Dimensions of projection. Psychological Bulletin, 69(4), 248268.Google Scholar
Johnson, E. J. & Goldstein, D. (2003) Medicine. Do defaults save lives? Science, 302(5649), 13381339.Google Scholar
Jones, E. E. & Harris, V. A. (1967) The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3(1), 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. (2011) Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1972) Subjective probability: a judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3(3), 430454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979) Intuitive prediction: Biases and corrective procedures. Management Science, 12, 313327.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1982) On the study of statistical intuitions. Cognition, 11(2), 123141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klayman, J. & Ha, Y. W. (1987) Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychological Review, 94(2), 211228.Google Scholar
Koriat, A., Lichtenstein, S., & Fischhoff, B. (1980) Reasons for confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 6(2), 107118.Google Scholar
Krueger, J. & Stanke, D. (2001) The role of self-referent and other-referent knowledge in perceptions of group characteristics. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(7), 878888.Google Scholar
Larrick, R. P. (2004) Debiasing, Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making (pp. 316337): Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Google Scholar
Larrick, R. P., Morgan, J. N., & Nisbett, R. E. (1990) Teaching the use of cost–benefit reasoning in everyday life. Psychological Science, 1(6), 362370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larrick, R. P. & Soll, J. B. (2006) Intuitions about combining opinions: misappreciation of the averaging principle. Management Science, 52(1), 111127.Google Scholar
Lehman, D. R., Lempert, R. O., & Nisbett, R. E. (1988) The effects of graduate training on reasoning: Formal discipline and thinking about everyday-life events. American Psychologist, 43(6), 431442.Google Scholar
Lehman, D. R. & Nisbett, R. E. (1990) A longitudinal study of the effects of undergraduate training on reasoning. Developmental Psychology, 26(6), 952960.Google Scholar
Lerner, J. & Tetlock, P. (1999) Accounting for the effects of accountability. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 255275.Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012) Misinformation and its correction continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106131.Google Scholar
Lichtenstein, S. & Fischhoff, B. (1980) Training for calibration. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 26(2), 149171.Google Scholar
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2008) Can psychology save the world? British Psychological Society Research Digest. http://bps-research-digest.blogspot.com/2007/09/can-psychology-save-world.htmlGoogle Scholar
Lilienfeld, S. O., Ammirati, R., & Landfield, K. (2009) Giving debiasing away: can psychological research on correcting cognitive errors promote human welfare? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(4), 390398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lord, C. G., Lepper, M. R., & Preston, E. (1984) Considering the opposite: a corrective strategy for social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(6), 12311243.Google Scholar
Milkman, K. L., Chugh, D., & Bazerman, M. H. (2009). How can decision making be improved? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(4), 379383.Google Scholar
Morewedge, C. K. & Kahneman, D. (2010) Associative processes in intuitive judgment. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(10), 435440.Google Scholar
Morewedge, C. K., Yoon, H., Scopelliti, I., Symborski, C. W., Korris, J. H., & Kassam, K. S. (2015) Debiasing decisions: improved decision making with a single training intervention. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(1), 129140.Google Scholar
Mussweiler, T., Strack, F., & Pfeiffer, T. (2000) Overcoming the inevitable anchoring effect: considering the opposite compensates for selective accessibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(9), 11421150.Google Scholar
Nickerson, R. S. (1998) Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175220.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. (1993) Rules for reasoning. Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., Fong, G. T., Lehman, D. R., & Cheng, P. W. (1987) Teaching reasoning. Science, 238(4827), 625631.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., Krantz, D. H., Jepson, G., & Kunda, Z. (1983) The use of statistical heuristics in everyday inductive reasoning. Psychological Review, 90(4), 339363.Google Scholar
Northcraft, G. B. & Neale, M. A. (1987) Experts, amateurs, and real estate: an anchoring-and-adjustment perspective on property pricing decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39(1), 8497.Google Scholar
