Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-5db6c4db9b-mcx2m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2023-03-26T18:11:39.783Z Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { "useRatesEcommerce": false } hasContentIssue true

Works Cited

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 May 2022

Taylor N. Carlson  and
Jaime E. Settle
Taylor N. Carlson
Affiliation:
Washington University, St Louis
Jaime E. Settle
Affiliation:
College of William and Mary, Virginia
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
What Goes Without Saying
Navigating Political Discussion in America
 , pp. 277 - 292
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Purchase

Buy Book

Buy print or eBook[Opens in a new window]

References

Works Cited

Aarøe, Lene, and Petersen, Michael Bang. 2020. “Cognitive biases and communication strength in social networks: The case of episodic frames.” British Journal of Political Science 50(4): 1561–1581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrajano, Marisa. 2015. “Reexamining the ‘racial gap’ in political knowledge.” The Journal of Politics 77(1): 44–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahler, Douglas J. 2014. “Self-fulfilling misperceptions of public polarization.” The Journal of Politics 76(3): 607–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahler, Douglas J., and Sood, Gaurav. 2018. “The parties in our heads: Misperceptions about party composition and their consequences.” The Journal of Politics 80(3): 964–981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahler, Douglas J., and Sood, Gaurav. 2018. “Measuring perceptions of shares of groups.” In Southwell, Brian G., Thorson, Emily A., and Sheble, Laura (eds.), Misinformation and Mass Audiences (pp. 71–90). Austin: University of Texas.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahn, T. K., Huckfeldt, Robert, and Ryan, John Barry. 2014. Experts, Activists, and Democratic Politics: Are Electorates Self-Educating? New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Allport, Gordon. W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Ambrose, Graham. 2016. “At the country’s most elite and liberal colleges, some Trump supporters stay closeted.” The Washington Post, September 20. www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/09/20/at-the-countrys-most-elite-and-liberal-colleges-some-trump-supporters-stay-closeted/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.4ce3d1f660ff.Google Scholar
Anoll, Allison P. 2018. “What makes a good neighbor? Race, place, and norms of political participation.” The American Political Science Review 112(3): 494–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anspach, Nicolas M., and Carlson, Taylor N.. 2020. “What to believe? Social media commentary and belief in misinformation.” Political Behavior 42(3): 697-718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appleby, Jacob. 2018. “Do they like us? Meta-stereotypes and meta-evaluations between political groups.” PhD diss., University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Appleby, Jacob, and Borgida, Eugene. “Ideological metastereotypes: Overestimations of intergroup antipathy and sources of anxiety.” Manuscript in preparation. https://jacobappleby.wordpress.com/home/research.Google Scholar
Asch, Solomon E. 1956. “Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority.” Psychological Monographs 70(9): 1–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, Bert N., Lelkes, Yphtach, and Malka, Ariel. 2021. “Reconsidering the link between self-reported personality traits and political preferences.” American Political Science Review 115(4): 1482–1498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 2002. “Beyond the running tally: Partisan bias in political perceptions.” Political behavior 24(2): 117–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bello, Jason. 2012. “The dark side of disagreement? Revisiting the effect of disagreement on political participation.” Electoral Studies 31(4): 782–795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bello, Jason, and Rolfe, Meredith. 2014. “Is influence mightier than selection? Forging agreement in political discussion networks during a campaign.” Social Networks 36: 134–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, Daniel J., and Shapiro, Jesse M.. 2009. “Thin-slice forecasts of gubernatorial elections.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 91(3): 523–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benoit, Kenneth, Watanabe, Kohei, Wang, Haiyan, et al. 2018. “Quanteda: An R package for the quantitative analysis of textual data.” Journal of Open Source Software, 3(30): 774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bøggild, Troels, Aarøe, Lene, and Petersen, Michael Bang. 2021. “Citizens as complicits: Distrust in politicians and biased social dissemination of political information.” American Political Science Review, 115(1): 269–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, Marilyn B., and Roccas, Sonia. 2001. “Individual values, social identity, and optimal distinctiveness.” In Sedikides, C. and Brewer, M. B. (eds.), Individual Self, Relational Self, Collective Self (pp. 219–237). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Brown, Elissa J., Turovsky, Julia, Heimberg, Richard G., Juster, Harlan R., Brown, Timothy A., and Barlow, David H.. 1997. “Validation of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale across the anxiety disorders.” Psychological Assessment 9(1): 21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, John G., Gerber, Alan S., Hill, Seth J., and Huber, Gregory A.. 2015. “Partisan bias in factual beliefs about politics.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 10(4): 519–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, John G., and Lenz, Gabriel. 2019. “Partisan bias in surveys.” Annual Review of Political Science 22: 325–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busby, Ethan. 2021. Should You Stay Away from Strangers? Experiments on the Political Consequences of Intergroup Contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busby, Ethan, Howat, Adam, Rothschild, Jacob, and Shafranek, Richard. 2021. The Partisan Next Door: Stereotypes of Party Supporters and Consequences for Polarization in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Daniel M., and Broockman, David E.. 2011. “Do politicians racially discriminate against constituents? A field experiment on state legislators.” American Journal of Political Science 55(3): 463–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Daniel M., and Homola, Jonathan. 