Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T14:39:42.937Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - The Time-Based Resource Sharing Model of Working Memory for Language

from Part II - Models and Measures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 July 2022

By
Valérie Camos  and
Pierre Barrouillet
Edited by
John W. Schwieter  and
Zhisheng (Edward) Wen
John W. Schwieter
Affiliation:
Wilfrid Laurier University
Zhisheng (Edward) Wen
Affiliation:
Hong Kong Shue Yan University
Get access

Summary

Working Memory (WM) is a central structure maintaining information at short term in face of temporal decay and interference for its processing in ongoing tasks. As a consequence, WM is strongly involved in learning, especially in learning first or second languages. The Time-Based Resource Sharing (TBRS) model describes the functioning and development of WM, in particular by integrating the role of executive attention and the time constraints that affect cognitive processes. After a brief overview of the model, this chapter focuses on the distinction between a domain-specific system of maintenance in charge of verbal information and a domain-general system relying on attention. Hence, we show how verbal information is maintained in WM from childhood to adulthood, and how linguistic features of verbal information impact its short-term memory. Conversely, we explain how WM mechanisms in the TBRS model affect the creation of true and false verbal long-term memory traces.

Keywords

working memoryexecutive loopphonological loopattentionTime-Based Resource Sharing (TBRS) model
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Working Memory and Language , pp. 175 - 196
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abadie, M., & Camos, V. (2018). Attentional refreshing moderates the word frequency effect in immediate and delayed recall tasks. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1424, 127–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abadie, M., & Camos, V. (2019). False memory at short and long term. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(8), 1312–1334.Google Scholar
Adams, A. M., & Gathercole, S. E. (1996). Phonological working memory and spoken language development in young children. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 216–223.Google Scholar
Allen, R. J., Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (2006). Is the binding of visual features in working memory resource-demanding? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 298–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, R. J., Hitch, G. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2009). Cross-modal binding and working memory. Visual Cognition, 17, 83–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1993). Rules of the mind. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In Spence, K. W. & Spence, J. T. (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-195). Academic Press.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 417–423.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (2007). Working memory, thought, and action. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In Bower, G. A. (Ed.), Recent advances in learning and motivation (Vol. 8, pp. 647–667): Academic Press.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975). Word length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575–589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D., Vallar, G., & Wilson, B. A. (1987). Sentence comprehension and phonological memory: Some neuropsychological evidence. In Coltheart, M. (Ed.), Attention and performance XII: The psychology of reading (pp. 509–529). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Barrouillet, P., Bernardin, S., & Camos, V. (2004). Time constraints and resource-sharing in adults’ working memory spans. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 83–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrouillet, P., Bernardin, S., Portrat, S., Vergauwe, E., & Camos, V. (2007). Time and cognitive load in working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 33(3), 570–585.Google Scholar
Barrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2001). Developmental increase in working memory span: Resource sharing or temporal decay? Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 1–20.Google Scholar
Barrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2015). Working memory: Loss and reconstruction. Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Barrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2020). The time-based resource-sharing model of working memory. In Logie, R. H., Camos, V., Cowan, N. (Eds), Working memory: State of the science. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barrouillet, P. Gavens, N., Vergauwe, E., Gaillard, V., & Camos, V. (2009). Working memory span development: A Time-Based Resource-Sharing model account. Developmental Psychology, 45, 477–490.Google Scholar
Barrouillet, P., Gorin, S., & Camos, V. (2021). Simple spans underestimate verbal working memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(4), 633.Google Scholar
Barrouillet, P., Portrat, S., & Camos, V. (2011). On the law relating processing and storage in working memory. Psychological Review, 118, 175–192.Google Scholar
Barrouillet, P., Portrat, S., Vergauwe, E., Diependaele, K., & Camos, V. (2011). Further evidence for temporal decay in working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37, 1302–1317.Google ScholarPubMed
Berlin, B., & Kay, P. (1969). Basic color terms. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Binet, A., & Simon, T. (1904). Méthodes nouvelles pour le diagnostic du niveau intellectuel des anormaux [New methods for the diagnosis of the intellectual level of subnormals]. L’année psychologique, 11, 191–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braine, M. D. S. (1990). The “natural logic” approach to reasoning. In Overton, W. F. (Ed.), Reasoning, necessity and logic: Developmental perspectives (pp. 135-158). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 164–169.Google Scholar
Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2005). The science of false memory. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, G. D., Neath, I., & Chater, N. (2007). A temporal ratio model of memory. Psychological Review, 114, 539–576.Google Scholar