Parker, A. M. & Fischhoff, B. (2005) Decision-making competence: external validation through an individual-differences approach. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 18(1), 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, J. W., Bettman, J. R., & Johnson, E. J. (1993) The adaptive decision maker. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Phillips, J. K., Klein, G., & Sieck, W. R. (2004) Expertise in judgment and decision making: a case for training intuitive decision skills. In Keren, G. & Wu, G. (Eds.). Handbook of judgment and decision making (pp. 297315). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Pronin, E., Gilovich, T., & Ross, L. (2004) Objectivity in the eye of the beholder: divergent perceptions of bias in self versus others. Psychological Review, 111(3), 781799.Google Scholar
Pronin, E., Lin, D., & Ross, L. (2002) The bias blind spot: perceptions of bias in self and others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 369381.Google Scholar
Ross, L. (1977) The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: distortions in the attribution process. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.). Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 10 (pp. 173220). Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ross, L., Amabile, T., & Steinmetz, J. (1977) Social roles, social control, and biases in social perception processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(7), 485494.Google Scholar
Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. (1977) The “false consensus effect”: an egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(3), 279301.Google Scholar
Ross, L., Lepper, M. R., & Hubbard, M. (1975) Perseverance in self-perception and social perception: biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(5), 880892.Google Scholar
Scopelliti, I., Min, H. L., McCormick, E., Kassam, K. S., & Morewedge, C. K. (2018) Individual differences in correspondence bias: measurement, consequences, and correction of biased interpersonal attributions. Management Science, 64(4), 18791910.Google Scholar
Scopelliti, I., Morewedge, C. K., McCormick, E., Min, H. L., Lebrecht, S., & Kassam, K. S. (2015) Bias blind spot: structure, measurement, and consequences. Management Science, 61(10), 24682486.Google Scholar
Schneider, W. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review, 84(1), 166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellier, A. L., Scopelliti, I., & Morewedge, C. K. (2019) Debiasing training improves decision making in the field. Psychological Science, 30(9), 13711379.Google Scholar
Shefrin, H. & Statman, M. (1985) The disposition to sell winners too early and ride losers too long: theory and evidence. The Journal of Finance, 40(3), 777790.Google Scholar
Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84(2), 127190.Google Scholar
Sloman, S. (1996) The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, M. L. & Frankel, A. (1976) Observer bias: a stringent test of behavior engulfing the field. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(5), 857864.Google Scholar
Snyder, M. & Swann, W. B. (1978) Hypothesis-testing processes in social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(11), 12021212.Google Scholar
Soll, J. B., Milkman, K. L., & Payne, J. W. (2016) A user’s guide to debiasing. In Keren, G. & Wu, G. (Eds.). Handbook of judgment and decision making (pp. 924951). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (1999) Who is rational?: Studies of individual differences in reasoning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (2011) Rationality and the reflective mind. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (1998) Individual differences in rational thought. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127(2), 161188.Google Scholar
Stone, E. R. & Opel, R. B. (2000) Training to improve calibration and discrimination: the effects of performance and environmental feedback. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 83(2), 282309.Google Scholar
Symborski, C., Barton, M., Quinn, M. M., Korris, J. H., Kassam, K. S., & Morewedge, C. K. (2017) The design and development of serious games using iterative evaluation. Games and Culture, 12(3), 252268.Google Scholar
Thaler, R. H. & Benartzi, S. (2004) Save more tomorrowTM: using behavioral economics to increase employee saving. Journal of Political Economy, 112(S1), S164S187.Google Scholar
Thaler, R. H. & Sunstein, C. R. (2008) Nudge. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Tschirgi, J. E. (1980) Sensible reasoning: a hypothesis about hypotheses. Child Development, 51(1), 110.Google Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1973) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 207232.Google Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974) Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Biases in judgments reveal some heuristics of thinking under uncertainty. Science, 185(4157), 11241131.Google Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1981) The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453458.Google Scholar