2017. “An empirical justification for the use of racially distinctive names to signal race in experiments.” Political Analysis 25(1): 122–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butters, Ross, and Hare, Christopher. “Polarized networks? New evidence on American voters’ political discussion networks.” Political Behavior (2020): 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, Taylor N. 2018. “Modeling political information transmission as a game of telephone.” The Journal of Politics 80(1): 348–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, Taylor N. 2019. “Through the grapevine: Informational consequences of interpersonal political communication.” American Political Science Review 113(2): 325–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, Taylor N., Abrajano, Marisa, and García Bedolla., Lisa 2020. Political discussion networks and political engagement among voters of color. Political Research Quarterly 73(1), 79–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, Taylor N., Abrajano, Marisa, and Bedolla, Lisa García. 2020. Talking Politics: Political Discussion Networks and the New American Electorate. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, Taylor N., and Hill, Seth J.. 2021. “Experimental measurement of misperception in political beliefs.” Journal of Experimental Political Science. 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, Taylor N., McClean, Charles T., and Settle, Jaime E.. 2020. “Follow your heart: Could psychophysiology be associated with political discussion network homogeneity?” Political Psychology 41(1): 165–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, Taylor N., and Settle, Jaime E.. 2016. “Political chameleons: An exploration of conformity in political discussions.” Political Behavior 38(4): 817–859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carney, Dana R., Jost, John T., Gosling, Samuel D., and Potter, Jeff. 2008. “The secret lives of liberals and conservatives: Personality profiles, interaction styles, and the things they leave behind.” Political Psychology 29(6): 807–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpinella, Colleen M., and Johnson, Kerri L.. 2013. “Appearance-based politics: Sex-typed facial cues communicate political party affiliation.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49(1): 156–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, John R., and Melnyk, Darya. 2006. “Why do I hate thee? Conflict misperceptions and intergroup mistrust.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32(10): 1295–1311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chambers, John R., Baron, Robert S., and Inman, Mary L.. 2006. “Misperceptions in intergroup conflict: Disagreeing about what we disagree about.” Psychological Science 17(1): 38–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, M. Keith, and Rohla, Ryne. 2018. “The effect of partisanship and political advertising on close family ties.” Science 360(6392): 1020–1024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cialdini, Robert B., and Trost, Melanie R.. 1998. “Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance.” In Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., and Lindzey, G. (eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology. 151–192. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Cialdini, Robert B., and Goldstein, Noah J.. 2004. “Social influence: Compliance and conformity.” Annual Review of Psychology 55(1): 591–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cichocka, Aleksandra, Bilewicz, Michał, Jost, John T., Marrouch, Natasza, and Witkowska, Marta. 2016. “On the grammar of politics – or why conservatives prefer nouns.” Political Psychology 37(6): 799–815CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coe, Chelsea M., Canelo, Kayla S., Vue, Kau, Hibbing, Matthew V., and Nicholson, Stephen P.. 2017. “The physiology of framing effects: Threat sensitivity and the persuasiveness of political arguments.” The Journal of Politics 79(4): 1465–1468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conover, Pamela Johnston, and Searing, Donald D.. 2005. “Studying ‘everyday political talk’ in the deliberative system.”Acta Politica 40(3): 269–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conover, Pamela Johnston, Searing, Donald D., and Crewe, Ivor M.. 2002. “The deliberative potential of political discussion.” British Journal of Political Science 32(1): 21–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cramer, Katherine. 2004. Talking about Politics: Informal Groups and Social Identity in American Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cramer, Katherine. 2006. “Communities, race, and talk: An analysis of the occurrence of civic intergroup dialogue programs.” The Journal of Politics 68(1): 22–33.Google Scholar
Cramer, Katherine. 2008. Talking about Race: Community Dialogues and the Politics of Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Crawford, Jarret T., Modri, Sean A., and Motyl, Matt. 2013. “Bleeding-heart liberals and hard-hearted conservatives: Subtle political dehumanization through differential attributions of human nature and human uniqueness traits.” Journal of Social and Political Psychology 1(1): 86–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dailey, Rene M., and Palomares, Nicholas A.. 2004. “Strategic topic avoidance: An investigation of topic avoidance frequency, strategies used, and relational correlates.” Communication Monographs 71(4): 471–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawes, Robyn M., Singer, David, and Lemons, Frank. 1972. “An experimental analysis of the contrast effect and its implications for intergroup communication and the indirect assessment of attitude.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21(3): 281–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deichert, Maggie Ann. 2019. “Partisan cultural stereotypes: The effect of everyday partisan associations on social life in the United States.” PhD diss. Vanderbilt University.Google Scholar
DellaPosta, Daniel, Shi, Yongren, and Macy, Michael. 2015. “Why do liberals drink lattes?” American Journal of Sociology 120(5): 1473–1511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denny, Elaine. 2016. “The good intention gap: Poverty, anxiety, and implications for political action.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Detert, Laurel, and Settle, Jaime. 2023. “Biopolitics.” In Huddy, Leonie, Sears, David, Levy, Jack, and Jerit, Jennifer (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Sokhey, Anand Edward. 2014. “The distribution and determinants of socially supplied political expertise.” American Politics Research 42(2): 199–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djupe, Paul, McClurg, Scott, and Sokhey, Anand Edward. 2018. “The political consequences of gender in social networks.” British Journal of Political Science 48(3): 637–658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doherty, et al. 2019. “Public highly critical of state of political discourse in the U.S.” Pew Research Center Report. Available at www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/06/19/public-highly-critical-of-state-of-political-discourse-in-the-u-s.Google Scholar
