Book contents
- Frontmatter
- 1 Introduction: the concept of Inner Asia
- 2 The geographic setting
- 3 Inner Asia at the dawn of history
- 4 The Scythians and Sarmatians
- 5 The Hsiung-nu
- 6 Indo-Europeans in Inner Asia
- 7 The Hun period
- 8 The Avars
- 9 The peoples of the Russian forest belt
- 10 The peoples of the south Russian steppes
- 11 The establishment and dissolution of the Türk empire
- 12 The Uighurs
- 13 The Karakhanids and early Islam
- 14 Early and medieval Tibet
- 15 The forest peoples of Manchuria: Kitans and Jurchens
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
11 - The establishment and dissolution of the Türk empire
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
By
Edited by
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- 1 Introduction: the concept of Inner Asia
- 2 The geographic setting
- 3 Inner Asia at the dawn of history
- 4 The Scythians and Sarmatians
- 5 The Hsiung-nu
- 6 Indo-Europeans in Inner Asia
- 7 The Hun period
- 8 The Avars
- 9 The peoples of the Russian forest belt
- 10 The peoples of the south Russian steppes
- 11 The establishment and dissolution of the Türk empire
- 12 The Uighurs
- 13 The Karakhanids and early Islam
- 14 Early and medieval Tibet
- 15 The forest peoples of Manchuria: Kitans and Jurchens
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
Summary
In the 540s there appeared on the Chinese horizon a people previously barely known which, within a few years, not only changed the balance of power in Mongolia – the traditional basis of great, nomad empires – but also introduced into the scene of Inner Asian and world history an ethnic and linguistic entity which in earlier times could not be identified or isolated from other groups showing the same cultural characteristics. It bore the name Türk, an appellation left in legacy to most later peoples speaking a Turkic-language. It stands to reason that the Türks of Mongolia were not the products of spontaneous generation and that one must, by necessity, reckon with other Turks living there or elsewhere in centuries preceding the foundation of the empire bearing their name. Yet, such considerations notwithstanding, it should not be lost from sight that the Türks are the first people to whom we can attribute with certainty a Turkic text written in a Turkic language, and that their name – so widely used ever since their rise to power – cannot be traced with absolute certainty before the sixth century A.D.
Early mentions of Türks
It could be that the first mention of the name Türk was made in the middle of the first century A.D. Pomponius Mela (I,116) refers to the Turcae in the forests north of the Azov Sea, and Pliny the Elder in his Natural History (VI, 19) gives a list of peoples living in the same area among whom figure the Tyrcae.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia , pp. 285 - 316Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1990
References
– , 1899, Die sogenannte Kirchengeschichte des Zacharias Rhetor, Bibliotheca Teubneriana (Leipzig).Google Scholar
, 1899, Die alttürkischen Inschriften und die arabischen Quellen, in , Die alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei, Zweite Folge (St. Pétersbourg).Google Scholar
, 1935, 12 Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Türken Mittelasiens, Deutsche Bearbeitung von Theodor Menzel (Berlin).Google Scholar
, 1976, “Eine Inschrift vom Oberen Jenissei als Quelle zur Geschichte Zentralasiens,” Materialia Turcica, 2.Google Scholar
, 1981, “Kül Tegin ou Kö1 Tegin?,” Scholia. Beiträge zur Turkologie und Zentralasienkunde. Annemarie von Gabain zum 80. Geburtstag am, 4. Juli 1981 dargebracht von Kollegen, Freunden und Schülern,. Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica, Bd. 14.Google Scholar
, 1979, “The Tibetan Empire in the West,” in Tibetan Studies in Honor of Hugh Richardson (Oxford).Google Scholar
, 1964–1965, “Qutluy bolzun! A Contribution to the History of the Concept ‘Fortune’ among the Turks,” Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher. 36; 38.Google Scholar