Ward, W. C., & Jenkins, H. M. (1965) The display of information and the judgment of contingency. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 19(3), 231241.Google Scholar
Wason, P. C. (1960) On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(3), 129140.Google Scholar
Wason, P. C. (1968) Reasoning about a rule. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20(3), 273281.Google Scholar
Weinstein, N. & Klein, W. (1995) Resistance of personal risk perceptions to debiasing interventions. Health Psychology, 14(2), 132140.Google Scholar
West, R. F., Meserve, R. J., & Stanovich, K. E. (2012) Cognitive sophistication does not attenuate the bias blind spot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(3), 506519.Google Scholar
Wilson, T. & Brekke, N. (1994) Mental contamination and mental correction: unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 117142.Google Scholar
Yoon, H., Scopelliti, I., & Morewedge, C. K. (2021) Decision making can be improved through observational learning. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 162(January), 155188.Google Scholar

References

Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017) Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. (1985) Rationality and intelligence. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baron, J. (1995) Myside bias in thinking about abortion. Thinking & Reasoning, 1(3), 221235.Google Scholar
Baron, J. (1988/2008) Thinking and deciding, 4th Ed. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baron, J. (2017) Comment on Kahan and Corbin: can polarization increase with actively open-minded thinking? Research and Politics, 4(1), 14 https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168016688122.Google Scholar
Baron, J. (2019) Actively open-minded thinking in politics. Cognition, 188, 818.Google Scholar
Baron, J., Gürçay, B., & Metz, S. E. (2017) Reflection, intuition, and actively open- minded thinking. In Toplak, M., & Weller, J. (Eds.). Individual differences in judgment and decision making from a developmental context (pp. 107126). Routledge.Google Scholar
Baron, J. & High, D. (2020) People who endorse actively open-minded thinking (AOT) are sensitive to cues indicating AOT of sources. Poster. www.sjdm.org/presentations/2019-Poster-Baron-Jonathan-endorse-AOT-cues.pdfGoogle Scholar
Baron, J., Scott, S., Fincher, K., & Metz, S. E. (2015) Why does the Cognitive Reflection Test (sometimes) predict utilitarian moral judgment (and other things)? Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(3), 265284.Google Scholar
Bronstein, M., Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Rand, D., & Cannon, T. (2019) Reduced analytic and actively open-minded thinking help to explain the link between belief in fake news and delusionality, dogmatism, and religious fundamentalism. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3172140Google Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T. & Petty, R. E. (1982) The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 116131.Google Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Feng Kao, C. (1984) The efficient assessment of need for cognition. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(3), 306307.Google Scholar
Carpenter, J., Preotiuc-Pietro, D., Clark, J. et al. (2018) The impact of actively open-minded thinking on social media communication. Judgment & Decision Making, 13(6), 562574.Google Scholar
Cederblom, J. (1989) Willingness to reason and the identification of the self. In Maimon, E. P., Nodine, B. F., & O’Connor, F. W. (Eds.). Thinking, Reasoning, and Writing (pp. 147159). Longman.Google Scholar
Chinn, C. A., O’Donnell, A. M., & Jinks, T. S. (2000) The structure of discourse in collaborative learning. The Journal of Experimental Education, 69(1), 7797.Google Scholar
Cohen, D. K. & Ball, D. L. (1990) Policy and practice: an overview. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 12(3), 233239. doi:10.3102/01623737012003233Google Scholar
Cruz, J. A., Frey, W. J., & Sanchez, H. D. (2004) The ethics bowl in engineering ethics at the university of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez. Teaching Ethics, 4(2), 1531.Google Scholar
Cusimano, C. & Lombrozo, T. (2021) Morality justifies motivated reasoning in the folk ethics of belief. Cognition, 209(10451), 124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Domenico, G., Sit, J., Ishizaka, A., & Nunan, D. (2021) Fake news, social media and marketing: a systematic review. Journal of Business Research, 124, 329341.Google Scholar
Epstein, S. & Meier, P. (1989) Constructive thinking: a broad coping variable with specific components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 332350.Google Scholar
Erwin, T. D. (1981) Manual for the Scale of Intellectual Development. Developmental Analytics.Google Scholar
Erwin, T. D. (1983) The scale of intellectual development: measuring Perry’s scheme. Journal of College Student Personnel, 24, 612.Google Scholar
Fay, A. L. & Klahr, D. (1996) Knowing about guessing and guessing about knowing: preschoolers’ understanding of indeterminacy. Child Development, 67(2), 689716.Google Scholar
