When the Normans invaded England in 1066 cathedrals and the religious communities based in them were a well-established and prominent feature of the ecclesiastical landscape of the British Isles and Normandy. At that time there were fifteen bishoprics in England and seven in Normandy. The Norman sees of avranches, Bayeux, Coutances, Évreux, Lisieux and Sés were subject to the archbishops of Rouen. Although these bishoprics, ‘with the partial exception of Rouen, had been ruined during the settlement perio d in the early tenth century’, from ‘990 the succession to bishoprics seems to have been continuous, and by the second half of the [eleventh] century all were securely established with new cathedrals in the course of construction and embryonic chapters and diocesan administration evolving everywhere’. In England, where the diocesan structure had survived the viking attacks of the late tenth and early eleventh centuries and the danish conquest of 1016, nearly all of the bishops were suffragans of the archbishops of Canterbury, the only exceptions being the archbishops of york and their suffragans, the bishops of Durham. In Scotland it has been suggested that all except the outmost sees of Caithness and Argyll existed before king David I's reign (1124—53), which means that there were then ten or so bisho prics in the country. None of these held metropolitan authority over the others, which was claimed instead from the 1070s onwards by the archbishops of york and, occasionally, by the archbishops of Canterbury until the papacy placed the Scottish church under its direct control in 1192.