Dolan, Kathleen. 2011. “Do women and men know different things? Measuring gender differences in political knowledge.” The Journal of Politics 73(1): 97–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolan, Kathleen A. 2014. When Does Gender Matter? Women Candidates and Gender Stereotypes in American Elections. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolan, Kathleen and Kraft, Patrick. Asking the Right Questions: A Framework to Develop Gender-Balanced Knowledge Batteries. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Druckman, James N., and Levendusky, Matthew S.. 2019. “What do we measure when we measure affective polarization?” Public Opinion Quarterly 83(1): 114–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druckman, James N., Levendusky, Matthew S., and McLain, Audrey. 2018. “No need to watch: How the effects of partisan media can spread via interpersonal discussions.” American Journal of Political Science 62(1): 99–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druckman, James N., Klar, Samara, Krupnikov, Yanna, Levendusky, Matthew, and Ryan, John Barry. “(Mis-)estimating affective polarization.” Forthcoming, Journal of Politics.Google Scholar
Duggan, Maeve, and Smith, Aaron. 2016. “The political environment on social media.” Pew Research Center. October 25. www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/25/the-political-environment-on-social-media.Google Scholar
Efran, Michael G. 1974. “The effect of physical appearance on the judgment of guilt, interpersonal attraction, and severity of recommended punishment in a simulated jury task.” Journal of Research in Personality 8(1): 45–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eliasoph, Nina. 1998. Avoiding Politics: How Americans Produce Apathy in Everyday Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelhardt, Andrew M., and Utych, Stephen M.. 2020. “Grand old (tailgate) party? Partisan discrimination in apolitical settings.” Political Behavior 42(3): 769–789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveland, William P., Morey, Alyssa C., and Hutchens, Myiah J.. 2011. “Beyond deliberation: New directions for the study of informal political conversation form a communication perspective.” Journal of Communication 61(6): 1082–1103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveland, William P. Jr., Song, Hyunjin, Hutchens, Myiah J., and Levitan, Lindsey Clark. 2019. “Not being accurate is not quite the same as being inaccurate: Variations in reported (in)accuracy of perceptions of political views of network members due to uncertainty.” Communication Methods and Measures 13(4): 305–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveland, William P., and Hutchens, Myiah J.. 2009. “Political discussion frequency, network size, and ‘heterogeneity’ of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation.” Journal of Communication 59(2): 205–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveland, William P. Jr., and Hutchens, Myiah J.. 2013. “The role of conversation in developing accurate political perceptions: A multilevel social network approach.” Human Communication Research 39(4): 422–444.Google Scholar
Eveland, William P., and Appiah, Osei. 2021. “A national conversation about race? Political discussion across lines of racial and partisan difference.” Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 6(1): 187–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figlio, David N. 2005. Names, Expectations and the Black-White Test Score Gap. No. w11195. National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, Marc. 2016. “It’s hard enough to be a Republican in deep-blue D.C. Try being a Trump voter.” The Washington Post, February 22. www.washingtonpost.com/local/its-hard-enough-to-be-a-republican-in-deep-blue-dc-try-being-a-trump-voter/2016/02/22/d8f18b96-d4f2-11e5-9823-02b905009f99_story.html?utm_term=.9ada7154080e.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, Jennifer. 2013. “What does ‘political’ mean to you?” Political Behavior 35(3): 453–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fouka, Vasiliki. 2020. “Backlash: The unintended effects of language prohibition in US schools after World War I.” The Review of Economic Studies 87(1): 204–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, Frances E., and Tropp, Linda R.. 2006. “Being seen as individuals versus as group members: Extending research on metaperception to intergroup contexts.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10(3): 265–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
French, Jeffrey A., Smith, Kevin B., Alford, John R., Guck, Adam, Birnie, Andrew K., and Hibbing, John R.. 2014. “Cortisol and politics: variance in voting behavior is predicted by baseline cortisol levels.” Physiology & Behavior 133: 61–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Funder, David C. 1995. “On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach.” Psychological review 102(4): 652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gadarian, Shana Kushner, and Albertson, Bethany. 2014. “Anxiety, immigration, and the search for information.” Political Psychology 35(2): 133–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gell-Redman, Micah, Visalvanich, Neil, Crabtree, Charles, and Fariss, Christopher J.. 2018. “It’s all about race: How state legislators respond to immigrant constituents.” Political Research Quarterly 71(3): 517–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerber, Alan S., Huber, Gregory A., Doherty, David, and Dowling, Conor M.. 2012. “Disagreement and the avoidance of political discussion: Aggregate relationships and differences across personality traits.” American Journal of Political Science 56(4): 849–874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerber, Alan S., Huber, Gregory A., Doherty, David, Dowling, Conor M., and Shang., E. Ha 2010. “Personality and political attitudes: Relationships across issue domains and political contexts.” American Political Science Review 104(1): 111–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, James L. 1992. “The political consequences of intolerance: Cultural conformity and political freedom.” The American Political Science Review 86(2): 338–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, James L., and Sutherland, Joseph L.. 2020. “Keeping your mouth shut: Spiraling self-censorship in the United States.” Working Paper.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glynn, Carroll J., Hayes, Andrew F., and Shanahan, James. 1997. “Perceived support for one’s opinions and willingness to speak out: A meta-analysis of survey studies on the ‘spiral of silence.’” Public Opinion Quarterly 61(3): 452–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goggin, Stephen N., and Theodoridis, Alexander G.. 2017. “Disputed ownership: Parties, issues, and traits in the minds of voters.” Political Behavior 39(3): 675–702CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosling, Sam. 2008. Snoop: What Your Stuff Says about You. London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Gosling, Samuel D., Rentfrow, Peter J., and Swann, William B.. 2003. “A very brief measure of the big-five personality domains.” Journal of Research in Personality 37(6): 504–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosling, Samuel D., Gaddis, Sam, and Vazire, Simine. 2008. “First impressions based on the environments we create and inhabit.” In Ambady, Nalini and Skowronski, John Joseph (eds.), First Impressions (pp. 334–356). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Graham, Jesse, Haidt, Jonathan, and Nosek, Brian A.. 2009. “Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96(5): 1029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, Stephanie. 2017. “What it’s like to be a Trump supporter in DC.” The Washingtonian, January 18. www.washingtonian.com/2017/01/18/what-its-like-to-be-a-trump-supporter-in-dc.Google Scholar