Camos, V., & Barrouillet, P. (2011). Factors of working memory development: The time-based resource-sharing approach. In Barrouillet, P. & Gaillard, V. (Eds.), Cognitive development and working memory: From neo-Piagetian to cognitive approaches (pp. 151–176). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Camos, V., & Barrouillet, P. (2018). Working memory in development. Routledge.Google Scholar
Camos, V., Johnson, M., Loaiza, V., Portrat, S., Souza, A., & Vergauwe, E. (2018). What is attentional refreshing in working memory? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1424(1), 19–32.Google Scholar
Camos, V., Lagner, P., & Barrouillet, P. (2009). Two maintenance mechanisms of verbal information in working memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 61(3), 457–469.Google Scholar
Camos, V., Mora, G., & Barrouillet, P. (2013). Phonological similarity effect in complex span task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(10), 1927–1950.Google Scholar
Camos, V., Mora, G., & Oberauer, K. (2011). Adaptive choice between articulatory rehearsal and attentional refreshing in verbal working memory. Memory & Cognition, 39(2), 231–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Camos, V., Mora, G., Oftinger, A-L., Mariz Elsig, S., Schneider, P., & Vergauwe, E., (2019). Does long-term memory affect refreshing in verbal working memory? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 45(9), 1664–1682.Google Scholar
Camos, V., & Portrat, S. (2015). The impact of cognitive load on delayed recall. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 22, 1029–1034.Google Scholar
Campoy, G., Castellà, J., Provencio, V., Hitch, G., & Baddeley, A. (2015). Automatic semantic encoding in verbal short-term memory: Evidence from the concreteness effect. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68(4), 759–778.Google Scholar
Corbin, L., Moissenet, A., & Camos, V. (2012). Le fonctionnement de la mémoire de travail chez des enfants présentant des difficultés scolaires. Développements, 11, 5–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, N. (1995). Attention and memory: An integrated framework. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cowan, N. (1999). An embedded-processes model of working memory. In Shah, P. Miyake, & A., (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (pp. 62–101). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Craik, F. I. M., & Watkins, M. J. (1973). The role of rehearsal in short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 599–607.Google Scholar
Crowder, R. G. (1993). Short-term memory: Where do we stand? Memory & Cognition, 21, 142–145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03202725Google Scholar
Daneman, M. & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450–466.Google Scholar
Dempster, F. N. (1981). Memory span: Sources of individual and developmental differences. Psychological Bulletin, 89, 63–100.Google Scholar
Engle, R. W., Nations, J. K., & Cantor, J. (1990). Is working memory capacity just another name for word knowledge? Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 799–804.Google Scholar
Fitamen, C., Blaye, A., & Camos, V. (2019). The role of goal cueing in kindergarteners’ working memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 187.Google Scholar
Garnham, A., Garrod, S., & Sanford, A. (2006). Observation on the past and future of psycholinguistics. In Traxler, M. J., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (Eds.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 1–18). Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gathercole, S. E., & Baddeley, A. D. (1989). Evaluation of the role of phonological STM in the development of vocabulary in children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 200–213.Google Scholar
Gathercole, S. E., & Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Phonological memory deficits in language-disordered children: Is there a causal connection? Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 336–360.Google Scholar
Gavens, N., & Barrouillet, P. (2004). Delays of retention, processing efficiency, and attentional resources in working memory span development. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 644–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glenberg, A. M., Smith, S. M., & Green, C. (1977). Type I rehearsal: Maintenance and more. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16, 339–352.Google Scholar
Greene, R. L. (1987). Effects of maintenance rehearsal on human memory. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 403–413.Google Scholar
Gruber, O. (2001). Effects of domain-specific interference on brain activation associated with verbal working memory task performance. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 1047–1055.Google Scholar
Hudjetz, A., & Oberauer, K. (2007). The effects of processing time and processing rate on forgetting in working memory: Testing four models of the complex span paradigm. Memory & Cognition, 35, 1675–1684.Google Scholar
Jefferies, E., Lambon Ralph, M. A., & Baddeley, A. D. (2004). Automatic and controlled processing in sentence recall: The role of long-term and working memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 623–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. K. (1992). MEM: Mechanisms of recollection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4(3), 268–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, M. K., Reeder, J. A., Raye, C. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2002). Second thoughts versus second looks: An age-related deficit in reflectively refreshing just-activated information. Psychological Science, 13, 64–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., Tuholski, S. W., Wilhelm, O., Payne, T. W., & Engle, R. W. (2004). The generality of working memory capacity: A latent-variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 189–217.Google Scholar
Loaiza, V. M., & Camos, V. (2018). The role of semantic representations in verbal working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44, 863–881.Google Scholar
Loaiza, V. M., Duperreault, K. A., Rhodes, M. G., & McCabe, D. P. (2015). Long-term semantic representations moderate the effect of attentional refreshing on episodic memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22, 274–280.Google Scholar
Loaiza, V. M., & McCabe, D. P. (2012). Temporal-contextual processing in working memory: Evidence from delayed cued recall and delayed free recall tests. Memory & Cognition, 40, 193–203.Google Scholar
Loaiza, V. M., & McCabe, D. P. (2013). The influence of aging on attentional refreshing and articulatory rehearsal during working memory on later episodic memory performance. Aging, Neuropsychology, & Cognition, 20, 471–493.Google Scholar
Loaiza, V. M., Rhodes, M. G., & Anglin, J. (2015). The influence of age-related differences in prior knowledge and attentional refreshing opportunities on episodic memory. Journals of Gerontology, Lists B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70 (5), 729–736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCabe, D. P. (2008). The role of covert retrieval in working memory span tasks: Evidence from delayed recall tests. Journal of Memory and Language, 58(2), 480–494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0043158Google Scholar
Mora, G., & Camos, V. (2013). Two systems of maintenance in verbal working memory: Evidence from the word length effect. PLoS ONE, 8, e70026.Google Scholar
Mora, G., & Camos, V. (2015). Dissociating rehearsal and refreshing in the maintenance of verbal information in 8-year-old children. Frontiers in Psychology (Developmental Psychology), 6(11).Google ScholarPubMed
Morton, J. (1979). Word recognition. In Morton, J. & Marshall, J. C. (Eds.), Psycholinguistics, volume 2: Structures and processes (pp. 107–156). Paul Elek.Google Scholar
Newport, E. L. (1990). Maturational constraints on language learning. Cognitive Science, 14, 11–28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1401_2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oftinger, A-L., & Camos, V. (2016). Maintenance mechanisms in children’s verbal working memory. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 6(1), 16–28.Google Scholar
Oftinger, A-L., & Camos, V. (2017). Phonological similarity effect in children’s working memory: Do maintenance mechanisms matter? Journal of Child Psychology, 1(1), 5–11.Google Scholar
Oftinger, A-L., & Camos, V. (2018). Developmental improvement in strategies to maintain verbal information in children’s working memory. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 42(2), 182–191.Google Scholar
Papagno, C., Valentine, T., & Baddeley, A. D. (1991). Phonological short-term memory and foreign-language vocabulary learning. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 331–347.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1923). Le langage et la pensée chez l’enfant. Delachaux et Niestlé.Google Scholar
Portrat, S., Camos, V., & Barrouillet, P. (2009) Working memory in children: A time-related functioning similar to adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102, 368–374.Google Scholar
Raye, C. L., Johnson, M. K., Mitchell, K. J., Greene, E. J., & Johnson, M. R. (2007). Refreshing: A minimal executive function. Cortex, 43, 135–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (1995). Fuzzy-trace theory: An interim synthesis. Learning and Individual Differences, 7, 1–75.Google Scholar
Ricker, T., Cowan, N., & Morey, C. (2010). Visual working memory is disrupted by covert verbal retrieval. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 516–521.Google Scholar
Rips, L. J. (1994). The psychology of proof. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Rose, N. S., Buchsbaum, B. R., & Craik, F. I. M. (2014). Short-term retention of a single word relies on retrieval from long-term memory when both rehearsal and refreshing are disrupted. Memory & Cognition, 42, 689–700.Google Scholar
Rose, N. S., Craik, F. I., & Buchsbaum, B. R. (2015). Levels of processing in working memory: Differential involvement of frontotemporal networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27, 522–532.Google Scholar
Rosselet-Jordan, F. L., Abadie, M., Mariz-Elsig, S., & Camos, V. (2022). Role of attention in the associative relatedness effect in verbal working memory: Behavioral and chronometric perspectives. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001102Google Scholar
Rosselet-Jordan, F., Abadie, M., Mariz-Elsig, S. & Camos, V. (in press). Role of attention in the associative relatedness effect in verbal working memory: Behavioral and chronometric perspective.Google Scholar
Smith, E. E., & Jonides, J. (1999). Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science, 283, 1657–1661.Google Scholar
Trost, S., & Gruber, O. (2012). Evidence for a double dissociation of articulatory rehearsal and non-articulatory maintenance of phonological information in human verbal working memory. Neuropsychobiology, 65, 133–140.Google Scholar
Vallar, G., & Baddeley, A. D. (1987). Phonological short-term store and sentence processing. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 4, 417–438.Google Scholar
Vergauwe, E., Barrouillet, P. & Camos, V. (2009). Visual and spatial working memory are not that dissociated after all: A time-based resource-sharing account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 35, 1012–1028.Google Scholar
Vergauwe, E., Barrouillet, P. & Camos, V. (2010). Verbal and visuo-spatial working memory: A case for domain-general time-based resource sharing. Psychological Science, 21, 384–390.Google Scholar
Vergauwe, E., Camos, V., & Barrouillet, P. (2014). The impact of storage on processing: Implications for structure and functioning of working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 40, 1072–1095.Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1934). Thought and language. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2014). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Fifth Edition technical and interpretive manual. NCS Pearson.Google Scholar
Wilson, S. M., Saygin, A. P., Sereno, M. I., & Iacoboni, M. (2004). Listening to speech activates motor areas involved in speech production. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 701–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1263Google Scholar
Whorf, B. L. (1940). Science and linguistics. Technology Review, 42, 229–231, 247–248.Google Scholar
Woodward, A. E., Bjork, R. A., & Jongeward, R. H. (1973). Recall and recognition as a function of primary rehearsal. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 608–617.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×