Frederick, S. (2005) Cognitive reflection and decision making. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 2442.Google Scholar
Gürçay-Morris, B. (2016) The use of alternative reasons in probabilistic judgment. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania http://finzi.psych.upenn.edu/baron/theses/GurcayMorrisDissertation.pdfGoogle Scholar
Haidt, J. (2001) The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814834.Google Scholar
Haran, U., Ritov, I., & Mellers, B. A. (2013) The role of actively open-minded thinking in information acquisition, accuracy, and calibration. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(3), 188201.Google Scholar
Kahan, D. M. (2017) “Ordinary science intelligence”: a science-comprehension measure for study of risk and science communication, with notes on evolution and climate change. Journal of Risk Research, 20(8), 9951016.Google Scholar
Kahan, D. M. & Braman, D. (2006) Cultural cognition and public policy. Yale Law & Policy Review, 24, 147170.Google Scholar
Kahan, D. M. & Corbin, J. C. (2016) A note on the perverse effects of actively open- minded thinking on climate-change polarization. Research and Politics, 3(4), 15.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (2011) Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kent, S. (1964) Words of estimative probability. Studies in Intelligence, 8(4), 4965.Google Scholar
King, P. M. (1992) How do we know? Why do we believe? Learning to make reflective judgments. Liberal Education, 78(1), 29.Google Scholar
King, P. M. & Kitchener, K. S. (2004) Reflective judgment: theory and research on the development of epistemic assumptions through adulthood. Educational Psychologist, 39(1), 518.Google Scholar
Kokis, J. V., Macpherson, R., Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2002) Heuristic and analytic processing: Age trends and associations with cognitive ability and cognitive styles. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 83(1), 2652.Google Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Webster, D. M., & Klem, A. (1993) Motivated resistance and openness to persuasion in the presence or absence of prior information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5), 861876.Google Scholar
Ladenson, R. F. (2001) The educational significance of the ethics bowl. Teaching Ethics, 1(1), 6378.Google Scholar
Ladenson, R. F. (2018) Ethics bowl: an approach to implementing ethics across the curriculum. In Ethics across the curriculum – Pedagogical perspectives (pp. 289302). Springer.Google Scholar
Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y. et al. (2018) The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 10941096.Google Scholar
Mason, L. & Boscolo, P. (2004) Role of epistemological understanding and interest in interpreting a controversy and in topic-specific belief change. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29(2), 103128.Google Scholar
McNeill, K. L., Gonzalez-Howard, M., Katsh-Singer, R., & Loper, S. (2017) Moving beyond pseudoargumentation: teachers’ enactments of an educative science curriculum focused on argumentation. Science Education, 101(3), 426457.Google Scholar
Mellers, B., Stone, E., Atanasov, P. et al. (2015) The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 21(1), 114.Google Scholar
Mellers, B., Ungar, L., Baron, J. et al. (2014) Psychological strategies for winning a geopolitical forecasting tournament. Psychological Science, 25(5), 11061115.Google Scholar
Mercier, H. & Sperber, D. (2011) Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34(2), 5774.Google Scholar
Merrick, A., Green, R., Cunningham, T. V., Eisenberg, L. R., & Hester, D. M. (2016) Introducing the medical ethics bowl. Cambridge Q. Healthcare Ethics, 25, 141149.Google Scholar
Metz, S. E., Baelen, R. N., & Yu, A. (2020) Actively open-minded thinking in American adolescents. Review of Education, 8(3), 768799.Google Scholar
Meyer, T. (2012) The intercollegiate ethics bowl: an active learning experience. Marketing Education Review, 22(3), 215224.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. (1859) On liberty. J.W. Parker & Son.Google Scholar
Morewedge, C. K., Yoon, H., Scopelliti, I., Symborski, C. W., Korris, J. H., & Kassam, K. S. (2015) Debiasing decisions: improved decision making with a single training intervention. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(1), 129140.Google Scholar
Mulhall, P. J., Smith, D. V., Hart, C. E., & Gunstone, R. F. (2017) Contemporary scientists discuss the need for openness and open-mindedness in science and society. Research in Science Education, 47(5), 11511168.Google Scholar
Nickerson, R. S. (1998) Confirmation bias: a ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175220.Google Scholar
Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Koehler, D., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2020) On the belief that beliefs should change according to evidence: Implications for conspiratorial, moral, paranormal, political, religious, and science beliefs. Judgment and Decision Making, 15 (4), 476498.Google Scholar