Greene, Stephen. 1999. “Understanding party identification: A social identity approach.” Political Psychology 20(2): 393–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haidt, Jonathan. 2014. “Your personality makes your politics.” TIME, January 9. https://science.time.com/2014/01/09/your-personality-makes-your-politics.Google Scholar
Haidt, Jonathan, and Wilson, Chris. 2014. “Can TIME predict your politics?” TIME, January 9. http://time.com/510/can-time-predict-your-politics.Google Scholar
Hampton, Keith, Rainie, Lee, Lu, Weixu, Dwyer, Maria, Shin, Inyoung, and Purcell, Kristen. 2014. “Social media and the ‘spiral of silence.’” Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Harris-Lacewell, Melissa Victoria. 2010. Barbershops, Bibles, and BET: Everyday Talk and Black Political Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hatemi, Peter K., Hibbing, John R., Medland, Sarah E., et al. 2010. “Not by twins alone: Using the extended family design to investigate genetic influence on political beliefs.” American Journal of Political Science 54(3): 798–814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, Danny. 2005. “Candidate qualities through a partisan lens: A theory of trait ownership.” American Journal of Political Science 49(4): 908–923.Google Scholar
Hayes, Andrew F., Glynn, Carroll J., and Shanahan, James. 2005. “Willingness to self-censor: A construct and measurement tool for public opinion research.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 17(3): 298–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heimberg, Richard G., Mueller, Gregory P., Holt, Craig S., Hope, Debra A., and Liebowitz, Michael R.. 1992. “Assessment of anxiety in social interaction and being observed by others: The social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale. Behavior Therapy 23(1): 53–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hersh, Eitan. 2020. Politics Is for Power: How to Move beyond Political Hobbyism, Take Action, and Make Real Change. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Hetherington, Marc J., and Weiler, Jonathan D.. 2009. Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hetherington, Marc J., and Weiler, Jonathan D.. 2018. Prius or Pickup? How the Answers to Four Simple Questions Explain America’s Great Divide. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Hibbing, John R., and Theiss-Morse, Elizabeth. 2002. Stealth Democracy: Americans’ Beliefs about How Government Should Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hibbing, John. R., Smith, Kevin. B., and Alford, John. R.. 2013. Predisposed: Liberals, Conservatives, and the Biology of Political Differences. Philadelphia: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hibbing, Matthew V., Ritchie, Melina, and Anderson, Mary R.. 2011. “Personality and political discussion.” Political Behavior 33(4): 601–624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, Gregory A., and Malhotra, Neil. 2017. “Political homophily in social relationships: Evidence from online dating behavior.” The Journal of Politics 79(1): 269–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huckfeldt, Robert. 2001. “The social communication of political expertise.” American Journal of Political Science 45(2): 425–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huckfeldt, Robert, Johnson, Paul E., and Sprague, John. 2004. Political Disagreement: The Survival of Diverse Opinions within Communication Networks. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huckfeldt, Robert, and Sprague, John. 1987. “Networks in context: The social flow of political information.” American Political Science Review 81(4): 1197–1216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huckfeldt, Robert, and Sprague, John. 1995. Citizens, Politics, and Social Communication: Information and Influence in an Election Campaign. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto, Sood, Gauray, and Lelkes, Yphtach. 2012. “Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization.” Public Opinion Quarterly 76(3): 405–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto, and Westwood, Sean J.. 2015. “Fear and loathing across party lines: New evidence on group polarization.” American Journal of Political Science 59(3): 690–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto, Kontizer, Tobias, and Tedin, Kent. 2018. “The home as a political fortress: Family agreement in an era of polarization.” Journal of Politics 80(4): 1326–1338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamieson, Amber. 2016. “‘Not even my wife knows’: Secret Donald Trump voters speak out.” The Guardian, March 3. www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/mar/03/secret-donald-trump-voters-speak-out.Google Scholar
Jerit, Jennifer, and Barabas, Jason. 2012. “Partisan perceptual bias and the information environment.” The Journal of Politics 74(3): 672–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Dominic D. P., McDermott, Rose, Barrett, Emily S., et al. 2006. “Overconfidence in wargames: Experimental evidence on expectations, aggression, gender and testosterone.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273(1600): 2513–2520.Google ScholarPubMed
