Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T17:04:08.056Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - Mental imagery in psychopathology: from the lab to the clinic

from Part II - Intrusive and involuntary memories

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2015

Lynn A. Watson
Affiliation:
Aarhus Universitet, Denmark
Dorthe Berntsen
Affiliation:
Aarhus Universitet, Denmark
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working Memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Human Memory: Theory and Practice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (2003). Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 829839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berntsen, D. (1996). Involuntary autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 435454.3.0.CO;2-L>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berntsen, D. (2010). The unbidden past. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(3), 138142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackwell, S. E., & Holmes, E. A. (2010). Modifying interpretation and imagination in clinical depression: a single case series using cognitive bias modification. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(3), 338350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourne, C., Frasquilho, F., Roth, A. D., & Holmes, E. A. (2010). Is it mere distraction? Peri-traumatic verbal tasks can increase analogue flashbacks but reduce voluntary memory performance. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(3), 316324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bourne, C., Mackay, C. E., & Holmes, E. A. (2013). The neural basis of flashback formation: the impact of viewing trauma. Psychological Medicine, 43(7), 15211533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Browning, M., Holmes, E. A., Murphy, S. E., Goodwin, G. M., & Harmer, C. J. (2010). Lateral prefrontal cortex mediates the cognitive modification of attentional bias. Biological Psychiatry, 67(10), 919925.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Browning, M., Blackwell, S. E., & Holmes, E. (2013). The use of cognitive bias modification and imagery in the understanding and treatment of depression. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 14, 243260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, M., & Mathews, A. (1992). Autobiographical memory and clinical anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 6(1), 2335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, I. A., Mackay, C. E., & Holmes, E. A. (2013). Positive involuntary autobiographical memories: you first have to live them. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(2), 402406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, I. A., Mackay, C. E., & Holmes, E. A. (2014). Low emotional response to traumatic footage is associated with an absence of analogue flashbacks: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 16 trauma film paradigm experiments. Cognition and Emotion, advance online publication.Google Scholar
Cocchini, G., Logie, R. H., Sala, S. D., MacPherson, S. E., & Baddeley, A. D. (2002). Concurrent performance of two memory tasks: evidence for domain-specific working memory systems. Memory and Cognition, 30, 10861095.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self- memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daselaar, S. M., Rice, H. J., Greenberg, D. L., Cabeza, R., LaBar, K. S., & Rubin, D. C. (2008). The spatiotemporal dynamics of autobiographical memory: neural correlates of recall, emotional intensity, and reliving. Cerebral Cortex, 18(1), 217229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, C., Malik, A., Pictet, A., Blackwell, S. E., & Holmes, E. A. (2012). Involuntary memories after a positive film are dampened by a visuospatial task: unhelpful in depression but helpful in mania? Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 19, 341351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, S. J., Holmes, E. A., & Hackmann, A. (2004). Occurrence of imagery and its link with early memories in agoraphobia. Memory, 12(4), 416427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deeprose, C., Zhang, S., Dejong, H., Dalgleish, T., & Holmes, E. A. (2012). Imagery in the aftermath of viewing a traumatic film: using cognitive tasks to modulate the development of involuntary memory. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(2), 758764.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, B. D., Billotti, D., Murphy, V., & Dalgleish, T. (2009). The consequences of effortful emotion regulation when processing distressing material: a comparison of suppression and acceptance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(9), 761773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., & Michael, T. (2004). Intrusive re-experiencing in post-traumatic stress disorder: Phenomenology, theory, and therapy. Memory, 12(4), 403415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelhard, I. M., van Uijen, S. L., & van den Hout, M. A. (2010). The impact of taxing working memory on negative and positive memories. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 1, 56235630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., & Smeets, M. A. M. (2011). Taxing working memory reduces vividness and emotional intensity of images about the Queen's Day tragedy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(1), 3237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foa, E. B., & Rothbaum, B. (1998). Treating the Trauma of Rape: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for PTSD. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Ganis, G., Thompson, W. L., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2004). Brain areas underlying visual mental imagery and visual perception: an fMRI study. Cognitive Brain Research, 20(2), 226241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giesen-Bloo, J., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., van Tilburg, W., Dirksen, C., van Asselt, T., et al. (2006). Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: a randomized clinical trial of schema focused therapy versus transference focused psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry 63(6), 649658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, D. L., Rice, H. J., Cooper, J. J., Cabeza, R., Rubin, D. C., & LaBar, K. S. (2005). Co-activation of the amygdala, hippocampus and inferior frontal gyrus during autobiographical memory retrieval. Neuropsychologia, 43(5), 659674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grey, N., Holmes, E. A., & Brewin, C. R. (2001). Peritraumatic emotional “hot spots” in memory. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29(3), 357362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunter, R. W., & Bodner, G. E. (2008). How eye movements affect unpleasant memories: support for a working memory account. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(8), 913931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunter, R. W., & Bodner, G. E. (2009). EMDR works…but how? Recent progress in the search for treatment mechanisms. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(3), 161168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hackmann, A., Clark, D. M., & McManus, F. (2000). Recurrent images and early memories in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(6), 601610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hackmann, A., Ehlers, A., Speckens, A., & Clark, D. M. (2004). Characteristics and content of intrusive memories in PTSD and their changes with treatment. Journal of Traumatic Stress 17(3), 231240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hackmann, A., Bennett-Levy, J., & Holmes, E. A. (2011). Oxford Guide to Imagery in Cognitive Therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagenaars, M. A., & Holmes, E. A. (2012). Mental imagery in psychopathology: another step. Editorial for the special issue of Journal of Experimental Psychopathology. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 3(2), 121126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hales, S. A., Deeprose, C., Goodwin, G. M., & Holmes, E. A. (2011). Cognitions in bipolar disorder versus unipolar depression: imagining suicide. Bipolar Disorders, 13(7–8), 651661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henson, R. N., & Gagnepain, P. (2010). Predictive, interactive multiple memory systems. Hippocampus, 20(11), 13151326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirsch, C. R., & Clark, D. M. (2004). Information-processing bias in social phobia. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 799825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., & Bourne, C. (2008). Inducing and modulating intrusive emotional memories: a review of the trauma film paradigm. Acta Psychologica, 127(3), 553566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., & Hackmann, A. (2004). A healthy imagination? Editorial for the special issue of Memory: mental imagery and memory in psychopathology. Memory, 12(4), 387388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2005). Mental imagery and emotion: a special relationship? Emotion, 5(4), 489497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2010). Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(3), 349362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., Brewin, C. R., & Hennessy, R. G. (2004). Trauma films, information processing, and intrusive memory development. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(1), 322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T., & Mackintosh, B. (2006). Positive interpretation training: effects of mental imagery versus verbal training on positive mood. Behavior Therapy, 37(3), 237247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., Crane, C., Fennell, M. J. V., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007a). Imagery about suicide in depression: “flash-forwards”? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38(4), 423434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., Arntz, A., & Smucker, M. R. (2007b). Imagery rescripting in cognitive behaviour therapy: images, treatment techniques and outcomes. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38(4), 297305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., Mathews, A., Mackintosh, B., & Dalgleish, T. (2008a). The causal effect of mental imagery on emotion assessed using picture-word cues. Emotion, 8(3), 395409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., Geddes, J. R., Colom, F., & Goodwin, G. M. (2008b). Mental imagery as an emotional amplifier: application to bipolar disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(12), 12511258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., James, E. L., Coode-Bate, T., & Deeprose, C. (2009a). Can playing the computer game “Tetris” reduce the build-up of flashbacks for trauma? A proposal from cognitive science. PLoS ONE, 4(1), e4153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., Lang, T. J., & Shah, D. M. (2009b). Developing interpretation bias modification as a “cognitive vaccine” for depressed mood: imagining positive events makes you feel better than thinking about them verbally. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 118(1), 7688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., James, E. L., Kilford, E. J., & Deeprose, C. (2010). Key steps in developing a cognitive vaccine against traumatic flashbacks: visuospatial Tetris versus verbal pub quiz. PLoS ONE, 5(11), e13706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, S. E., Kim, J. W., Kim, J. J., Jeong, B. S., Choi, E. A., Jeong, Y. G., et al. (2007). The neural mechanism of imagining facial affective expression. Brain Research, 1145, 128137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. L. (2001). Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(9), 635642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koster, E. H. W., Fox, E., & MacLeod, C. (2009). Introduction to the special section on cognitive bias modification in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krans, J. (2011). Introduction to the special issue: intrusive imagery in psychopathology: new research findings, implications for theory and treatment, and future directions. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 4, 117121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuyken, W., & Dalgleish, T. (1995). Autobiographical memory and depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34(1), 8992.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30(3), 261273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, T. J., Moulds, M. L., & Holmes, E. A. (2009). Reducing depressive intrusions via a computerized cognitive bias modification of appraisals task: developing a cognitive vaccine. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(2), 139145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, T. J., Blackwell, S. E., Harmer, C. J., Davison, P., & Holmes, E. A. (2012). Cognitive bias modification using mental imagery for depression: developing a novel computerized intervention to change negative thinking styles. European Journal of Personality, 26(2), 145157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, J. L. C., Milton, A. L., & Everitt, B. J. (2006). Cue-induced cocaine seeking and relapse are reduced by disruption of drug memory reconsolidation. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(22), 58815887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lilley, S. A., Andrade, J., Turpin, G., Sabin-Farrell, R., & Holmes, E. A. (2009). Visuospatial working memory interference with recollections of trauma. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(3), 309321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marois, R., & Ivanoff, J. (2005). Capacity limits of information processing in the brian. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(6), 296305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGaugh, J. L. (2000). Memory: a century of consolidation. Science, 287, 248251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNally, R. J. (2007). Mechanisms of exposure therapy: how neuroscience can improve psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(6), 750759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNally, R. J., Bryant, R. A., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(2), 4579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, J. (2010). Autobiographical memory biases in social anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(3), 288297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morina, N., Leibold, E., & Ehring, T. (2013). Vividness of general mental imagery is associated with the occurrence of intrusive memories. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44(2), 221226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2000). The labile nature of consolidation theory. Nature, 1(3), 216219.Google ScholarPubMed
Nelis, S., Vanbrabant, K., Holmes, E. A., & Raes, F. (2012). Greater positive affect changes after mental imagery than verbal thinking in a student sample. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 3(2), 178188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Donnell, M. L., Elliott, P., Lau, W., & Creamer, M. (2007). PTSD symptom trajectories: from early to chronic response. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 601606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 5273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pictet, A., & Holmes, E. A. (2013). The powerful impact of mental imagery in changing emotion. In Rimé, B., Mesquita, B., & Hermans, D. (eds.), Changing Emotions (p. 256). London: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Pictet, A., Coughtrey, A. E., Mathews, A., & Holmes, E. A. (2011). Fishing for happiness: the effects of generating positive imagery on mood and behaviour. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(12), 885891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rimes, K. A., & Watkins, E. (2005). The effects of self-focused rumination on global negative self-judgements in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(12), 16731681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, N. P., Kitchiner, N. J., Kenardy, J., & Bisson, J. I. (2009). Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Art. No. CD006869(3).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothbaum, B. O., Kearns, M. C., Price, M., Malcoun, E., Davis, M., Ressler, K. J., et al. (2012). Early intervention may prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized pilot civilian study with modified prolonged exposure. Biological Psychiatry, 72(11), 957963.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubin, D. C. (2006). The Basic-Systems Model of episodic memory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(4), 277311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubin, D. C., Boals, A., & Bernsten, D. (2008). Memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: properties of voluntary and involuntary, traumatic and non-traumatic autobiographical memories in people with and without PTSD symptoms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(4), 591614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Buckner, R. L. (2007). Remembering the past to imagine the future: the prospective brain. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 8, 657661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiller, D., Monfils, M., Raio, C., Johnson, D. C., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (2010). Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms. Nature, 463(7277), 4953.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, F. (1989). Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress Studies, 2, 199223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuart, A. D. P., Holmes, E. A., & Brewin, C. R. (2006). The influence of a visuospatial grounding task on intrusive images of a traumatic film. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(4), 611619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tulving, E. (1984). Précis of elements of episodic memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7(2), 223238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van den Hout, M. A., Engelhard, I. M., Smeets, M. A. M., Hornsveld, H., Hoogeveen, E., de Heer, E., et al. (2010). Counting during recall: taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(3), 303311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van den Hout, M. A., Engelhard, I. M., Rijkeboer, M. M., Koekebakker, J., Hornsveld, H., Leer, A., et al. (2011). EMDR: eye movements superior to beeps in taxing working memory and reducing vividness of recollections. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(2), 9298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Hout, M. A., Rijkeboer, M. M., Engelhard, I. M., Klugkist, I., Hornsveld, H., Toffolo, M. J. B., et al. (2012). Tones inferior to eye movements in the EMDR treatment of PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(5), 275279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verwoerd, J., Wessel, I., de Jong, P., Nieuwenhuis, M., & Huntjens, R. (2011). Pre-stressor interference control and intrusive memories. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35(2), 161170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, M. P., Brakefield, T., Hobson, J. A., & Stickgold, R. (2003a). Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Nature, 425(6958), 616620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, W. R., Skowronski, J. J., & Thompson, C. P. (2003b). Life is pleasant – and memory helps to keep it that way! Review of General Psychology, 7(2), 203210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkins, E., & Moulds, M. (2005). Distinct modes of ruminative self-focus: impact of abstract versus concrete rumination on problem solving in depression. Emotion, 5(3), 319328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, E., Moberly, N. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2008). Processing mode causally influences emotional reactivity: distinct effects of abstract versus concrete costrual on emotional response. Emotion, 8, 364378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werner-Seidler, A., & Moulds, M. L. (2011). Autobiographical memory characteristics in depression vulnerability: formerly depressed individuals recall less vivid positive memories. Cognition and Emotion, 25(6), 10871103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, A. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2007). An investigation of the cognitive and experiential features of intrusive memories in depression. Memory, 15, 912920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×