Perkins, D. (1986/2019) Learning to reason: the influence of instruction, prompts and scaffolding, metacognitive knowledge, and general intelligence on informal reasoning about everyday social and political issues. Judgment and Decision Making, 14(6), 624643.Google Scholar
Perkins, D. (1995) Outsmarting IQ: the emerging science of learnable intelligence. Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Perkins, D. & Ritchhart, R. (2004) When is good thinking. In Dai, D. Y. & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.), Motivation, emotion, and cognition: Integrative Perspectives on Intellectual Functioning and Development (pp. 351384). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.Google Scholar
Perry, W. G. (1970) Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years: a scheme. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Peters, E., Joseph, S., Day, S., & Garety, P. (2004) Measuring delusional ideation: the 21-item Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(4), 10051022.Google Scholar
Ranney, M. A. & Clark, D. (2016) Climate change conceptual change: scientific information can transform attitudes. Topics in Cognitive Science, 8(1), 4975.Google Scholar
Rokeach, M. (1960) The open and closed mind. Basic Books.Google Scholar
, W. C., Kelly, C. N., Ho, C., & Stanovich, K. E. (2005) Thinking about personal theories: individual differences in the coordination of theory and evidence. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(5), 11491161.Google Scholar
, W. C., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (1999) The domain specificity and generality of belief bias: searching for a generalizable critical thinking skill. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(3), 497510.Google Scholar
, W. C. & Stanovich, K. K. (2001) The domain specificity and generality of mental contamination: accuracy and projection in judgments of mental content. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(3), 281302.Google Scholar
Slater, M. D. & Rouner, D. (1996) How message evaluation and source attributes may influence credibility assessment and belief change. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73(4), 974991.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. (2011) Rationality and the reflective mind. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (1997) Reasoning independently of prior belief and individual differences in actively open-minded thinking. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(2), 342357.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (1998) Individual differences in rational thought. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127(2), 161188.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (2007) Natural myside bias is independent of cognitive ability. Thinking and Reasoning, 13(3), 225247.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (2008) On the failure of cognitive ability to predict myside and one-sided thinking biases. Thinking and Reasoning, 14(2), 129167.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2013) Myside bias, rational thinking, and intelligence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(4), 259264.Google Scholar
Svedholm, A. M. & Lindeman, M. (2013) The separate roles of the reflective mind and involuntary inhibitory control in gatekeeping paranormal beliefs and the underlying intuitive confusions. British Journal of Psychology, 104(3), 303319.Google Scholar
Svedholm, A. M. & Lindeman, M. (2017) Actively open-minded thinking: development of a shortened scale and disentangling attitudes toward knowledge and people. Thinking and Reasoning, 24(1), 2140.Google Scholar
Swami, V., Voracek, M., Stieger, S., Tran, U. S., & Furnham, A. (2014) Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories. Cognition, 133(3), 572585.Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E. (2002) Social functionalist frameworks for judgment and choice: intuitive politicians, theologians, and prosecutors. Psychological Review, 109(3), 451471.Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E., Mellers, B. A., & Scoblic, J. P. (2017) Bringing probability judgments into policy debates via forecasting tournaments. Science, 355(6324), 481483.Google Scholar
Thompson, V. A., Prowse Turner, J. A., & Pennycook, G. (2011) Intuition, reason, and metacognition. Cognitive Psychology, 63(3), 107140.Google Scholar
Toplak, M. E. & Stanovich, K. E. (2003) Associations between myside bias on an informal reasoning task and amount of post-secondary education. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 17(7), 851860.Google Scholar
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2014) Rational thinking and cognitive sophistication: development, cognitive abilities, and thinking dispositions. Developmental Psychology, 50(4), 10371048.Google Scholar
Wineburg, S. & McGrew, S. (2017) Lateral reading: reading less and learning more when evaluating digital information. Stanford History Education Group Working Paper No. 2017-A1Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×