Jost, John T. 2006. “The end of the end of ideology.” American Psychologist 61(7): 651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jost, John T., Glaser, Jack, Kruglanski, Arie W., and Sulloway, Frank J.. 2003. “Political conservatism as motivated social cognition.” Psychological Bulletin 129(3): 339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joubert, Charles E. 1994. “Relation of name frequency to the perception of social class in given names.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 79(1): 623–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judd, Charles M., and Downing, James W.. 1995. “Stereotypic accuracy in judgments of the political positions of groups and individuals.” In Lodge, Milton and McGraw, Kathleen (eds.), Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 65–90). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Karpowitz, Christopher F., and Mendelberg, Tali. 2014. The Silent Sex: Gender, Deliberation, and Institutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Karpowitz, Christopher F., Mendelberg, Tali, and Mattioli, Lauren. 2015. “Why women’s numbers elevate women’s influence, and when they do not: Rules, norms, and authority in political discussion.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 3(1): 149–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karpowitz, Christopher F., Mendelberg, Tali, and Shaker, Lee. (2012). Gender inequality in deliberative participation. American Political Science Review 106(3): 533–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, Josh. 2016. “‘Duck Dynasty’ vs. ‘Modern Family’: 50 maps of the U.S. cultural divide” The New York Times, December 27. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/26/upshot/duck-dynasty-vs-modern-family-television-maps.html.Google Scholar
Klar, Samara, and Krupnikov, Yanna. 2016. Independent Politics: How American Disdain for Parties Leads to Political Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klofstad, Casey A. 2009. “Civic talk and civic participation: The moderating effect of individual predispositions.” American Politics Research 37(5): 856–878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klofstad, Casey. 2010. Civic Talk: Peers, Politics, and the Future of Democracy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Klofstad, Casey A., Sokhey, Anand Edward, and McClurg, Scott D.. 2013. “Disagreeing about disagreement: How conflict in social networks affects political behavior.” American Journal of Political Science 57(1): 120–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klofstad, Casey A., McClurg, Scott D., and Rolfe, Meredith. 2009. “Measurement of political discussion networks.” Public Opinion Quarterly 73(3): 462–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreibig, Sylvia D. 2010. “Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review.” Biological Psychology 84(3): 394–421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krockow, Eva M. 2018 “How many decisions do we make each day?” Psychology Today, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/stretching-theory/201809/how-many-decisions-do-we-make-each-day.Google Scholar
Krupnikov, Yanna, and Ryan, John Barry. 2022. The Other Divide: Polarization and Disengagement in American Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulas, Michelle. 2017. “The normal heart rate during a panic attack.” www.livestrong.com/article/344010-the-normal-heart-rate-during-a-panic-attack.Google Scholar
Ladd, Jonathan McDonald, and Lenz, Gabriel S.. 2008. “Reassessing the role of anxiety in vote choice.” Political Psychology 29(2): 275–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladd, Jonathan McDonald, and Lenz, Gabriel S.. 2011. “Does anxiety improve voters’ decision making?” Political Psychology 32(2): 347–361CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lajevardi, Nazita. 2020.”Access denied: Exploring Muslim American representation and exclusion by state legislators.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 8(5): 957–985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer L., and Fox, Richard L.. 2010. It Still Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don’t Run for Office. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leighley, Jan E., and Vedlitz, Arnold. 1999. “Race, ethnicity, and political participation: Competing models and contrasting explanations.” The Journal of Politics 61(4): 1092–1114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leighley, Jan E., and Matsubayashi, Tetsuya. 2009. “The implications of class, race, and ethnicity for political networks.” American Politics Research 37(5): 824–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerner, Jennifer S., Li, Ye, Valdesolo, Piercarlo, and Kassam, Karim S.. 2015. “Emotion and decision making.” Annual Review of Psychology 66: 799–823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levendusky, Matthew S., and Stecula, Dominik A.. 2021. We Need to Talk: How Cross-Party Dialogue Reduces Affective Polarization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Levendusky, Matthew S., and Malhotra, Neil. 2016. “(Mis)perceptions of partisan polarization in the American public.” Public Opinion Quarterly 80(S1): 378–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitan, Lindsey, and Verhulst, Brad. 2016. “Conformity in groups: The effects of others views on expressed attitudes and attitude change.” Political Behavior 38(2): 277–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberson, Stanley. 2000. A Matter of Taste: How Names, Fashions, and Culture Change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lieberson, Stanley, and Bell, Eleanor O.. 1992. “Children’s first names: An empirical study of social taste.” American Journal of sociology 98(3): 511–554CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, Jacob A., and Eveland Jr, William P.. 2018. “Entertainment use and political ideology: Linking worldviews to media content.” Communication Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupia, A., and McCubbins., M. D. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lyons, Jeffrey and Sokhey, Anand E.. 2014. “Emotion, motivation, and social information seeking about politics.” Political Communication 31(2): 237–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, Jeffrey, and Sokhey, Anand E.. 2017. “Discussion networks, issues, and perceptions of polarization in the American electorate.” Political Behavior 39(4): 967–988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKuen, Michael. 1990. “Speaking of politics: Individual conversational choice, public opinion, and the prospects for deliberative democracy.” In Ferejohn, John A. and Kuklinski, James H. (eds.), Information and Democratic Processes (pp. 59–99). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Makse, Todd, Minkoff, Scott, and Sokhey, Anand. 2019. Politics on Display: Yard Signs and the Politicization of Social Spaces. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansbridge, Jane J. 1980. Beyond Adversary Democracy. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, J. 1999. “Everyday talk in the deliberative system.” In Macedo, S. (ed.), Essays on Democracy and Disagreement. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marcus, Bernd, Machilek, Franz, and Schütz, Astrid. 2006. “Personality in cyberspace: Personal web sites as media for personality expressions and impressions.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90(6): 1014–1031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcus, George E., Sullivan, John L., Theiss-Morse, Elizabeth, and Stevens, Daniel. 2005. “The emotional foundation of political cognition: The impact of extrinsic anxiety on the formation of political tolerance judgments.” Political Psychology 26(6): 949–963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, George E., and MacKuen, Michael B.. 1993. “Anxiety, enthusiasm, and the vote: The emotional underpinnings of learning and involvement during presidential campaigns.” American Political Science Review 87(3): 672–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, Lilliana. 