, 1970b, “On the Ancient Turkic Title eltäbär,” Proceedings of the IXth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference (Napoli).Google Scholar
, 1971, “The Husbands of Princess Hsien-li Bilgä,” Studia Turcica, edited by (Budapest).Google Scholar
, 1974, “On the Ancient Turkish Title ‘šaδ’”, Gururājamañjarikā. Studi in onore di Giuseppe Tucci (Napoli).Google Scholar
, 1981, Profilo storico del I° impero turco (metà VI–metà VII secolo), Istituto di Studi dell'India e dell'Asia Orientale (Roma). [Possibly the best modern presentation of the Türk empire].Google Scholar
, 1899–1924, Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche Jacobite d'Antioche, I–IV (Paris).Google Scholar
, 1903, Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) Occidentaux, (St. Pétersbourg). (Reprint 1941?).Google Scholar
, 1904, “Notes additionnelles sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) Occidentaux”, T'oung Pao. 5. (Reprinted in the reprint of the Documents).Google Scholar
, 1912, “Epitaphes de deux princesses turques des T'ang,” Festschrift V. Thomsen (Leipzig).Google Scholar
, 1971, “Some Notes on the Inscription of Toñuquq,” Studia Turcica edited by , (Budapest).Google Scholar
, 1954, “Monographs on Syriac and Muhammadan Sources in the Literary Remains of M. Kmoskó,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 4.Google Scholar
, 1958, “Bahrām Čōbīn and the Persian Apocalyptic Literature,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 8.Google Scholar
, 1962, “Coγay-quzï, Qara-qum, Kök-öng,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 15.Google Scholar
, 1972, “On the Numerical Composition of the Ancient Turkish Tribal Confederation,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 25.Google Scholar
, 1973, “Gardizi on the History of Central Asia (746–80 a.d.),” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 27.Google Scholar
, 1980, “Zur Geschichte der Hephtaliten,” Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 28.Google Scholar
, 1983, “From East to West: the Age of Nomadic Migrations in Eurasia,” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, III. [Translated from Hungarian by ].Google Scholar
, 1985, “La Persia sassanide secondo le fonti cinese,” Rivista degli Studi Orientali, 57.Google Scholar
, 1955, Byzantinische Diplomaten und östliche Barbaren. Aus den Excerpta de legationibus des Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos ausgewählte Abschnitte des Priskos und Menander Protektor (Graz).Google Scholar
1965, “Old Turkic Titles of Chinese Origin,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 18.Google Scholar
1972, “Tribe and Tribal Society in the 6th Century Turk Empire,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 25.Google Scholar
1977, “Tribe and Empire, Tribe and Society in the Turk Age,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 31.Google Scholar
, 1959, “On the Nationality of the Ephtalites,” Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 18.Google Scholar
, 1969, “On the Date of the Kidarites (1),” Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 27.Google Scholar
, 1970, “On the Date of the Kidarites (2),” Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 28.Google Scholar
, 1972, “Le nom de lieu k.č.n, dans les inscriptions turques runiformes,” T'oung Pao 60.Google Scholar
, 1955–7, “Les relations de Byzance avec la Transcaucasie et l'Asie Centrale aux 5e et 6e siè;cles,” Byzantion, 25–7.Google Scholar
, 1971, “Runicheskaja nadpis' iz vostochnoj Gobi,” in Studia Turcica, edited by (Budapest), and , 1972, “The Sogdian Inscription of Bugut Revised,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 26.Google Scholar
, 1962, “Problemy rannej istorii plemeni türk (ashina),” in Materialy i issledovanija po arkheologii SSSR 130.Google Scholar
, 1964, Drevnetjurkskie runicheskie pamjatniki kak istochnik po istorii Srednej Azii (Moskva).Google Scholar
, 1977, “Mifologicheskie sjuzheti v drevne turkskikh pamjatnikakh,” Tjurkolo-gicheskij sbornik.Google Scholar
