After some decades of transition, in the first half of the first century bc, (almost) everything changed. This happened in the Stoa, where non-Athenian scholarchs felt the need for new perspectives, and for a clearer integration of Plato’s doctrine.1 This happened in the Garden, which found new life in Italy with Philodemus’ ‘adaptation’.2 This happened in the Peripatos, where both the recovery of Aristotle’s esoteric writings (in whatever form this may have occurred) and the introduction of a new approach to Aristotle’s philosophy ushered in a new era.3 More generally, the so-called decentralisation of philosophy strongly affected all schools, and determined the need for new ways of thinking and new approaches to authoritative texts.