2018. Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattick, Richard P., and Christopher Clarke, J.. 1998. “Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny and social interaction anxiety.” Behaviour Research and Therapy 36(4): 455–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClurg, Scott D. 2006. “Political disagreement in context: The conditional effect of neighborhood context, disagreement and political talk on electoral participation.” Political Behavior 28(4): 349–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrae, Robert R. 1996. “Social consequences of experiential openness.” Psychological Bulletin 122(3): 323–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDermott, Rose, Tingley, Dustin, and Hatemi, Peter K.. 2014. “Assortative mating on ideology could operate through olfactory cues.” American Journal of Political Science 58(4): 997–1005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, Jack M., Scheufele, Dietram A., and Moy, Patricia. 1999. “Community, communication, and participation: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation.” Political Communication 16(3): 315–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, Jack M., Daily, Katie, Guo, Zhongshi, et al. 1996. “Community integration, local media use, and democratic processes.” Communication Research 23(2): 179–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendelberg, Tali, and Karpowitz, Christopher F.. 2016. “Power, gender, and group discussion.” Political Psychology 37(1): 23–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendelberg, Tali, Karpowitz, Christopher F., and Goedert, Nicholas. 2014. “Does descriptive representation facilitate women’s distinctive voice? How gender composition and decision rules affect deliberation.” American Journal of Political Science 58(2): 291–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minozzi, William, Song, Hyunjin, Lazer, David M. J., Neblo, Michael A., and Ognyanova, Katherine. 2020. “The incidental pundit: Who talks politics with whom, and why?.” American Journal of Political Science 64(1): 135–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintz, A., and Wayne, C.. 2016. The Polythink Syndrome: US Foreign Policy Decisions on 9/11, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Syria, and ISIS. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mondak, Jeffery J. 2010. Personality and the Foundations of Political Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mondak, Jeffery J., and Halperin, Karen D.. 2008. “A framework for the study of personality and political behaviour.” British Journal of Political Science 38(2): 335–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mondak, Jeffery J., Hibbing, Matthew V., Canache, Damarys, Seligson, Mitchell A., and Anderson, Mary R.. 2010. “Personality and civic engagement: An integrative framework for the study of trait effects on political behavior.” American Political Science Review 104(1): 85–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morehouse Mendez, Jeanette, and Osborn, Tracy. “Gender and the perception of knowledge in political discussion.” 2010. Political Research Quarterly 63(2): 269–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morey, Alyssa C., and Eveland Jr, William P.. 2016. “Measures of political talk frequency: Assessing reliability and meaning.” Communication Methods & Measures 10(1): 51–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morey, Alyssa C., Eveland Jr., William P., and Hutchens, Myiah J.. 2012. “The ‘who’ matters: Types of interpersonal relationships and avoidance of political disagreement.” Political Communication 29(1): 86–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutz, Diana C. 2002. “The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation.” American Journal of Political Science 46(4): 838–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutz, Diana C. 2002. “Cross-cutting social networks: Testing democratic theory in practice.” American Journal of Political Science 96(1): 111–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutz, Diana C. 2006. Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutz, Diana C. 2015. In Your Face Politics: The Consequences of Uncivil Media. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutz, Diana C., and Reeves, Byron. 2005. “The new video malaise: Effects of televised incivility on political trust.” American Political Science Review 99(1): 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutz, Diana C., and Mondak, Jeffery J.. 2006. “The workplace as a context for cross-cutting political discourse.” The Journal of Politics 68(1): 140–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neblo, Michael A. 2007, “Change for the better? Linking the mechanisms of deliberative opinion change to normative theory.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Neblo, Michael A. 2015. Deliberative Democracy between Theory and Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neblo, Michael A., Esterling, Kevin M., Kennedy, Ryan P., Lazer, David M. J., and Sokhey, Anand E.. 2010. “Who Wants to Deliberate – And Why?” American Political Science Review 104(3): 566–583CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, David. 2017. “In liberal Hollywood, a conservative minority faces backlash in the age of Trump.” Los Angeles Times, March 11. www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-conservatives-hollywood-20170311-story.html.Google Scholar
Nir, Lilach. 2011. “Disagreement and opposition in social networks: Does disagreement discourage turnout?” Political Studies 59(3): 674–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth. 1974. “The spiral of silence: A theory of public opinion.” The Journal of Communication 24(2): 43–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noelle-Neumann, Elizabeth. 1993. The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion – Our Social Skin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ohbuchi, Ken-Ichi, and Tedeschi, James T.. 1997. “Multiple goals and tactical behaviors in social conflicts.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27(24): 2177–12199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliphant, Baxter, and Smith, Samantha. 2016. “How Americans are talking about Trump’s election in 6 charts.” Pew Research Center Report. December 22. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/12/22/how-americans-are-talking-about-trumps-election-in-6-charts.Google Scholar