, 1971, “A propos du ‘Rapport sur les rois demeurant dans le nord’,” in Etudes tibétaines dédiées à la mémoire de Marcelle Lalou (Paris).Google Scholar
, Die Chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken (T'u-küe), 2 vols Göttinger Asiatische Forschungen, vol. 10, Wiesbaden, 1958).Google Scholar
, 1958. Die chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken (T'u-küe), I–II, Göttinger Asiatische Forschungen 10 (Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
, 1981, Istoricheskaja geografija Central'noj Azii (Materialy i issledovanija) (Novosibirsk).Google Scholar
, 1951, 1959, Pamjatniki drevnetjurkskoj pis'mennosti Mongolii i Kirgizia, (Moskva– Leningrad).Google Scholar
, 1901, Ērānšahr nach der Geographie des Ps. Moses Xorenac'i, Abhandlungen der königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Phil. hist. Kl. NF. Bd. III, Nr. 2.Google Scholar
, 1958, Byzantinoturcica I, Die byzantinischen Quellen der Geschichte der Türkvölker, II, Sprachreste der Türkvölker in den byzantinischen Quellen, 2nd edition (Berlin).Google Scholar
, 1965, “On Chi-li-fa, Eltäbär/Eltäbir and Chichin (Irkin) of the T'ieh-lê tribes,” Acta Asiatica 9.Google Scholar
, 1879, Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden. Aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari übersetzt (Leiden).Google Scholar
, 1979, “Theophylaktos Simokattés és történetíró elődje Menandros Protéktór’, Acta Universitatis Szegediensis de Attile József Nominata, Acta Historica, 66.Google Scholar
, 1912, “La fille de Mo-tch'o qaghan et ses rapports avec Kül-tegin,” T'oung Pao 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1941, Sirijskie istochniki po istorii narodov SSSR, Trudy Instituta vostokovedenija vol XLI. (Moskva).Google Scholar
, 1954, “Stammesnamen und Titulaturen der altaischen Völker,” Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher 24.Google Scholar
1962, “La religion des Turcs de l'Orkhon des VIIe et VIIIe siè;cles,” Revue de l'histoire des religions, 161.Google Scholar
, 1977, “Probleme der köktürkischen Geschichte: Muss es ‘Inel kagan’ oder ‘Ini il kagan’ heissen?,” Materialia Turcica, 3.Google Scholar
, 1982, “The Legendary Origin of the Türks,” in: Folklorica: Festschrift for Felix J. Onias, edited by and , Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series vol. 141 (Bloomington, Indiana).Google Scholar
, 1984, “Some Components of the Civilization of the Türks (6th to 8th Century, a.d.),” in: Altaistic Studies. Papers Presented at the 25th Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference at Uppsala, June 7–11, 1982, edited by and . Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien Konferenser 12 (Stockholm).Google Scholar
, 1968, A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series vol. 69 (Bloomington, Indiana), translation of the inscriptions.Google Scholar
, 1977, “Eski türk¸e buyla ve baγa sanlari üzerine,” Türk Dili Arastirmalari Yilligt Belleten.Google Scholar
, 1896, Inscriptions de l'Orkhon déchiffrées, Mémoires de la Société Finno-ougrienne V. 1924, “Alttürkische Inschriften der Mongolei,” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 78. Translated from Danish by .Google Scholar
, 1981, “Die alttürkischen Runen-Inschriften in den Arbeiten der letzten Jahre. Befunde und kritische Ülbersicht,” Altorientalische Forschungen, 8.Google Scholar
, 1979, “The Old Tibetan Sources of the History of Central Asia up to 751 a.d.: A Survey,” in: Prolegomena to the Sources on the History of Pre-Islamic Central Asia, edited by (Budapest).Google Scholar
, 1983, “Apa Qaghan Founder of the Western Turkish Khanate, the Splitting up of the Turkish Khanate and the Formation of the Western Turkish Khanate,” Social Sciences in China, 2.Google Scholar
, 1952, “Xosrau Anōšurvān, les Hephtalites et les peuples turcs. Etude préliminaire des sources.,” Orientalia Suecana, I.Google Scholar
– , 1984, “Rannefeodal'nye gosudarstva VI–X vv.,” chapter IV in Istorija Kirgizskoj SSSR I (Frunze).Google Scholar
- 21
- Cited by