Oliver, J. Eric, Wood, Thomas, and Bass, Alexandra. 2016. “Liberellas versus Konservatives: Social status, ideology, and birth names in the United States.” Political Behavior 38(1): 55–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivola, Christopher Y., and Todorov, Alexander. 2010. “Elected in 100 milliseconds: Appearance-based trait inferences and voting.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 34(2): 83–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oxley, Douglas R., Smith, Kevin B., Alford, John R., et al. 2008. “Political attitudes vary with physiological traits.” Science 321(5896): 1667–1670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Page-Gould, Elizabeth, Mendes, Wendy Berry, and Major, Brenda. 2010. “Intergroup contact facilitates physiological recovery following stressful intergroup interactions.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46(5): 854–858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paluck, Elizabeth Levy, Green, Seth A., and Green, Donald P.. 2019. “The contact hypothesis re-evaluated.” Behavioural Public Policy 3(2): 129–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, Bryan M. 2010. “Social networks and the affective impact of political disagreement.” Political Behavior 32(2): 181–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez, Efrén O. 2015. “Mind the gap: Why large group deficits in political knowledge emerge – and what to do about them.” Political Behavior 37(4): 933–954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Tropp, Linda R.. 2006. “A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90(5): 751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pietryka, Matthew T. 2016. “Accuracy motivations, predispositions, and social information in political discussion networks.” Political Psychology 37(3): 367–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prior, Markus, Sood, Gaurav, and Khanna, Kabir. 2015. “You cannot be serious: The impact of accuracy incentives on partisan bias in reports of economic perceptions.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 10(4): 489–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahim, M. Afzalur. 1983. “A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict.” The Academy of Management Journal 26(2): 368–376.Google ScholarPubMed
Reifen Tagar, Michal, Federico, Christopher M., Lyons, Kristen E., Ludeke, Steven, and Koenig, Melissa A.. 2014. “Heralding the authoritarian? Orientation toward authority in early childhood.” Psychological Science 25(4): 883–892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renshon, Jonathan, Lee, Jooa Julia, and Tingley, Dustin. 2015. “Physiological arousal and political beliefs.” Political Psychology 36(5): 569–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richey, Sean. 2009. “Hierarchy in political discussion.” Political Communication 26(2): 137–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riordan, Cornelius. 1978. “Equal-status interracial contact: A review and revision of the concept.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2(2): 161–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riordan, Cornelius, and Ruggiero, Josephine. 1980. “Producing equal-status interracial interaction: A replication.” Social Psychology Quarterly 43(1): 131–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Robert J., Keltner, Dacher, Ward, Andrew, and Ross, Lee. 1995. “Actual versus assumed differences in construal: ‘Naive realism’ in intergroup perception and conflict.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68(3): 404–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rojas, Hernando. 2008. “Strategy versus understanding: How orientations toward political conversation influence political engagement.” Communication Research 35(4): 452–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, Morris. 1954–1955. “Some determinants of political apathy.” Public Opinion Quarterly 18(4): 349–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossiter, Erin. 2020. “The consequences of interparty conversation on outparty affect and stereotypes.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Rossiter, Erin, and Carlson, Taylor N.. “Electoral threat and the impact of interparty contact on affective polarization.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Rothschild, Jacob E., Howat, Adam J., Shafranek, Richard M., and Busby, Ethan C.. 2018. “Pigeonholing partisans: Stereotypes of party supporters and partisan polarization.” Political Behavior 41(2): 423–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouse, Stella M. 2013 Latinos in the Legislative Process: Interests and Influence. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rule, Nicholas O., and Ambady, Nalini. 2010. “Democrats and Republicans can be differentiated from their faces.” PLoS ONE 5(1): e8733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, John Barry. 2011. “Social networks as a shortcut to correct voting.” American Journal of Political Science 55(4): 752–765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samochowiec, Jakub, Wänke, Michaela, and Fiedler, Klaus. 2010. “Political ideology at face value.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 1(3): 206–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheufele, Dietram A., Nisbet, Matthew C., Brossard, Dominique, and Nisbet, Erik C.. 2004. “Social structure and citizenship: Examining the impacts of social setting, network heterogeneity, and informational variables on political participation.” Political Communication 21(3): 315–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheufele, Dietram A., and Moy, Patrica. 2000. “Twenty-five years of the spiral of silence: A conceptual review and empirical outlook.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 12(1): 3–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Burns, Nancy, and Verba, Sidney. 1999. “‘What happened at work today?’: A multistage model of gender, employment, and political participation.” The Journal of Politics 61(1): 29–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoonvelde, Martijn, Brosius, Anna, Schumacher, Gijs, and Bakker, Bert N.. 2019. “Liberals lecture, conservatives communicate: Analyzing complexity and ideology in 381,609 political speeches.” PloS One 14(2): e0208450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Settle, Jaime E. 2018. Frenemies: How Social Media Polarizes America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Settle, Jaime E., Hibbing, Matthew V., Anspach, Nicolas M., et al. 2020. “Political psychophysiology: A primer for interested researchers and consumers.” Politics and the Life Sciences 39(1): 101–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Settle, Jaime E., and Carlson, Taylor N.. 2019. “Opting out of political discussions.” Political Communication 36(3): 476–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Setzler, Mark, and Yanus, Alixandra B.. 2018. “Why did women vote for Donald Trump?” PS, Political Science & Politics 51(3): 523–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherman, David K., Nelson, Leif D., and Ross, Lee D.. 2003. “Naïve realism and affirmative action: Adversaries are more similar than they think.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 25(4): 275–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, Yongren, Mast, Kai, Weber, Ingmar, Kellum, Agrippa, and Macy, Michael. 2017. “Cultural fault lines and political polarization.” WebSci ‘17, June 25–28, Troy, NY.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sigelman, Lee, and Tuch, Steven A.. 1997. “Metastereotypes: Blacks’ perceptions of Whites’ stereotypes of Blacks.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 61(1): 87–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, Betsy. 2012. The Social Citizen: Peer Networks and Political Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokhey, Anand E., and Djupe, Paul A.. 2014. “Name generation in interpersonal political network data: Results from a series of experiments.” Social Networks 36: 147–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, Hyunjin. 2014. “Uncovering the structural underpinnings of political discussion networks: Evidence from an exponential random graph model.” Journal of Communication 65(1): 146–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soroka, Stuart N. 2019. “Skin conductance in the study of politics and communication.” In Foster, Gigi (ed.), Biophysical Measurement in Experimental Social Science Research: Theory and Practice (pp. 85–104). London: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soroka, Stuart N., Fournier, Patrick, and Nir, Lilach. 2019. “Cross-national evidence of a negativity bias in psychophysiological reactions to news.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 116(38): 18888–18892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soroka, Stuart N., Fournier, Patrick, Nir, Lilach, and Hibbing, John. 2019. “Psychophysiology in the study of political communication: An expository study of individual-level variation in negativity biases.” Political Communication 36(2): 288–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, Robert Morris, Ray, William J., and Quigley, Karen S.. 2001. Psychophysiological Recording. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Straits, Bruce C. 1991. “Bringing strong ties back in interpersonal gateways to political information and influence.” Public Opinion Quarterly 55(3): 432–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suhay, Elizabeth 2015. “Explaining group influence: The role of identity and emotion in political conformity and polarization.” Political Behavior 37(1): 221–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumaktoyo, Nathanael Gratias. 2021. “Friends from across the aisle: The effects of partisan bonding, partisan bridging, and network disagreement on outparty attitudes and political engagement.” Political Behavior 43(1) : 223-245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Shelley E., Klein, Laura Cousino, Lewis, Brian P., Gruenewald, Tara L., Gurung, Regan A. R., and Updegraff, John A.. 2000. “Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight.” Psychological Review 107(3): 411–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, Dennis F. 2008. “Deliberative democratic theory and empirical political science.” Annual Review of Political Science 11(1): 497–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todorov, Alexander, Mandisodza, Anesu N., Goren, Amir, and Hall, Crystal C.. 2005. “Inferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes.” Science 308(5728): 1623–1626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trawalter, Sophie, Richeson, Jennifer A., and Shelton, J. Nicole. 2009. “Predicting behavior during interracial interactions: A stress and coping approach.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 13(4): 243–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tskhay, Konstantin O., and Rule, Nicholas O.. 2013. “Accuracy in categorizing perceptually ambiguous groups: A review and meta-analysis.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 17(1): 72–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ulbig, Stacy G., and Funk, Carolyn. 1999. “Conflict avoidance and political participation.” Political Behavior 21(3): 265–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vazire, Simine, and Gosling, Samuel D.. 2004. “E-Perceptions: Personality impressions based on personal websites.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87(1): 123–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vorauer, Jacquie D., Main, Kelley J., and O’Connell, Gordon B.. 1998. “How do individuals expect to be viewed by members of lower status groups? Content and implications of meta-stereotypes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75(4): 917–937.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, Markus, and Morisi, Davide. 2019. “Anxiety, fear, and political decision making.” In Thompson, W.R. and Dalton, R. (eds.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wansink, Brian, and Sobal, Jeffery. 2007. “Mindless eating: The 200 daily food decisions we overlook.” Environment and Behavior 39(1): 106–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, Christopher, and Klar, Samara. 2019. “Exploring the psychological foundations of ideological and social sorting.” Advances in Political Psychology 40(1): 215–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Joseph P. 2016. “The Trump effect: Is Trump down in the polls because voters are too embarrassed to admit they are voting for him?” U.S. News and World Report. July 1. www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-07-01/are-voters-too-embarrassed-to-say-they-support-trump.Google Scholar
Wojcieszak, Magdalena. 2011. “Deliberation and attitude polarization.” Journal of Communication 61(4): 596–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wojcieszak, Magdalena, and Warner, Benjamin R.. 2020. “Can interparty contact reduce affective polarization? A systematic test of different forms of intergroup contact.” Political Communication 37(6): 789–811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolak, Jennifer. 2020. “Conflict avoidance and gender gaps in political engagement.” Political Behavior. 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, Wendy. 2000. “Attitude change: Persuasion and social influence.” Annual review of psychology 51(1): 539–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wyatt, Robert O., Katz, Elihu, and Kim, Joohan. 2000. “Bridging the spheres: Political and personal conversation in public and private spaces.” Journal of Communication 50(1): 71–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyatt, Robert O., Kim, Joohan, and Katz, Elihu. 2000. “How feeling free to talk affects ordinary political conversation, purposeful argumentation, and civic participation.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 77(1): 99–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, Lori, and Soroka, Stuart. 2012. “Affective news: The automated coding of sentiment in political texts.” Political Communication, 29(2): 205–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar