Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-55tpx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-11T16:10:28.274Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2024

Fadi Nicholas Nassar
Affiliation:
Lebanese American University
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
UN Mediators in Syria
The Challenges and Responsibilities of Conflict Resolution
, pp. 265 - 311
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

A/55/305–S/2000/809. 2000. Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (Brahimi Report). New York: United Nations, August 21. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/a_55_305_e_brahimi_report.pdfGoogle Scholar
A/66/811. 2012. Report of the Secretary General on Strengthening the Role of Mediation in the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, Conflict Prevention and Resolution. New York: United Nations, June 25. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SGReport_StrenghteningtheRoleofMediation_A66811_0.pdfGoogle Scholar
A/66/865–S/2012/522. 2012. Identical Letters Dated 5 July 2012 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council. New York: United Nations, July 6. www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Syria%20S2012%20522.pdfGoogle Scholar
A/67/997–S/2013/553. 2013. Report of the United Nations Mission to Investigate Allegations of the Use of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic on the Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons in the Ghouta Area of Damascus on 21 August 2013. New York: United Nations, September 16. http://undocs.org/A/67/997Google Scholar
A/68/663–S/2013/735. 2013. United Nations Mission to Investigate Allegations of the Use of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic Final Report. New York: United Nations, December 13. https://undocs.org/A/68/663Google Scholar
A/HRC/21/50. 2012. Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. New York: United Nations, August 16. https://undocs.org/A/HRC/21/50Google Scholar
A/HRC/25/65. 2014. Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. New York: United Nations, February 12. https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F25%2F65&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=FalseGoogle Scholar
A/HRC/31/68. 2016. Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. New York: United Nations, February 11. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/023/86/PDF/G1602386.pdf?OpenElementGoogle Scholar
A/RES/65/283. 2011. Strengthening the Role of Mediation in the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, Conflict Prevention and Resolution. New York: United Nations, July 28. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/GARes_StrengtheningTheRoleOfMediation_ARES65283%28english%29_0.pdfGoogle Scholar
Afanasieva, Dasha, and Pamuk, Humeyra. 2013. “U.S., Britain Suspend Aid to North Syria after Islamists Seize Weapons Store.” Reuters, December 11. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-usa/u-s-britain-suspend-aid-to-north-syria-after-islamists-seize-weapons-store-idUSBRE9BA08820131211Google Scholar
Agence France-Presse. 2012a. “Syria Opposition, Regime Trade Blame over Mass Killings.” The Daily Star, July 13. www.dailystar.com.lb/ArticlePrint.aspx?id=180440&mode=printGoogle Scholar
Agence France-Presse. 2012b. “Syria: Kofi Annan Meeting Bashar Al-Assad over Broken Peace Plan.” The Telegraph, July 9. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9385980/Syria-Kofi-Annan-meeting-Bashar-al-Assad-over-broken-peace-plan.htmlGoogle Scholar
Agence France-Presse. 2013. “Syrian Opposition Seek to Heal Deep Divisions in Istanbul.” Ahram Online, November 9. https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/2/85985/World/Syrian-opposition-seek-to-heal-deep-divisions-in-I.aspxGoogle Scholar
Agence France-Presse. 2014. “Syria Foes Spar over Blame for ‘Terrorism’ as Talks Near End.” Naharnet, January 31. https://m.naharnet.com/stories/en/116494-syria-foes-spar-over-blame-for-terrorism-as-talks-near-endGoogle Scholar
Agence France-Presse. 2015a. “Bashar al-Assad ‘Part of the Solution’ in Syria, Says UN Envoy.” The Telegraph, February 14. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11412793/Bashar-al-Assad-part-of-the-solution-in-Syria-says-UN-envoy.htmlGoogle Scholar
Agence France-Presse. 2015c. “Syria Regime Forces Launch New Aleppo Offensive.” Naharnet, February 17. www.naharnet.com/stories/en/167794Google Scholar
Akpınar, Pınar. 2016. “The Limits of Mediation in the Arab Spring: The Case of Syria.” Third World Quarterly 37, no. 12: 2288–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Haj Saleh, Yassin. 2014. “Militarization, Violence and the Revolution: Statehood & Participation.” Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, March 3. https://lb.boell.org/en/2014/03/03/militarization-violence-and-revolution-statehood-participationGoogle Scholar
Al-Haj Saleh, Yassin. 2017. The Impossible Revolution: Making Sense of the Syrian Tragedy. Chicago: Haymarket Books.Google Scholar
Al-Khalidi, Suleiman. 2018. “Last Eastern Ghouta Rebels Poised to Surrender: Syrian State Media.” Reuters, April 1. www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-ghouta/last-eastern-ghouta-rebels-poised-to-surrender-syrian-state-media-idUSKCN1H8116Google Scholar
Al-Oraibi, Mina. 2014. “Brahimi: Little Progress at Second Round of Geneva II Talks.” Asharq Al-Awsat, February 11. https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/mina-al-oraibi/news-middle-east/brahimi-little-progress-at-second-round-of-geneva-ii-talksGoogle Scholar
Al-Saadi, Yazan. 2014. “Part IV Former Syrian Prisoners: In Their Own Voices.” Al Akhbar English, February 12. http://web.archive.org/web/20140214010233/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/18594Google Scholar
Al Akhbar. 2013. “Syrian National Council Won’t Attend Geneva II Peace Talks.” Al Akhbar, October 13. http://web.archive.org/web/20131014023625/https://english.al-akhbar.com/node/17315Google Scholar
Al Arabiya. 2013. “Syrian Opposition: 1,300 Killed in Chemical Attack on Ghouta Region.” Al Arabiya, August 21. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2013/08/21/Syrian-activists-at-least-500-killed-in-chemical-attack-on-Eastern-GhoutaGoogle Scholar
Al Arabiya. 2016. “US, Russia Agree to Extend Syria Truce to Aleppo.” Al Arabiya, May 4. https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/05/04/Strikes-near-Syria-capital-as-fighting-freeze-ends.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Hussein, Zeid Ra’ad. 2017. “High-Level Panel Discussion on the Situation of Human Rights in the Syrian Arab Republic.” United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, March 14. www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21366&LangID=EGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2011a. “Arab League Decides to Suspend Syria.” Al Jazeera, November 13. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/201111121342948333.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2011b. “Scores Killed on Syria’s ‘Day of Rage.’” Al Jazeera, April 29. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/04/201142993412242172.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2011c. “Syria Signs Arab League Peace Deal.” Al Jazeera, December 10. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/12/2011121911942857586.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2011d. “Syrian Opposition Rejects ‘National Dialogue.’” Al Jazeera, July 10. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/07/20117109745830386.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2012a. “Arab Observer Calls Syria Mission a ‘Farce.’” Al Jazeera, January 11. www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/1/11/arab-observer-calls-syria-mission-a-farceGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2012b. “Arab League Calls on Assad to Delegate Power.” Al Jazeera, January 23. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/201212254625411178.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2012c. “Arab League Urges More UN Monitors in Syria.” Al Jazeera, June 2. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/06/20126221714569625.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2012d. “Interview: Syria Peace Envoy Lakhdar Brahimi.” Al Jazeera, September 20. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/09/2012920731664541.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2013a. “Aleppo under Attack.” Al Jazeera, December 22. www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidesyria/2013/12/aleppo-under-attack-201312228540324413.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2013b. “Brahimi Urges Iran Presence at Geneva Talks.” Al Jazeera, October 26. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/10/brahimi-urges-iran-presence-at-geneva-talks-20131026143756678479.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2013c. “Syria Opposition Calls for Unified Rebel Army.” Al Jazeera, August 12. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013812151941620486.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2014a. “Brahimi: Syria Peace Talks a Modest Beginning.” Al Jazeera, January 31. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/brahimi-syria-peace-talks-modest-beginning-201413113113961764.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2014b. “Syria Mediator Brahimi Announces Resignation.” Al Jazeera, May 14. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/05/syria-peace-envoy-brahimi-2014513151918573244.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2015. “UN’s Syria Envoy Sees Hope in Aleppo Fighting Freeze.” Al Jazeera, February 19. www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/2/19/uns-syria-envoy-sees-hope-in-aleppo-fighting-freezeGoogle Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2018. “Erdogan: Operation in Syria’s Afrin Has Begun.” Al Jazeera, January 21. www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/erdogan-operation-syria-afrin-begun-180120120424928.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al Jumhuriya. 2018. “Open Letter: If the UN Can’t Stop Assad’s Crimes, It Needs to Change.” Al Jumhuriya, September 17. www.aljumhuriya.net/en/content/open-letter-if-un-cant-stop-assads-crimes-it-needs-changeGoogle Scholar
Albrecht, Holger, and Koehler, Kevin. 2017. “Going on the Run: What Drives Military Desertion in Civil War?Security Studies 27, no. 2: 179203.Google Scholar
Alexander, David. 2012. “U.S. Military in Jordan, Has Eyes on Syria Chemical Weapons.” Reuters, October 11. www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-jordan-syria-idUSBRE8991O120121010Google Scholar
Ali, Mohanad Hage. 2019. Power Points Defining the Syria-Hezbollah Relationship. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Allison, Graham T. 1971. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Allison, Graham T., and Zelikow, Philip. 1999. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Pearson.Google Scholar
Alzoubi, Zedoun. 2017. “Syrian Civil Society during the Peace Talks in Geneva: Role and Challenges.” New England Journal of Public Policy 29, no. 1: 14.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 2015. “Left to Die under Siege”: War Crimes and Human Rights Abuses in Eastern Ghouta, Syria. London: Amnesty International Ltd. www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde24/2079/2015/en/Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 2018. “Syria: Hundreds of Civilian Lives at Risk as Afrin Offensive Escalates.” Amnesty International, February 28. www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/02/syria-hundreds-of-civilian-lives-at-risk-as-afrin-offensive-escalates/Google Scholar
Annan, Kofi. 1999. “SG/SM/7136. Secretary-General Presents his Annual Report to General Assembly.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, September 20. www.un.org/press/en/1999/19990920.sgsm7136.htmlGoogle Scholar
Annan, Kofi. 2006. “Transcript of Press Conference by Secretary-General Kofi Annan at United Nations Headquarters.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, December 19. www.un.org/press/en/2006/sgsm10809.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
Annan, Kofi. 2012a. “Concluding Remarks by Joint Special Envoy Kofi Annan at the Meeting of Action Group for Syria.” Kofi Annan Foundation News, July 2. www.kofiannanfoundation.org/speeches/concluding-remarks-by-joint-special-envoy-kofi-annan-at-the-meeting-of-the-action-group-for-syria/Google Scholar
Annan, Kofi. 2012b. “Joint Special Envoy Kofi Annan’s Statement to the Press upon Arrival in Damascus.” Kofi Annan Foundation News, May 28. www.kofiannanfoundation.org/foundation-news/statement-to-the-press-by-joint-special-envoy-for-syria-upon-arrival-in-damascus/Google Scholar
Annan, Kofi. 2012c. “My Departing Advice on How to Save Syria.” The Financial Times, August 2. www.ft.com/content/b00b6ed4-dbc9-11e1-8d78-00144feab49aGoogle Scholar
Annan, Kofi. 2012d. “Note to Correspondents – Press Encounter by the Joint Special Envoy of the United Nations and the League of Arab States on the Syrian Crisis.” United Nations Secretary-General, May 8. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2012-05-08/note-correspondents-press-encounter-joint-special-envoyGoogle Scholar
Annan, Kofi. 2012e. “Note to Correspondents – Transcript of a Press Conference by Kofi Annan, Joint Special Envoy for Syria.” United Nations Secretary-General, August 2. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2012-08-02/note-correspondents-transcript-press-conference-kofi-annanGoogle Scholar
Annan, Kofi. 2012f. “Kofi Annan, Joint Special Envoy for Syria – Press Conference.” UN Web TV, August 2. https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1b/k1bbyc7054Google Scholar
Annan, Kofi. 2012g. “Speech to the UN General Assembly on Syria Peace Plan.” Transcript of Speech Delivered at UN General Assembly, New York, June 7. www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/kofiannanungeneraassemblysyriapeace.htmlGoogle Scholar
Annan, Kofi. 2012h. “Note to Correspondents – Statement by UN/Arab League Joint Special Envoy for Syria, Kofi Annan.” United Nations Secretary-General, April 11. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2012-04-11/note-correspondents-statement-unarab-league-joint-specialGoogle Scholar
Annan, Kofi, and Mood, Robert. 2012. “Transcript of Press Conference by Joint Special Envoy for Syria, Kofi Annan, and Major-General Robert Mood, Head of UNSMIS-Geneva.” UN News Centre, June 22. https://web.archive.org/web/20120703035720/http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocus/Syria/press.asp?NewsID=1232&sID=41Google Scholar
Aras, Damla. 2009. “The Role of Motivation in the Success of Coercive Diplomacy: The 1998 Turkish–Syrian Crisis as a Case Study.” Defence Studies 9, no. 2: 207–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aras, Damla. 2011. “Similar Strategies, Dissimilar Outcomes: An Appraisal of the Efficacy of Turkey’s Coercive Diplomacy with Syria and in Northern Iraq.” Journal of Strategic Studies 34, no. 4: 587618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arkawi, Lena. 2017. “SAC Calls De Mistura to Resign.” Syrian American Council, September 9. www.sacouncil.com/sac_calls_for_de_mistura_to_resignGoogle Scholar
Associated Press. 2012a. “Syrians Vote in Parliamentary Elections.” The Guardian, May 7. www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/07/syrians-vote-parliamentary-electionsGoogle Scholar
Associated Press. 2012b. “Syrian Opposition Leader Rejects Kofi Annan’s Call for Dialogue with Assad Regime.” The Telegraph, March 9. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9133032/Syrian-opposition-leader-rejects-Kofi-Annans-call-for-dialogue-with-Assad-regime.htmlGoogle Scholar
Associated Press. 2014. “Syria Offers to Help Fight ISIS but Warns against Unilateral Air Strikes.” The Guardian, August 26. www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/26/syria-offers-to-help-fight-isis-but-warns-against-unilateral-air-strikesGoogle Scholar
Atassi, Basma. 2012. “Interactive: Tracking Syria’s Defections.” Al Jazeera, July 30. www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/syriadefections/2012730840348158.htmlGoogle Scholar
Atassi, Basma. 2013. “Major Syrian Rebel Groups Join Forces.” Al Jazeera, November 22. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/11/major-syrian-rebel-groups-join-forces-20131122141129975421.htmlGoogle Scholar
Avundukluoglu, Muhammet Emin. 2018. “Turkey to Lay Siege to Afrin City Center Soon: Erdogan.” Anadolu Agency, February 20. www.aa.com.tr/en/todays-headlines/turkey-to-lay-siege-to-afrin-city-center-soon-erdogan/1068471Google Scholar
Awad, Marwa. 2012. “Arab League Requests U.N. Action against Syria.” Reuters, June 2. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-league-idUSBRE8501IS20120601?mod=related&channelName=worldNewsGoogle Scholar
Aykan, Mahmut Bali. 1999. “The Turkish‐Syrian Crisis of October 1998: A Turkish View.” Middle East Policy 6, no. 4: 174–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Aryn. 2014. “Local Ceasefires Are Unlikely to Bring an End to the Syrian War.” Time, May 29. http://time.com/123092/syria-ceasefires-wont-end-war/Google Scholar
Bâli, Aslı, and Rana, Aziz. 2017. “The Wrong Kind of Intervention in Syria.” In Land of Blue Helmets, edited by Makdisi, Karim and Prashad, Vijay, 115–44. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Barnard, Anne. 2015. “Syrian Rebels Regain Territory Near Aleppo.” The New York Times, February 18. www.nytimes.com/2015/02/19/world/middleeast/syrian-rebels-regain-territory-near-aleppo.htmlGoogle Scholar
Barnard, Anne. 2018. “Syrian Peace Talks in Russia: 1,500 Delegates, Mostly Pro-Assad.” The New York Times, January 31. www.nytimes.com/2018/01/30/world/middleeast/syria-russia-sochi-talks.htmlGoogle Scholar
Bartu, Peter. 2014. “Libya’s Political Transition: The Challenges of Mediation.” International Peace Institute, December 15. www.ipinst.org/2014/12/new-ipi-report-explores-the-challenges-of-mediation-in-libyas-political-transitionGoogle Scholar
Batty, David. 2012. “Syrian Opposition Activists: More than 200 Dead in Hama Village Massacre.” The Guardian, July 12. www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/12/syrian-opposition-activists-hama-massacreGoogle Scholar
Bayoumy, Yara. 2011. “Military Defections Expose Cracks in Syrian Army.” Reuters, June 29. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-defections/military-defections-expose-cracks-in-syrian-army-idUSTRE75S5E620110629Google Scholar
BBC News. 2011a. “Syria Expects to Sign Arab League Peace Deal ‘Soon.’” BBC News Middle East, December 5. www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-16032532Google Scholar
BBC News. 2011b. “Syria Unrest: ‘Protesters Killed’ at Omari Mosque.” BBC News Middle East, March 23. www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12827542Google Scholar
BBC News. 2012a. “Syria Rejects Arab League Plan for Assad to Step Down.” BBC News Middle East, January 23. www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-16676241Google Scholar
BBC News. 2012b. “Syria Unrest: Al-Arabi Dismisses Mission Criticisms.” BBC News Middle East, January 12. www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-16538517Google Scholar
BBC News. 2013. “Barrel Bombs ‘Kill 517 in Aleppo since 15 December.’” BBC News Middle East, December 29. www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25541726Google Scholar
BBC News. 2014a. “Syria Crisis: Russia Blocks UN Statement on Aleppo Attacks.” BBC News Middle East, January 9. www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25663616.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2014b. “Syria Conflict: UN’s Staffan de Mistura Hopeful.” BBC News Middle East, November 11. www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29999157Google Scholar
BBC News. 2015. “Syria Conflict: Army ‘Blocks Key Road from Rebel-Held Aleppo.’” BBC News Middle East, February 17. www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31502857Google Scholar
BBC News. 2016. “Aleppo: Key Dates in Battle for Strategic Syrian City.” BBC News Middle East, December 13. www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38294488Google Scholar
BBC News. 2018. “Syria War: Turkey ‘Indiscriminately Shelling Civilians in Afrin.’” BBC News Middle East, February 18. www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-43228472Google Scholar
Beauchamp, Zack. 2015. “Why ISIS Would Attack Paris, According to an Expert.” Vox, November 14. www.vox.com/world/2015/11/14/9735512/paris-attacks-isis-whyGoogle Scholar
Bercovitch, Jacob. 1985. “Third Parties in Conflict Management: The Structure and Conditions of Effective Mediation in International Relations.” International Journal 40, no. 4: 736–52.Google Scholar
Bercovitch, Jacob. 1986. “International Mediation: A Study of the Incidence, Strategies and Conditions of Successful Outcomes.” Cooperation and Conflict 21, no. 3: 155–68.Google Scholar
Bercovitch, Jacob. 1992. “The Structure and Diversity of Mediation in International Relations.” In Mediation in International Relations, edited by Bercovitch, Jacob and Rubin, Jeffrey, 129. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bercovitch, Jacob, and Fretter, Judith. 2004. Regional Guide to International Conflict and Management from 1945 to 2003. Washington, DC: CQ Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bercovitch, Jacob, and Gartner, Scott Sigmund. 2008a. International Conflict Mediation: New Approaches and Findings. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bercovitch, Jacob, and Gartner, Scott Sigmund. 2008b. “Is There Method in the Madness of Mediation? Some Lessons for Mediators from Quantitative Studies of Mediation.” In International Conflict Mediation, edited by Bercovitch, Jacob and Gartner, Scott Sigmund, 3760. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bercovitch, Jacob, and Houston, Allison. 1996. “The Study of International Mediation: Theoretical Issues and Empirical Evidence.” In Resolving International Conflicts: The Theory and Practice of Mediation, edited by Bercovitch, Jacob, 1135. London; Boulder, CO: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bercovitch, Jacob, and Houston, Allison. 2000. “Why Do They Do It Like This? An Analysis of the Factors Influencing Mediation Behavior in International Conflicts.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44, no. 1: 170202.Google Scholar
Bercovitch, Jacob, and Lee, Su-Mi. 2003. “Mediating International Conflicts: Examining the Effectiveness of Directive Strategies.” International Journal of Peace Studies 8, no. 1: 117.Google Scholar
Bercovitch, Jacob, and Schneider, Gerald. 2000. “Who Mediates? The Political Economy of International Conflict Management.” Journal of Peace Research 37, no. 2: 145–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bercovitch, Jacob, and Simpson, Leah. 2010. “International Mediation and the Question of Failed Peace Agreements: Improving Conflict Management and Implementation.” Peace & Change 35, no. 1: 68103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besheer, Margaret. 2014. “UN Syria Envoy Proposes ‘Freeze Zones’ for Conflict.” VOA News, October 30. www.voanews.com/a/un-syria-envoy-proposes-freeze-zones-for-conflict/2502556.htmlGoogle Scholar
Biersack, John, and O’Lear, Shannon. 2014. “The Geopolitics of Russia’s Annexation of Crimea: Narratives, Identity, Silences, and Energy.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 55, no. 3: 247–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, Ian. 2012. “Syrian Crisis: Iran Asked to Help Secure Ceasefire.” The Guardian, October 15. www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/15/syrian-crisis-iran-help-ceasefireGoogle Scholar
Black, Ian. 2014a. “Aleppo Fighting ‘Freeze’ Needed to Prevent Catastrophe – UN Syria Envoy.” The Guardian, December 12. www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/12/aleppo-catastrophe-assad-rebels-freeze-syriaGoogle Scholar
Black, Ian. 2014b. “Syrian Rebel Leader: US-Led Attacks on ISIS Are Undermining Anti-Assad Forces.” The Guardian, November 10. www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/10/isis-air-strikes-undermine-anti-assad-rebels-syriaGoogle Scholar
Black, Ian. 2014c. “UN Plan to ‘Freeze’ Syria Frontlines Attracts Growing Interest – and Doubts.” The Guardian, November 12. www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/12/syria-peace-plan-freeze-frontlinesGoogle Scholar
Blair, Edmund, and Holmes, Oliver. 2012. “Syrian Rebels Reject Annan’s Call for Dialogue.” Reuters, March 9. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-annan-idUSBRE82802H20120309Google Scholar
Blanchard, Ben, and Wee, Sui-Lee. 2013. “U.S. Briefs China on Chemical Weapons Use Evidence in Syria.” Reuters, September 2. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-china/u-s-briefs-china-on-chemical-weapons-use-evidence-in-syria-idUSBRE98104820130902Google Scholar
Borger, Julian. 2012. “Syria: At Least 200 Killed in Hama Province Massacre, Say Activists.” The Guardian, July 13. www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/13/syria-hama-massacre-activistsGoogle Scholar
Borger, Julian, and Wintour, Patrick. 2013. “Russia Calls on Syria to Hand over Chemical Weapons.” The Guardian, September 9. www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/09/russia-syria-hand-over-chemical-weaponsGoogle Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2012a. “Syria: UN-Arab League Envoy Calls for Ceasefire during Upcoming Islamic Holiday.” UN News, October 15. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/10/423542Google Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2012b. “UN-Arab League Envoy Meets with Top Russian and US Foreign Affairs Officials on Syria.” UN News, December 6. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/12/427662Google Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2012c. “At General Assembly, Ban and UN-Arab League Envoy Call for Greater Efforts to Resolve Crisis in Syria.” Reliefweb, November 30. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/general-assembly-ban-and-un-arab-league-envoy-call-greater-effortsGoogle Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2013a. “Press Conference in Damascus by the Joint Special Representative for Syria, Lakhdar Brahimi (Unofficial Translation from Arabic).” United Nations Secretary-General, November 1. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2013-11-01/press-conference-damascus-joint-special-representativeGoogle Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2013b. “Remarks Made by Lakhdar Brahimi, the Joint Special Representative for Syria, Following His Meeting with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov.” United Nations Secretary-General, September 6. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2013-09-06/remarks-made-lakhdar-brahimi-joint-special-representativeGoogle Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2013c. “Statement by the Joint Special Representative for Syria on the 21 February Explosion in Damascus – Cairo.” United Nations Secretary-General, February 22. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2013-02-22/statement-joint-special-representative-syria-21-februaryGoogle Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2013d. “Syria Peace Conference May Now Take Place in July – Joint UN-Arab League Envoy.” UN News, June 5. https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/06/441422Google Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2013e. “Transcript of Press Conference by Joint Special Representative for Syria, Lakhdar Brahimi – Geneva.” Reliefweb, January 11. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/transcript-press-conference-joint-special-representative-syria-lakhdarGoogle Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2013f. “Transcript of Press Conference by Joint Special Representative for Syria, Lakhdar Brahimi – Geneva.” UN News Centre, November 25. https://web.archive.org/web/20151013211049/https://www.un.org/apps/news/infocus/Syria/press.asp?NewsID=1275&sID=45Google Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2014a. “‘No Progress to Speak of’ as First Round of UN-Sponsored Syrian Peace Talks Ends.” UN News, January 31. https://news.un.org/en/story/2014/01/460922Google Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2014b. “Press Statement of the Joint Special Representative Mr Lakhdar Brahimi on the Conclusion of the First Round of Intra-Syrian Talks.” Reliefweb, January 31. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/press-statement-joint-special-representative-mr-lakhdar-brahimiGoogle Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2014c. “Transcript of Press Conference by Joint Special Representative for Syria (JSRS) Lakhdar Brahimi.” Reliefweb, February 15. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/transcript-press-conference-joint-special-representative-syria-jsrs-5Google Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2014d. “Transcript of Press Conference by Joint Special Representative for Syria (JSRS) Lakhdar Brahimi Secretary-General.” United Nations Secretary-General, February 11. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2014-02-11/transcript-press-conference-joint-special-representativeGoogle Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2014e. “Transcript of Press Conference by Joint Special Representative for Syria Lakhdar Brahimi.” Reliefweb, February 13. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/transcript-press-conference-joint-special-representative-syria-jsrs-4Google Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2014f. “Transcript of Press Conference by Joint Special Representative for Syria Lakhdar Brahimi.” Reliefweb, January 29. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/deadlocked-syria-talks-resume-genevaGoogle Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2014g. “Transcript of Press Conference by Joint Special Representative for Syria Lakhdar Brahimi – Geneva.” UN News Centre, January 30. https://web.archive.org/web/20151030180418/http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocus/Syria/press.asp?NewsID=1281&sID=45Google Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2014h. “Transcript of Press Conference by Joint Special Representative for Syria Lakhdar Brahimi – Geneva.” UN News Centre, January 31. http://web.archive.org/web/20151013211110/https://www.un.org/apps/news/infocus/Syria/press.asp?NewsID=1283&sID=45Google Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar. 2016. “Making and Keeping the Peace: Reflections on UN Experiences in the Middle East and Afghanistan.” In Interventions in Conflict, edited by Khouri, Rami G., Makdisi, Karim, and Wählisch, Martin, 2336. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar, and Ki-moon, Ban. 2012. “Opening Remarks at Press Encounter with Joint Special Representative Lakhdar Brahimi.” United Nations Secretary-General, August 24. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2012-08-24/opening-remarks-press-encounter-joint-special-representative-lakhdarGoogle Scholar
Brahimi, Lakhdar, and Wittig, Peter. 2012. “SC President, Peter Wittig (Germany) and Lakhdar Brahimi, Joint Special Representative of the United Nations and the League of Arab States on Syria – Security Council Media Stakeout.” UN Web TV, September 24. https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1n/k1n9mjktmnGoogle Scholar
Brunnstrom, David, and Humphries, Conor. 2012. “Russia, U.S. to Seek ‘Creative’ Syria Solution – Envoy.” Reuters, December 6. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-russia-usa/russia-u-s-to-seek-creative-syria-solution-envoy-idUSBRE8B51CB20121206Google Scholar
Byman, Daniel L., and Pollack, Kenneth M.. 2001. “Let Us Now Praise Great Men: Bringing the Statesman Back In.” International Security 25, no. 4: 107–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnegie Middle East Center. 2012. “Group of Friends of the Syrian People: 1st Conference.” Carnegie Middle East Center, February 24. https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/48418?lang=enGoogle Scholar
CBS News. 2014. “First Day of Peace Talks End on Fragile Ground.” CBS News, January 22. www.cbsnews.com/news/first-day-of-syria-peace-talks-end-on-fragile-ground/Google Scholar
Charbel, Ghassan. 2014a. “Brahimi: Ending Syria Crisis ‘In Hands of International Community.’” Al Monitor, June 27. https://web.archive.org/web/20140629124457/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2014/06/syria-brahimi-un-arab-envoy-interview-efforts-solution.html#Google Scholar
Charbel, Ghassan. 2014b. “Brahimi: Geneva I Communique Was ‘Superficial.’” Al Monitor, June 26. https://web.archive.org/web/20140708114948/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2014/06/syria-brahimi-interview-envoy-reasons-failure.htmlGoogle Scholar
Charbel, Ghassan. 2014c. “Interview with Lakhdar Brahimi.” Al Hayat, June 25. https://web.archive.org/web/20170815033255/http://www.alhayat.com/Articles/3192747Google Scholar
Charbonneau, Louis. 2013. “Syria ‘Breaking Up before Everyone’s Eyes’: Envoy Tells U.N.” Reuters, January 29. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-un/syria-breaking-up-before-everyones-eyes-envoy-tells-u-n-idUSBRE90S11R20130129Google Scholar
Charbonneau, Louis, and Nichols, Michelle. 2012a. “Annan Tells Syria Conflict Must End at 6 A.M. April 12.” Reuters, April 5. www.reuters.com/article/syria-un-annan-idINDEE8340DX20120405Google Scholar
Charbonneau, Louis, and Nichols, Michelle. 2012b. “U.N. Raises Syria Death Toll Estimate to More than 9,000.” Reuters, March 27. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-toll-idUSBRE82Q0S820120327Google Scholar
Charbonneau, Louis, and Nichols, Michelle. 2012c. “Update 3 – UN Meets on Draft to Authorize Syria Observer Force.” Reuters, April 12. www.reuters.com/article/syria-un-idUSL2E8FC8RU20120412Google Scholar
Charbonneau, Louis, and Nichols, Michelle. 2014. “Insight: The U.N. Invitation that Nearly Undid Syria Peace Talks.” Reuters, January 22. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-un-insight-idUSBREA0L03T20140122Google Scholar
Charbonneau, Louis, and Worsnip, Patrick. 2012. “U.N. Assembly Adopts Resolution Condemning Syria.” Reuters, February 16. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-un-idUSTRE81F20V20120216Google Scholar
Chatham House. 2014. “Event Speech: Syria’s Conflict and the Impact on Its Neighbours: The Long View.” YouTube, October 15. www.youtube.com/watch?v=vL68nGuEdCYGoogle Scholar
Chulov, Martin. 2013. “American Threats Widen Fault Lines among Syria’s Rebels.” The Guardian, September 8. www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/08/american-syria-rebelsGoogle Scholar
Clark, Meredith. 2013. “Kerry Charges Sarin Used in Syria as Congress Briefed.” NBC News, September 1. www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna52900658Google Scholar
Clinton, Hillary. 2012. “Remarks at Press Availability.” U.S. Department of State, April 1. https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2012/04/187254.htmGoogle Scholar
Coles, Isabel, and Saleh, Yasmine. 2011. “Arab League Expresses ‘Growing Concern’ about Syria.” Reuters, August 7. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-league/arab-league-expresses-growing-concern-about-syria-idUSTRE7761H720110807Google Scholar
Collier, David. 2011. “Understanding Process Tracing.” PS: Political Science & Politics 44, no. 4: 823–30.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul, Elliott, V. L., Hegre, Håvard, Hoeffler, Anke, Reynal-Querol, Marta, and Sambanis, Nicholas. 2003. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. A World Bank Policy Research Report. Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/908361468779415791/Breaking-the-conflict-trap-civil-war-and-development-policyGoogle Scholar
Connor, Phillip, and Krogstad, Jens Manuel. 2016. “About Six-In-Ten Syrians Are Now Displaced from Their Homes.” Pew Research Center, June 13. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/13/about-six-in-ten-syrians-are-now-displaced-from-their-homes/Google Scholar
Contet, Michel. 2017. “Transcript of Stakeout by Michael Contet, Acting Chief of Staff, Office of the United Nations Special Envoy for Syria.” United Nations Office at Geneva, February 24. www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/press/taxonomy/term/176/47777/transcript-stakeout-michael-contet-acting-chief-staffGoogle Scholar
Convergne, Elodie. 2015. “Learning to Mediate? The Mediation Support Unit and the Production of Expertise by the UN.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 10, no. 2: 181–99. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2015.1079959Google Scholar
Corbet, Sylvie. 2013. “French Leader to Await US Congress Vote on Syria.” AP News, September 3. https://apnews.com/article/03a3246f7ffa4300afca387751f7aad2Google Scholar
Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela R.. 1996. Managing Global Chaos: Sources of the Responses to International Conflict. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela R.. 1999a. Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela R.. 1999b. “The Practitioner’s Perspective.” In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, edited by Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela, 47–62. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Croft, Adrian, and Koerkemeier, Tom. 2013. “NATO Chief Convinced Syrian Government Behind Chemical Attack.” Reuters, September 2. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-nato/nato-chief-convinced-syrian-government-behind-chemical-attack-idUSBRE9810BO20130902Google Scholar
Cumming-Bruce, Nick, and Saad, Hwaida. 2018. “As Second Round of Syrian Talks Begins, U.N.’s Mediator Steps Cautiously.” The New York Times, January 19. www.nytimes.com/2014/02/11/world/middleeast/syria.htmlGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, David E. 2011. Barriers to Peace in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher. 2013. “Actor Fragmentation and Civil War Bargaining: How Internal Divisions Generate Civil Conflict.” American Journal of Political Science 57, no. 3: 659–72.Google Scholar
Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher. 2016. “Oslo Forum Papers: Understanding Fragmentation in Conflict and Its Impact on Prospects for Peace.” Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. www.hdcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Understanding-fragmentation-in-conflict.pdfGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher. 2017. “Understanding Fragmentation in Conflict and Its Impact on Prospects for Peace.” Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, February 3. www.hdcentre.org/publications/understanding-fragmentation-in-conflict/Google Scholar
The Daily Star. 2014a. “Brahimi Tried to Convince Assad of Kingmaker Role.” The Daily Star Lebanon, June 26. http://web.archive.org/web/20140626124237/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Article.aspx?id=261637Google Scholar
The Day After. 2015. “Negotiating a Political Solution in Syria.” The Day After, July 15. https://tda-sy.org/2015/07/15/negotiating-a-political-solution-in-syria/Google Scholar
De Mello, Sergio Vieira. 2000. “Enough Is Enough.” Foreign Affairs, January 28. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2000-01-01/enough-enoughGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2014a. “Note to Correspondents – Transcript of Press Conference by UN Special Envoy for Syria (SES) Staffan de Mistura.” United Nations Secretary-General, October 10. http://web.archive.org/web/20220524133102/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2014-10-10/note-correspondents-transcript-press-conference-un-specialGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2014b. “Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Syria, Addresses the Press.” UN Audiovisual Library, October 30. www.unmultimedia.org/avlibrary/asset/1227/1227308/Google Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2014c. “Transcript of a Press Encounter by Staffan de Mistura, the UN Special Envoy for Syria.” United Nations Secretary-General, November 11. https://web.archive.org/web/20220901044947/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2014-11-11/transcript-press-encounter-staffan-de-mistura-un-specialGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2015a. “Security Council Briefing on the Situation in Syria, Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura.” United Nations Political and Peacebuilding Affairs, July 29. https://dppa.un.org/en/security-council-briefing-situation-syria-special-envoy-staffan-de-misturaGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2015b. “UN Live United Nations Web TV – Staffan de Mistura on Syria – Security Council Media Stakeout.” UN Web TV, February 17. https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1s/k1sa5g9keoGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2016a. “Note to Correspondents: Transcript of Press Encounter by UN Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura, Following His Meeting with the High Negotiations Committee.” United Nations Secretary-General, March 15. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2016-03-15/note-correspondents-transcript-press-encounter-un-specialGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2016b. “Transcript of Press Encounter by United Nations Special Envoy for Syria, Staffan de Mistura.” Reliefweb, March 18. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/transcript-press-encounter-united-nations-special-envoy-syria-staffan-deGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2016c. “Transcript of Press Remarks by Staffan De Mistura, UN Special Envoy for Syria.” Reliefweb, April 27. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/transcript-press-remarks-staffan-de-mistura-un-special-envoy-syriaGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2017a. “Note to Correspondents: Transcript of Press Conference by Staffan de Mistura, Special Envoy for Syria.” United Nations Secretary-General, February 22. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2017-02-22/note-correspondents-transcript-press-conference-staffan-deGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2017b. “Transcript of Press Conference at Close of 7th Round of Intra-Syrian Talks by UN Special Envoy for Syria.” Reliefweb, July 14. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/transcript-press-conference-close-7th-round-intra-syrian-talks-unGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2017c. “Transcript of Press Conference by the UN Special Envoy for Syria, Staffan de Mistura.” Reliefweb, July 10. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/transcript-press-conference-un-special-envoy-syria-staffan-de-mistura-10Google Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2017d. “Transcript of Press Stakeout by the United Nations Special Envoy for Syria, Staffan De Mistura – End of the Fifth Round of the Intra-Syrian Talks.” Reliefweb, March 31. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/transcript-press-stakeout-united-nations-special-envoy-syria-staffan-deGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2017e. “Transcript of the Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura’s Stakeout after Briefing the Security Council on the Outcomes of Geneva 4.” United Nations Secretary-General, March 8. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2017-03-08/transcript-stakeout-united-nations-special-envoy-syriaGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2018a. “Briefing to the Security Council by Staffan de Mistura, United Nations Special Envoy for Syria.” Reliefweb, December 20. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/briefing-security-council-staffan-de-mistura-united-nations-specialGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2018b. “Briefing to the UN Security Council by the Special Envoy of the UN Secretary-General for Syria, Mr. Staffan de Mistura.” Reliefweb, September 18. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/briefing-un-security-council-special-envoy-un-secretary-general-syria-2Google Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2018c. “Press Statement: Special Envoy Staffan de Mistura.” Reliefweb, June 14. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/press-statement-special-envoy-staffan-de-mistura-14-june-2018Google Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2018d. “Transcript of Press Stakeout by UN Special Envoy for Syria, Staffan de Mistura.” The United Nations Office at Geneva, October 17. www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/press/taxonomy/term/176/40918/transcript-press-stakeout-un-special-envoy-syria-staffanGoogle Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan. 2018e. “Transcript of Press Stakeout by UN Special Envoy for Syria, Staffan De Mistura, Following Security Council Briefing.” United Nations Secretary-General, December 20. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2018-12-20/note-correspondents-transcript-of-press-stakeout-un-special-envoy-for-syria-staffan-de-mistura-%28following-security-council-briefing%29Google Scholar
De Mistura, Staffan, and Egeland, Jan. 2017. “Note to Correspondents: Transcript of Joint Stakeout by UN Special Envoy for Syria, Staffan de Mistura, and Senior Advisor Jan Egeland.” United Nations Secretary-General, January 5. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2017-01-05/note-correspondents-transcript-joint-stakeout-un-specialGoogle Scholar
De Soto, Alvaro. 1999. “Ending Violent Conflict in El Salvador.” In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, edited by Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela, 345–86. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
De Soto, Alvaro. 2016. “Lessons Learned from a Quarter Century of Peacemaking.” In Interventions in Conflict, edited by Khouri, Rami G., Makdisi, Karim, and Wählisch, Martin, 5363. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Di Giovanni, Janine. 2015. “The Man with the Toughest Job in the World.” The Guardian, July 30. www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/30/staffan-de-mistura-man-with-toughest-job-in-world-syriaGoogle Scholar
Dikmen, Yesim, and Freij, Muath. 2016. “Syrian Opposition Coordinator Blasts U.N. Envoy, Defends Peace Talks Pause.” Reuters, April 23. www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-opposition-idUSKCN0XK0KU?il=0Google Scholar
Dujarric, Stephane. 2017. “Statement Attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary-General on Syria.” United Nations Secretary-General, February 23. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2017-02-23/statement-attributable-spokesman-secretary-general-syriaGoogle Scholar
DW. 2016. “IS Prison Survivor Tells His Story.” DW, September 16. www.dw.com/en/survivor-from-an-islamic-state-prison-recalls-excruciating-torture/a-19554003Google Scholar
Evans, Dominic. 2013a. “Syria Tells Western Foes to Stop Dreaming Assad Will Go.” Reuters, November 27. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-geneva/syria-tells-western-foes-to-stop-dreaming-assad-will-go-idUSBRE9AQ0DG20131127Google Scholar
Evans, Dominic. 2013b. “Week-Long Aleppo Air Raids Kill More than 300: Monitor.” Reuters, December 24. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-aleppo/week-long-aleppo-air-raids-kill-more-than-300-monitor-idUSBRE9BN00N20131224Google Scholar
Evans, Dominic. 2014. “Insight – At Syrian Peace Table, Embittered Enemies Face Off.” Reuters, January 28. www.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-talks-diplomacy-insight-idUKBREA0R10G20140128Google Scholar
Fahmi, Mohamed Fadel. 2012. “Arab League Calls for Unity Government in Syria.” CNN, January 22. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/22/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Filiu, Jean-Pierre. 2015. From Deep State to Islamic State: The Arab Counter-Revolution and Its Jihadi Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fleming, Melissa. 2012. “Syrian Exodus Grows as Fighting Continues.” UNHCR News, July 31. www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2012/7/5017cc216/syrian-exodus-grows-fighting-continues.htmlGoogle Scholar
Fortna, Virginia Page. 2003a. “Inside and Out: Peacekeeping and the Duration of Peace after Civil and Interstate Wars.” International Studies Review 5, no. 4: 97114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortna, Virginia Page. 2003b. “Scraps of Paper? Agreements and the Durability of Peace.” International Organization 57, no. 2: 337–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fung, Courtney J. 2018. “Separating Intervention from Regime Change: China’s Diplomatic Innovations at the UN Security Council Regarding the Syria Crisis.” The China Quarterly 235: 693712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gambale, Maria Luisa. 2016. “How Syrian Women Landed at the UN Peace Talks and What It All Means.” Pass Blue, May 10. www.passblue.com/2016/05/10/how-syrian-women-landed-at-the-un-peace-talks-and-what-it-all-means/Google Scholar
Gardner, Hall. 2016. “The Russian Annexation of Crimea: Regional and Global Ramifications.” European Politics and Society 17, no. 4: 490505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gearan, Anne, and Wilson, Scott. 2013. “U.S., Russia Pledge to Work Together for a Syrian Transitional Government.” The Washington Post, May 7. www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kerry-appeals-to-russia-for-help-on-syria-but-little-sign-putin-will-agree/2013/05/07/8163298a-b73a-11e2-92f3-f291801936b8_story.html?utm_term=.5b34170a7d73Google Scholar
George, Alexander L. 1969. “The ‘Operational Code’: A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision-Making.” International Studies Quarterly 13, no. 2: 190222.Google Scholar
Georgy, Michael. 2013. “Syrian Opposition to Attend Geneva Peace Conference.” Reuters, November 27. https://reuters.com/article/syria-crisis-jarba/syrian-opposition-to-attend-geneva-peace-conference-idINDEE9AQ0E820131127Google Scholar
Gordon, Michael R., Cooper, Helene, and Shear, Michael D.. 2017. “Dozens of U.S. Missiles Hit Air Base in Syria.” The New York Times, April 6. www.nytimes.com/2017/04/06/world/middleeast/us-said-to-weigh-military-responses-to-syrian-chemical-attack.htmlGoogle Scholar
Gowan, Richard. 2013. “Kofi Annan, Syria and the Uses of Uncertainty in Mediation.” Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 2, no. 1: 16.Google Scholar
Graff, Peter, and Solomon, Erika. 2013. “U.N. Envoy Says 40 Years of Assad Family Rule Is ‘Too Long.’” Reuters, January 9. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis/u-n-envoy-says-40-years-of-assad-family-rule-is-too-long-idUSBRE8AJ1FK20130109Google Scholar
Grant, Thomas D. 2015. “Annexation of Crimea.” American Journal of International Law 109, no. 1: 6895.Google Scholar
The Guardian. 2012a. “Arab League Chief Says Arming Syrian Opposition Might be an Alternative – Video.” The Guardian, February 29. www.theguardian.com/world/video/2012/feb/29/arab-league-syrian-opposition-videoGoogle Scholar
The Guardian. 2012b. “Syria Ceasefire Fragile, Says UN Chief.” The Guardian, April 12. www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/apr/12/syria-ceasefire-beginsGoogle Scholar
The Guardian. 2012c. “Syria: Kofi Annan to Brief UN Security Council.” The Guardian, March 16. www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/mar/16/syria-kofi-annan-to-brief-un-security-council-liveGoogle Scholar
Guéhenno, Jean-Marie. 2015. The Fog of Peace: A Memoir of International Peacekeeping in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Haddad, Bassam, and Wind, Ella. 2014. “The Fragmented State of the Syrian Opposition.” In Beyond the Arab Spring: The Evolving Ruling Bargain in the Middle East, edited by Kamrava, Mehran. Oxford Academic, Online edn: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199384419.003.0015.Google Scholar
Haddad, Samia. 2018. “Meet the Syrian Regime’s Trusted Friend.” Open Democracy, August 17. www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/meet-syrian-regime-s-trusted-friend/Google Scholar
Hall, Tod, and Yarhi-Milo, Keren. 2012. “The Personal Touch: Leaders’ Impressions, Costly Signaling, and Assessments of Insecurity in International Affairs.” International Studies Quarterly 56, no. 3: 560–73.Google Scholar
Halliburton, Rachel. 2015. “Failure or Visionary? UN’s Syria Envoy Speaks Out about Aleppo ‘Freeze.’” Middle East Eye, May 11. www.middleeasteye.net/news/failure-or-visionary-un-s-syria-envoy-speaks-out-about-aleppo-freeze-1691987301Google Scholar
Hampson, Fen Osler. 2004. “Can the UN Still Mediate?” In The United Nations and Global Security, edited by Zacher, Mark W. and Price, Richard M.. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Haq, Farid. 2017. “Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General.” United Nations, January 17. https://press.un.org/en/2017/db170117.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
Haugbolle, Sune. 2018. “‘The Impossible Revolution: Making Sense of the Syrian Tragedy’. Review of The Impossible Revolution: Making Sense of the Syrian Tragedy, by Yassin Al-Haj Saleh.” Race & Class 60, no. 1: 9396. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306396818771274Google Scholar
Hellmüller, Sara. 2022. “Peacemaking in a Shifting World Order: A Macro-level Analysis of UN Mediation in Syria.” Review of International Studies 48, no. 3: 543–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermann, Charles F. 1972. International Crises: Insights from Behavioral Research. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Heydemann, Steven, and Shaar, Karam. 2022. “Zombie Diplomacy and the Fate of Syria’s Constitutional Committee.” Brookings, January 24. www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2022/01/24/zombie-diplomacy-and-the-fate-of-syrias-constitutional-committee/Google Scholar
Hill, Tom H. J. 2015. “Kofi Annan’s Multilateral Strategy of Mediation and the Syrian Crisis: The Future of Peacemaking in a Multipolar World?International Negotiation 20, no. 3: 444–78. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341322Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond, and Zartman, I. William. 2016. “UN Mediation in the Syrian Crisis: From Kofi Annan to Lakhdar Brahimi.” International Peace Institute. www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/IPI-Rpt-Syrian-Crisis2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Hollande, François. 2013. “G20 Summit/French Goals – Syria: Press Briefing by M. François Hollande, President of the Republic, on His Arrival at the G20 Summit.” France in the United States – Embassy of France in Washington, DC, September 5. https://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article4873Google Scholar
Holmes, Oliver, and Oweis, Khaled Yacoub. 2014. “Syria Peace Talks Not Making Much Progress, Says Envoy.” Reuters, February 11. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis/syria-peace-talks-not-making-much-progress-says-envoy-idUSBREA1912Z20140211Google Scholar
Holsti, Ole R. 1989. “Crisis Decision Making.” In Behavior, Society, and Nuclear War: Volume I, edited by Tetlock, Philip E., Husbands, Jo L., Jervis, Robert, Stern, Paul C., and Tilly, Charles, 884. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Nick, and Beals, Emma. 2016. “UN Pays Tens of Millions to Assad Regime under Syria Aid Programme.” The Guardian, August 29. www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/29/un-pays-tens-of-millions-to-assad-regime-syria-aid-programme-contractsGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, Michael C., and Fuhrmann, Matthew. 2018. “Studying Leaders and Military Conflict: Conceptual Framework and Research Agenda.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 10 (November): 2072–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002718785679Google Scholar
Hudson, Valerie M. 2005. “Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations.” Foreign Policy Analysis 1, no. 1: 130.Google Scholar
Hudson, Valerie M., and Vore, Christopher S.. 1995. “Foreign Policy Analysis Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow.” Mershon International Studies Review 39, no. 2: 209–38.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2013. “Attacks on Ghouta Analysis of Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons on Syria.” Human Rights Watch, September 10. www.hrw.org/report/2013/09/10/attacks-ghouta/analysis-alleged-use-chemical-weapons-syriaGoogle Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2018. “World Report 2018: Syria – Events of 2017.” Human Rights Watch. www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/syriaCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hume, Cameron R. 1994. Ending Mozambique’s War: The Role of Mediation and Good Offices. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Humeidi, Ibrahim. 2014. “De Mistura: Aleppo Freeze Could Be Applied Elsewhere.” Al Monitor, December 17. https://web.archive.org/web/20141228065210/http://www.al-monitor.com:80/pulse/politics/2014/12/syria-aleppo-freeze-agreement-un-envoy-interview.html#Google Scholar
International Committee of the Red Cross. 2012. “Internal Conflicts or Other Situations of Violence – What Is the Difference for Victims?” International Committee of the Red Cross, December 10. www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/interview/2012/12-10-niac-non-international-armed-conflict.htmGoogle Scholar
Imogen, Foulkes. 2014. “Syria Geneva II Peace Talks Highlight Gulf over Assad.” BBC News, January 22. www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25853175Google Scholar
Inoguchi, Takashi, Otunnu, Olara, Russett, Bruce et al. 1995. Envisioning the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century. Tokyo: United Nations University.Google Scholar
International Council on Human Rights Policy. 2006. Negotiating Justice?: Human Rights and Peace Agreements. Vernier: ATAR Roto Press SA. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1551237Google Scholar
International Syria Support Group. 2015. “Statement of the International Syria Support Group Vienna.” United Nations Political and Peacebuilding Affairs, November 14. https://dppa.un.org/en/statement-of-international-syria-support-group-viennaGoogle Scholar
International Syria Support Group. 2016a. “Note to Correspondents: Statement of the International Syria Support Group.” United Nations Secretary-General, February 11. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2016-02-11/note-correspondents-statement-international-syria-supportGoogle Scholar
International Syria Support Group. 2016b. “Statement of the International Syria Support Group.” Reliefweb, May 17. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/statement-international-syria-support-group-17-may-2016Google Scholar
Irish, John. 2017. “French Intelligence Says Assad Forces Carried Out Sarin Attack.” Reuters, April 26. www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-intelligence/french-intelligence-says-assad-forces-carried-out-sarin-attack-idUSKBN17S0RYGoogle Scholar
Ismail, Salwa. 2018. The Rule of Violence: Subjectivity, Memory and Government in Syria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahn, George, and Lee, Matthew. 2015. “Diplomats Set Plan for Political Change in Syria.” AP News, November 14. https://apnews.com/article/f507339b48ad4411ab76225fe2d51ff2Google Scholar
Jervis, Robert. 1968. “Hypotheses on Misperception.” World Politics 20, no. 3: 454–79.Google Scholar
Jervis, Robert. 2013. “Do Leaders Matter and How Would We Know?Security Studies 22, no. 2: 153–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalin, Stephen, and Holmes, Oliver. 2013. “Assad Tells U.N. Envoy Peace Talks Can Succeed Only If Aid to Rebels Stops.” Reuters, October 30. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-assad/assad-tells-u-n-envoy-peace-talks-can-succeed-only-if-aid-to-rebels-stops-idUSBRE99T0I920131030Google Scholar
Kalin, Stephen, and Mohammed, Arshad. 2013. “Russia Proposes Syria Chemical Weapons Deal to Avert U.S. Strike.” Reuters, September 9. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE9880HY20130909Google Scholar
Kapur, Bela. 2017. Syrian Women in Political Process. Sweden: The Kvinna Till Kvinna Foundation. https://kvinnatillkvinna.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/syrian-women-in-political-processes-ktk.pdfGoogle Scholar
Karouny, Mariam. 2011. “Syrian Opposition Boycotts Talks with Government.” Reuters, July 10. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-dialogue/syrian-opposition-boycotts-talks-with-government-idUSTRE7691GT20110710Google Scholar
Kenner, David. 2014. “Rewriting Syria’s War.” Foreign Policy, December 18. https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/12/18/syria-assad-ceasefires-surrender-nir-rosen-hd-centre-report/Google Scholar
Khalidi, Rashid. 2011. “Reflections on the Revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt.” Foreign Policy, February 24. https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/02/24/reflections-on-the-revolutions-in-tunisia-and-egypt/Google Scholar
Khatib, Ahmad. 2012. “Official Facebook Statement Ahmad Khatib.” Facebook, December 23. www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=570792232947841&set=a.567235403303524.142943.554799777880420&type=1Google Scholar
Ki-moon, Ban. 2008. “Remarks at Security Council High-Level Debate on Mediation and the Settlement of Disputes.” United Nations Secretary-General, September 23. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2008-09-23/remarks-security-council-high-level-debate-mediation-and-settlementGoogle Scholar
Ki-Moon, Ban. 2009. “S/2009/189. Report of the Secretary-General on Enhancing Mediation and Its Support Activities.” United Nations Security Council, April 8. http://archive.ipu.org/splz-e/unbrief11/SGreport.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ki-Moon, Ban. 2011. “S/2011/552. Report of the Secretary-General on ‘Preventive Diplomacy: Delivering Results.’” United Nations Peacemaker, August 26. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SGReport_PreventiveDiplomacy_S2011552%28english%29_2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ki-Moon, Ban. 2012a. “S/2012/199. Letter Dated 6 April 2012 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council.” United Nations Security Council, April 9. www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Syria%20S2012%20199.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ki-Moon, Ban. 2012b. “S/2012/363. Letter Dated 25 May 2012 from the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council.” United Nations Security Council, May 25. www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7b65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7d/Syria%20S2012%20363.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ki-Moon, Ban. 2012c. “S/2012/523. Report of the Secretary-General on the Implementation of Security Council Resolution 2043 (2012).” Refworld, July 6. www.refworld.org/docid/4fffcfbe2.htmlGoogle Scholar
Ki-Moon, Ban. 2012d. “Secretary-General’s Press Conference at Japan’s National Press Club.” United Nations Secretary-General, July 8. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/press-encounter/2012-07-08/secretary-generals-press-conference-japans-national-press-clubGoogle Scholar
Ki-Moon, Ban. 2012e. “Secretary-General’s Remarks on Syria to Reporters in Beijing.” United Nations Secretary-General, July 18. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/press-encounter/2012-07-18/secretary-generals-remarks-syria-reporters-beijingGoogle Scholar
Ki-Moon, Ban. 2012f. “Secretary-General’s Remarks to the General Assembly on the Situation in Syria.” United Nations Secretary-General, April 5. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2012-04-05/secretary-generals-remarks-general-assembly-situation-syriaGoogle Scholar
Ki-Moon, Ban. 2012g. “SG/SM/14441. Secretary-General Announces Resignation of Joint Special Envoy for Syria, Kofi Annan, Says Consultations with Arab States Under Way for Successor.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, August 2. www.un.org/press/en/2012/sgsm14441.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
Ki-Moon, Ban. 2012h. “S/2012/542. Letter from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council.” United Nations Security Council, July 13. www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Syria%20S2012%20542.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ki-Moon, Ban. 2013a. “Secretary-General’s Press Conference at United Nations Headquarters.” United Nations Secretary-General, December 23. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/press-encounter/2013-12-23/secretary-generals-press-conference-united-nationsGoogle Scholar
Ki-Moon, Ban. 2013b. “Statement Attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on the Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria.” United Nations Secretary-General, August 21. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2013-08-21/statement-attributable-spokesperson-secretary-general-alleged-useGoogle Scholar
Ki-Moon, Ban. 2014. “Secretary-General’s Press Briefing.” United Nations Secretary-General, January 19. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/press-encounter/2014-01-19/secretary-generals-press-briefingGoogle Scholar
Ki-moon, Ban, and Annan, Kofi. 2012. “Secretary-General’s Joint Press Encounter with UN-Arab League Joint Special Envoy for Syria, Mr. Kofi Annan.” United Nations Secretary-General, February 29. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/press-encounter/2012-02-29/secretary-generals-joint-press-encounter-un-arab-league-jointGoogle Scholar
Koelbl, Susanne. 2014. “Interview with UN Peace Envoy Brahimi: Syria Will Become Another Somalia.” Spiegel Online, June 7. www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-former-un-peace-envoy-to-syria-lakhdar-brahimi-a-974036.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kydd, Andrew. 2003. “Which Side Are You On? Bias, Credibility, and Mediation.” American Journal of Political Science 47, no. 4: 597611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landis, Joshua. 2014. “The Battle between ISIS and Syria’s Rebel Militias.” Syria Comment, January 4. www.joshualandis.com/blog/battle-isis-syrias-rebel-militias/Google Scholar
Lanz, David, and Gasser, Rachel. 2013. “A Crowded Field: Competition and Coordination in International Peace Mediation.” Mediation Arguments, no. 2: 1–20. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/21679Google Scholar
Lederach, John Paul. 1997. Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Leenders, Reinoud. 2012. “Collective Action and Mobilization in Dar’a: An Anatomy of the Onset of Syria’s Popular Uprising.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 17, no. 4: 419–34.Google Scholar
Leenders, Reinoud. 2016. “UN’s $4bn Aid Effort in Syria is Morally Bankrupt.” The Guardian, August 29. www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2016/aug/29/uns-4bn-aid-effort-in-syria-is-morally-bankruptGoogle Scholar
Letsch, Constanze, and Hawramy, Fazel. 2015. “Kurdish Forces Take Control of Syrian Town of Kobani.” The Guardian, January 26. www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/kurdish-forces-take-control-kobani-syriaGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Paul. 2013. “US Attack on Syria Delayed after Surprise U-Turn from Obama.” The Guardian, September 1. www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/31/syrian-air-strikes-obama-congressGoogle Scholar
Licklider, Roy. 1995. “The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945–1993.” American Political Science Review 89, no. 3: 681–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lister, Charles R. 2016. The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lund, Aron. 2015. “Syrians Have Overthrown Staffan de Mistura: An Interview with Subhi Al-Refai.” Carnegie Middle East Center, May 15. http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/60103?lang=enGoogle Scholar
Lundgren, Magnus. 2016. “Mediation in Syria: Initiatives, Strategies, and Obstacles, 2011–2016.” Contemporary Security Policy 37, no. 2: 273–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luttwak, Edward N. 1999. “Give War a Chance.” Foreign Affairs. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1999-07-01/give-war-chanceCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Marc. 2012. The Arab Uprising: The Unfinished Revolutions of the New Middle East. New York: PublicAffairs.Google Scholar
Lyon, Alistair. 2012. “Syria Referendum Goes ahead amid Military Onslaught.” Reuters, February 26. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-idUSL5E8DB0BH20120226Google Scholar
MacFarquhar, Neil. 2011. “Arab League Votes to Suspend Syria over Crackdown.” The New York Times, November 12. www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/world/middleeast/arab-league-votes-to-suspend-syria-over-its-crackdown-on-protesters.htmlGoogle Scholar
MacFarquhar, Neil, and Bakri, Nour. 2011. “Isolating Syria, Arab League Imposes Broad Sanctions.” The New York Times, November 27. www.nytimes.com/2011/11/28/world/middleeast/arab-league-prepares-to-vote-on-syrian-sanctions.htmlGoogle Scholar
Mahmoud, Zuhour. 2016. “Women’s Advisory Board in Geneva Sparks Controversy.” NewsDeeply, April 20. www.newsdeeply.com/syria/articles/2016/04/20/womens-advisory-board-in-geneva-sparks-controversyGoogle Scholar
Makdisi, Karim, and Prashad, Vijay (eds.). 2016. Land of Blue Helmets: The United Nations and the Arab World. Oakland: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mancini, Francesco, and Vericat, Jose. 2016. “Lost in Transition: UN Mediation in Libya, Syria, and Yemen.” International Peace Institute, November 30. www.ipinst.org/2016/11/lost-in-transition-un-mediation-in-libya-syria-and-yemenGoogle Scholar
Mason, Jeff. 2013. “Obama, Iran’s Rouhani Hold Historic Phone Call.” Reuters, September 28. www.reuters.com/article/us-un-assembly-iran/obama-irans-rouhani-hold-historic-phone-call-idUSBRE98Q16S20130928Google Scholar
Mason, Jeff, and Bayoumy, Yara. 2013. “Obama Wins Backing for Syria Strike from Key Figures in Congress.” Reuters, September 3. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis/obama-wins-backing-for-syria-strike-from-key-figures-in-congress-idUSBRE97K0EL20130903Google Scholar
Mason, Simon, and Sguaitamatti, Damiano Angelo. 2011. “Mapping Mediators: A Comparison of Third Parties and Implications for Switzerland.” Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich. doi: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-006699558CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mediation Support Unit. “Mediation Support Activities & Services.” United Nations Peacemaker. https://peacemaker.un.org/mediation-support/activities-and-servicesGoogle Scholar
Meo, Nick. 2012. “Geneva Meeting Agrees ‘Transition Plan’ to Syria Unity Government.” The Telegraph, June 30. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9367330/Geneva-meeting-agrees-transition-plan-to-Syria-unity-government.htmlGoogle Scholar
Middle East Eye. 2015a. “Activists Use Social Media to Highlight Douma Killings.” Middle East Eye, February 13. www.middleeasteye.net/news/activists-use-doumaexterminated-highlight-ghouta-killings-social-media-1958894136Google Scholar
Middle East Eye. 2015b. “US, Russia, Turkey and Saudi Arabia Hold Syria Talks.” Middle East Eye, October 23. www.middleeasteye.net/news/us-russia-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-hold-syria-talks-451718884Google Scholar
Miles, Tom. 2013. “Over 60,000 Dead in Syria Conflict, UN Says.” Reuters, January 2. www.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-toll-idUKBRE9010BR20130102Google Scholar
Miles, Tom. 2016a. “U.N. Hopes Russian Pullback Will Help Syria’s Peaceful Transition.” Reuters, March 15. www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-positive-idUSKCN0WH14JGoogle Scholar
Miles, Tom. 2016b. “U.N. Looks to End Syria’s War with a Gentleman’s Agreement.” Reuters, Rpt in Business Insider, March 13. www.businessinsider.com/the-unlikely-man-who-may-be-syrias-best-hope-for-peace-2016-3Google Scholar
Miles, Tom, and Nebehay, Stephanie. 2013. “Brahimi Says He Could Work around Iranian Absence from Syria Talks.” Reuters, December 20. www.reuters.com/article/syria-crisis-brahimi/brahimi-says-he-could-work-around-iranian-absence-from-syria-talks-idINDEE9BJ0DA20131220Google Scholar
Mironova, Vera, Mrie, Loubna, and Whitt, Sam. 2014. “The Motivations of Syrian Islamist Fighters.” CTC Sentinel 7, no. 10: 1517.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin. 2014. “Mediation in Interstate Disputes.” International Negotiation 19, no. 2: 191200.Google Scholar
Mlambo-Ngcuka, Phumzile. 2016. “Establishment of the Syrian Women’s Advisory Board to Contribute to the Peace Talks Is a Historic Moment.” UN Women, February 3. www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/2/ed-statement-on-syrian-womens-advisory-boardGoogle Scholar
Mood, Robert. 2012a. “Opening Statement to the Press.” UN Web TV, June 15. https://media.un.org/en/asset/k12/k123t12gbuGoogle Scholar
Mood, Robert. 2012b. “Statement Attributable to the Head of the UN Supervision Mission in Syria, General Robert Mood.” United Nations Peacekeeping, June 7. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unsmis/documents/UNSMIS%20statement_7%20June.pdfGoogle Scholar
Murphy, Francois. 2018. “Syrian Opposition Says Will Boycott Russia-Brokered Peace Talks in Sochi.” Reuters, January 27. www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-un/syrian-opposition-says-will-boycott-russia-brokered-peace-talks-in-sochi-idUSKBN1FG022Google Scholar
Myers, Steven Lee, and Gladstone, Rick. 2013. “U.S. and Russia Plan Conference Aimed at Ending Syrian War.” The New York Times, May 7. www.nytimes.com/2013/05/08/world/middleeast/syria-golan-heights-united-nations.htmlGoogle Scholar
National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces. 2012. “Halfaya: Blood Sacrificed for Bread.” National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces, April 19. https://en.etilaf.org/press/halfaya-blood-sacrificed-for-breadGoogle Scholar
Nassar, Fadi Nicholas. 2019. “Mediating for Peace: A Study on the Decision-Making of the UN’s Mediation Efforts in Syria under Kofi Annan, Lakhdar Brahimi, and Staffan de Mistura.” PhD dissertation, King’s College London.Google Scholar
Nassar, Fadi Nicholas, and Abillama, Nadim. 2016. “Beware the False Narrative of a War of Religions.” Univision, August 1. www.univision.com/univision-news/opinion/beware-the-false-narrative-of-a-war-of-religionsGoogle Scholar
Nebehay, Stephanie. 2012a. “Some Syria Violence Amounts to Civil War: Red Cross.” Reuters, May 8. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-redcross/some-syria-violence-amounts-to-civil-war-red-cross-idUSBRE8470D920120508Google Scholar
Nebehay, Stephanie. 2012b. “Exclusive: Red Cross Ruling Raises Questions of Syrian War Crimes.” Reuters, July 14. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-icrc/exclusive-red-cross-ruling-raises-questions-of-syrian-war-crimes-idUSBRE86D09H20120714Google Scholar
Obama, Barack. 2011. “Executive Order 13582 – Blocking Property of the Government of Syria and Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Syria.” The White House – Office of the Press Secretary, August 18. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/08/18/executive-order-13582-blocking-property-government-syria-and-prohibitingGoogle Scholar
Obama, Barack. 2012. “Remarks by the President to the White House Press Corps.” The White House – Office of the Press Secretary, August 20. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/20/remarks-president-white-house-press-corpsGoogle Scholar
Obama, Barack. 2013a. “Statement by the President on First Step Agreement on Iran’s Nuclear Program.” The White House – Office of the Press Secretary, November 23. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/23/statement-president-first-step-agreement-irans-nuclear-programGoogle Scholar
Obama, Barack. 2013b. “Statement by the President on Syria.” The White House – Office of the Press Secretary, August 31. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/31/statement-president-syriaGoogle Scholar
Obama, Barack. 2013c. “Transcript: President Obama’s Address to the Nation on Syria.” NPR, September 10. www.npr.org/2013/09/10/221186456/transcript-president-obamas-address-to-the-nation-on-syriaGoogle Scholar
Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Syria. 2022. “Constitutional Committee.” UN Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs. https://specialenvoysyria.unmissions.org/constitutional-committee-0Google Scholar
Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General. 2012. “Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, April 18. www.un.org/press/en/2012/db120418.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General. 2016. “Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, January 25. http://web.archive.org/web/20220714204149/https://press.un.org/en/2016/db160125.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
Office of Legal Affairs. 1992. OLA/COD/2394. Handbook on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes between States. New York: United Nations. http://legal.un.org/cod/books/HandbookOnPSD.pdfGoogle Scholar
Osborn, Andrew, and Stewart, Phil. 2015. “Russia Begins Syria Air Strikes in Its Biggest Mideast Intervention in Decades.” Reuters, September 30. http://web.archive.org/web/20230120065919/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-russia/russia-begins-syria-air-strikes-in-its-biggest-mideast-intervention-in-decades-idUSKCN0RU0MG20150930Google Scholar
Osman, Hibaaq. 2014. “Where Are the Syrian Women at the Geneva Peace Talks?” The Guardian, January 23. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/23/syria-women-geneva-peace-talks.Google Scholar
Ostroukh, Andrey. 2017. “Russia Hopes for Syria Talks in Astana on July 4–5: TASS.” Reuters, June 17. www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-talks-idUSKBN1980JB?il=0Google Scholar
Oweis, Khaled Yacoub. 2012. “Qatar Emir Suggests Sending Arab Troops to Syria.” Reuters, January 14. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria/qatar-emir-suggests-sending-arab-troops-to-syria-idUSTRE8041A820120114Google Scholar
Oweis, Khaled Yacoub. 2014a. “Exclusive – Brahimi to Meet Syria Sides Separately, Demands Peace Commitment: Document.” Reuters, February 10. www.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-talks-document-exclusive/exclusive-brahimi-to-meet-syria-sides-separately-demands-peace-commitment-document-idUKBREA190NI20140210Google Scholar
Oweis, Khaled Yacoub. 2014b. “Veteran Negotiator Pursues Syria ‘Mission Impossible.’” Reuters, January 30. www.reuters.com/article/syria-crisis-brahimi/veteran-negotiator-pursues-syria-mission-impossible-idINDEEA0S0KX20140129Google Scholar
Oweis, Khaled Yacoub, and Charbonneau, Louis. 2012. “U.N. Security Council Condemns Syria Over Massacre.” Reuters, May 27. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-killings-idUSBRE84O14Q20120527Google Scholar
Oweis, Khaled Yacoub, and Karouny, Mariam. 2014a. “Syria Foes to Meet at Peace Talks after Rocky Start.” Reuters, January 24. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis/syria-foes-to-meet-at-peace-talks-after-rocky-start-idUSBREA0N0L520140124Google Scholar
Oweis, Khaled Yacoub, and Karouny, Mariam. 2014b. “Brahimi Says No Substantive Progress on Syria but Hopeful.” Reuters, January 29. www.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-talks/brahimi-says-no-substantive-progress-on-syria-but-hopeful-idUKBREA0S1RN20140129Google Scholar
Oweis, Khaled Yacoub, and Nebehay, Stephanie. 2014. “Shared Moment of Silence but Little Headway at Syria Talks.” Reuters, January 30. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-talks/shared-moment-of-silence-but-little-headway-at-syria-talks-idUSBREA0T0W420140130Google Scholar
Oweis, Khaled Yacoub, Miles, Tom, and Nebehay, Stephanie. 2014. “Brahimi’s Palestinian Deputy Kidwa Leaves Syria Talks Team.” Reuters, February 3. https://reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFBREA1218D20140203Google Scholar
Oxfam, . 2014. “Geneva II Peace Talks: Syrian Women and Civil Society Must Be Heard.” Oxfam, January 23, 2014. www.oxfam.ca/blogs/geneva-ii-peace-talks-syrian-women-and-civil-society-must-be-heardGoogle Scholar
Ozkan, Mert. 2018. “Turkey Shells Syria’s Afrin Region, Minister Says Operation Has Begun.” Reuters, January 19. www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey/turkey-shells-syrias-afrin-region-minister-says-operation-has-begun-idUSKBN1F80XXGoogle Scholar
Parasiliti, Andrew. 2014. “Former UN Syria Envoy Says Iran Plan on Syria ‘Worth Discussing.’” Al-Monitor, May 18. www.al-monitor.com/originals/2014/05/brahimi-syria-envoy.htmlGoogle Scholar
Pedersen, Geir O. 2021. “United Nations Special Envoy for Syria Geir O. Pedersen Briefing to the Security Council on Syria, 27 October 2021 – Syrian Arab Republic.” Reliefweb, October 27. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/united-nations-special-envoy-syria-geir-o-pedersen-briefing-security-8Google Scholar
Perry, Tom, Al-Khalidi, Suleiman, and Irish, John. 2016. “Syrian Army Threatens to Encircle Aleppo as Talks Falter.” Reuters, February 2. www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/syrian-army-presses-aleppo-attack-as-u-n-envoy-meets-government-idUSKCN0VB1CQGoogle Scholar
Phillips, Christopher. 2016. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Pinheiro, Paulo Sérgio. 2011. “Statement by Mr. Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, Chair of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic.” Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, December 2. www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/SpecialSession/Session18/Stmt_Pinheiro_CoI_Syria2Dec11.pdfGoogle Scholar
Political and Peacebuilding Affairs. 2017. “Security Council Briefing on the Situation in Syria, Special Envoy Staffan de Mistura.” United Nations, June 27. https://dppa.un.org/en/security-council-briefing-situation-syria-special-envoy-staffan-de-mistura-1Google Scholar
Power, Samantha. 2013. “Remarks by Ambassador Samantha Power, U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations.” United States Mission to the United Nations, December 23. https://2009-2017-usun.state.gov/remarks/5923Google Scholar
Princen, Thomas. 1992. Intermediaries in International Conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Putin, Vladimir V. 2013. “A Plea for Caution from Russia.” The New York Times, September 11. www.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/opinion/putin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria.html?mcubz=0Google Scholar
Quinn, Ben. 2016. “Russia’s Military Action in Syria – Timeline.” The Guardian, March 14. www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/14/russias-military-action-in-syria-timelineGoogle Scholar
Reuters. 2012a. “Annan Tells UN Council Syria Hasn’t Complied with Truce Terms.” Reuters, April 12. www.reuters.com/article/syria-un-rice/annan-tells-un-council-syria-hasnt-complied-with-truce-terms-idUSL2E8FCDTR20120412Google Scholar
Reuters. 2012b. “Brahimi Holds ‘Constructive’ Talks with U.S. and Russia on Syria Crisis.” Reuters, December 9. www.reuters.com/article/syria-crisis-talks/brahimi-holds-constructive-talks-with-u-s-and-russia-on-syria-crisis-idUSL5E8N937T20121209Google Scholar
Reuters. 2012c. “Clinton: Assad Must Implement Peace Plan Immediately.” Reuters, April 1. www.reuters.com/video/2012/04/08/clinton-assad-must-implement-peace-plan?videoId=232701647Google Scholar
Reuters. 2012e. “Syria Responds to Annan Peace Plan, Spokesman Says.” Reuters, March 26. www.reuters.com/article/syria-annan-statement-idUSL6E8EQ6QG20120326Google Scholar
Reuters. 2012f. “Update 1 – U.N.’s Ban Says Onus on Syria to Match Words and Deeds.” Reuters, April 12. www.reuters.com/article/syria-ban-ceasefire-idUSL6E8FC4JN20120412Google Scholar
Reuters. 2012g. “Update 2 – U.N.-Arab League Envoy Annan to Syria on March 10.” Reuters, March 5. http://reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL5E8E556220120305Google Scholar
Reuters. 2013a. “Syria: UN Security Council Wants ‘Clarity’ over Alleged Chemical Attack.” The Telegraph, August 22. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10258597/Syria-UN-Security-Council-wants-clarity-over-alleged-chemical-attack.htmlGoogle Scholar
Reuters. 2013b. “Friends of Syria Demands Hezbollah, Iran Fighters Withdraw.” Reuters, May 23. http://reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-friends/friends-of-syria-demands-hezbollah-iran-fighters-withdraw-idUKBRE94L19N20130522Google Scholar
Reuters. 2013c. “Syrian Envoy Brahimi to Hold Joint Talks with Kerry, Lavrov.” Reuters, September 13. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-brahimi/syrian-envoy-brahimi-to-meet-kerry-lavrov-jointly-on-friday-u-n-official-idUSBRE98C05U20130913.Google Scholar
Reuters. 2014a. “Brahimi to Meet Separately with Syria Sides on Friday.” Reuters, January 24. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-talks-meeting/brahimi-to-meet-separately-with-syria-sides-on-friday-opposition-idUSBREA0N0GS20140124Google Scholar
Reuters. 2014b. “Syria Says Will Leave Talks If No ‘Serious Sessions.’” Reuters, January 24. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-talks-idUSBREA0N0PD20140124Google Scholar
Reuters. 2014c. “U.N. Sending Invitations to Switzerland Peace Talks on Syria.” Reuters, January 6. www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFBREA050VE20140106Google Scholar
Reuters. 2018a. “Turkey Denies Report Border Guards Shot at Fleeing Syrians.” Reuters, February 3. https://reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey/turk-border-guards-shoot-at-fleeing-syrians-human-rights-watch-idUKKBN1FN0CZGoogle Scholar
Reuters. 2018b. “Syrian Government Rejects U.N.-Led Committee to Alter Constitution.” Reuters, February 13. www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-constitution/syrian-government-rejects-u-n-led-committee-to-alter-constitution-idUSKBN1FX1EOGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, Benjamin. 2018. The World as It Is: A Memoir of the Obama White House. New York: Random House Large Print.Google Scholar
Richter, Paul. 2014. “Kerry Makes Impassioned Plea to Syrian Opposition to Join Peace Talks.” Los Angeles Times, January 16. http://articles.latimes.com/2014/jan/16/world/la-fg-wn-syria-peace-talks-kerry-20140116Google Scholar
Roberts, Dan, and Lewis, Paul. 2014. “US Seeks to Regain Syria Initiative after Surprise UN Talks Invitation to Iran.” The Guardian, January 20. www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/20/us-syria-geneva-talks-un-iranGoogle Scholar
Rosati, Jerel A. 2000. “The Power of Human Cognition in the Study of World Politics.” International Studies Review 2, no. 3: 4575.Google Scholar
Rosen, Nir. 2014. “De-Escalating the Conflict in Syria and Containing IS.” Scribd. www.scribd.com/document/385329881/Nir-Rosen-s-influential-2014-paper-on-Syrian-conflict-de-escalationGoogle Scholar
Rozen, Laura. 2012. “Draft Communiqué from Action Group on Syria.” Al Monitor, July 1. www.al-monitor.com/originals/2012/al-monitor/hillary-clinton-china-russia-mus.htmlGoogle Scholar
Rubin, Barnett R., and Jones, Bruce D.. 2007. “Prevention of Violent Conflict: Tasks and Challenges for the United Nations.” Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 13, no. 3: 391408. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-01303007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
S/PRST/2008/36. 2008. “Statement on the Agenda Item ‘Maintenance of International Peace and Security: Mediation and Settlement of Disputes.’” United Nations Security Council, September 23. www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Mediation%20SPRST%202008%2036.pdfGoogle Scholar
S/RES/2254. 2015. “Resolution 2254.” United Nations Security Council, December 18. www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2254.pdfGoogle Scholar
S/2012/200. 2012. “Letter Dated 7 April 2012 from the President of the Security Council Addressed to the Secretary-General.” United Nations Digital Library, April 7. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/724494?ln=en#record-files-collapse-headerGoogle Scholar
S/2012/542. 2012. “Letter Dated 13 July 2012 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council.” United Nations, July 13. https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2F2012%2F542&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=FalseGoogle Scholar
S/2015/730. 2015. “Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations and Conflict Prevention: A Collective Recommitment.” United Nations Security Council, September 25. http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SGReport-Prevention-S2015730_Eng.pdfGoogle Scholar
Salloukh, Bassel F. 2009. “Demystifying Syrian Foreign Policy under Bashar Al-Asad.” In Demystifying Syria, edited by Lawson, Fred H., 159–79. London: Saqi Books.Google Scholar
Samir, Ayman, and Saleh, Yasmine. 2013. “Arab League Clears Member States to Arm Syria Rebels.” Reuters, March 6. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-league-lebanon/arab-league-clears-member-states-to-arm-syria-rebels-idUSBRE92517F20130306Google Scholar
Sanchez, Raf. 2012. “Syria: Journalist Nir Rosen Rejects Allegations of Collaborating with Assad Regime.” The Telegraph, March 19. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9154125/Syria-journalist-Nir-Rosen-rejects-allegations-of-collaborating-with-Assad-regime.htmlGoogle Scholar
Sands, Philippe. 2013. “Referring Syria to the International Criminal Court Is a Justified Gamble.” The Guardian, January 16. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jan/16/syria-international-criminal-court-justified-gambleGoogle Scholar
Saul, Heather. 2013. “Syria Crisis: John Kerry and Sergei Lavrov Announce ‘Constructive’ Geneva Meeting to Continue in New York as US and Russia Push for ‘Geneva 2’ Peace Talks.” The Independent, September 13. www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-john-kerry-and-sergei-lavrov-announce-constructive-geneva-meeting-to-continue-in-new-8813829.htmlGoogle Scholar
Sayigh, Yezid. 2014. “To Confront the Islamic State, Seek a Truce in Syria.” Carnegie Middle East Center, September 18. http://carnegie-mec.org/2014/09/18/to-confront-islamic-state-seek-truce-in-syriaGoogle Scholar
SC/9640. 2009. “Security Council, in Presidential Statement, Expresses Willingness to Explore Ways to Further Promote Use of Mediation in Peaceful Settlement of Disputes.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, April 21. www.un.org/press/en/2009/sc9640.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
SC/10601. 2012. “Security Council Presidential Statement on Syria Signals Intention to Authorize Mechanism to Monitor End of Violence, or ‘Consider Further Steps.’” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, April 5. www.un.org/press/en/2012/sc10601.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
SC/10609. 2012. “Security Council Unanimously Adopts Resolution 2042 (2012), Authorizing Advance Team to Monitor Ceasefire in Syria.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, April 14. www.un.org/press/en/2012/sc10609.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
SC/11557. 2014. “Security Council Press Statement on Murder of David Haines.” United Nations Security Council, September 14. https://press.un.org/en/2014/sc11557.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
SC/12254. 2016. “Overview of Security Council Press Statement.” United Nations Security Council, February 23. https://press.un.org/en/2016/sc12254.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
Schafer, Mark, and Crichlow, Scott. 2000. “Bill Clinton’s Operational Code: Assessing Source Material Bias.” Political Psychology 21, no. 3: 559–71.Google Scholar
Sengupta, Somini. 2015. “Iran Nuclear Talks Open a Tangled Path to Ending Syria’s War.” The New York Times, May 4. www.nytimes.com/2015/05/04/world/middleeast/iran-nuclear-talks-open-a-tangled-path-to-ending-syrias-war.htmlGoogle Scholar
SG/SM/14124. 2012. “Kofi Annan Appointed Joint Special Envoy of United Nations, League of Arab States on Syrian Crisis.” United Nations, February 23. https://press.un.org/en/2012/sgsm14124.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
Shaar, Karam, and Dasouki, Ayman. 2021. “Syria’s Constitutional Committee: The Devil in the Detail.” Middle East Institute, January 6. www.mei.edu/publications/syrias-constitutional-committee-devil-detailGoogle Scholar
Shabad, Rebecca, and Cox, Ramsey. 2014. “Senate Approves Obama Request to Arm, Train Syrian Rebels.” The Hill, September 18. http://thehill.com/policy/finance/218248-senate-approves-obama-request-to-arm-train-syrian-rebelsGoogle Scholar
Shaheen, Kareem. 2016. “Pro-Assad Troops Retake Territory Near Latakia Stronghold.” The Guardian, January 25. www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/25/syria-assad-troops-retake-latakia-stronghold-peace-talks-turkeyGoogle Scholar
Shehadi, Nadim. 2011. “The Syrian ‘Opposition’ Does Not Have to Prove Itself.” The Guardian, October 2. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/01/syrian-oppositionGoogle Scholar
Sheikho, Kamal. 2017. “‘Conscience Activists Have No Place in Syria’: Testimony of Kamal Sheikho, Survivor of Syrian Detention.” Syrians for Truth & Justice, August 28. https://stj-sy.org/en/227/Google Scholar
Shields, Michael, and Perry, Tom. 2015. “U.N. Envoy Says Assad Part of Solution for Easing Syria Violence.” Reuters, February 13. www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-envoy/u-n-envoy-says-assad-part-of-solution-for-easing-syria-violence-idUSKBN0LH16320150213Google Scholar
Singer, J. David. 1961. “The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations.” World Politics 14, no. 1: 7792.Google Scholar
Singer, J. David. 1968. Quantitative International Politics; Insights and Evidence. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Smith, M. L. R., and Stone, John Graham. 2011. “Explaining Strategic Theory.” Infinity Journal 9, no. 1: 2730.Google Scholar
Smith, Mike L., and Jones, David M.. 2001. “Noise but No Signal: Strategy, Culture, and the Poverty of Constructivism.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 24, no. 6: 485–95.Google Scholar
Soldatkin, Vladimir, and Perry, Tom. 2016. “Kerry, Lavrov to Resume Talks on Syria Despite War Crimes Row.” Reuters, October 12. www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN12C281Google Scholar
Solomon, Erika. 2012. “Syria Ready to Let Monitors Stay, Rebel Seeks U.N. Action.” Reuters, January 17. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria/syria-ready-to-let-monitors-stay-rebel-seeks-u-n-action-idUSTRE8041A820120117Google Scholar
Solomon, Erika. 2013. “Syrian Army Recaptures Symbolic Baba Amr District in Homs.” Reuters, March 26. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-homs-idUSBRE92P07U20130326Google Scholar
Solomon, Erika, and Balmer, Crispian. 2012. “Syrian Army Pounds Homs; Annan in Moscow.” Reuters, March 24. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria/syrian-army-pounds-homs-annan-in-moscow-idUSBRE8280G820120324Google Scholar
Solomon, Erika, and Charbonneau, Louis. 2012. “U.N. Monitors Shot at in Syria, Annan Plan Crumbles.” Reuters, June 7. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE84S0P020120607Google Scholar
Solomon, Erika, and Graff, Peter. 2013. “U.N. Envoy Says 40 Years of Assad Family Rule Is ‘Too Long.’” Reuters, January 9. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis/u-n-envoy-says-40-years-of-assad-family-rule-is-too-long-idUSBRE8AJ1FK20130109Google Scholar
Solomon, Richard. 1999a. “Forward.” In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, edited by Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela, ixxii. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Spetalnick, Matt, and Murphy, Francois. 2015. “U.S. Sticks to Demand Assad Leave Power at First Peace Talks to Include Iran.” Reuters, October 29. https://web.archive.org/web/20200630055001/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-talks/u-s-sticks-to-demand-assad-leave-power-at-first-peace-talks-to-include-iran-idUSKCN0SN1SS20151029Google Scholar
Spokesperson for the Secretary-General. 2012a. “Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, May 30, www.un.org/press/en/2012/db120530.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
Spokesperson for the Secretary-General. 2012b. “Note to Correspondents in Response to Questions on the Parliamentary Elections in Syria.” United Nations Secretary-General, May 7. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2012-05-07/note-correspondents-response-questions-parliamentaryGoogle Scholar
Spokesperson for the Secretary-General. 2012c. “Statement Attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on Adoption of Security Council Resolution on Syria (UNSMIS).” United Nations Secretary-General, April 21. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2012-04-21/statement-attributable-spokesperson-secretary-general-adoptionGoogle Scholar
Spokesperson for the Secretary-General. 2012d. “Statement Attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on Syria.” United Nations Secretary-General, April 30. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2012-04-30/statement-attributable-spokesperson-secretary-general-syriaGoogle Scholar
Stedman, Stephen John. 2002. “Introduction.” In Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements, edited by Stedman, Stephen John, Rothchild, Donald S., Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth M., 140. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stedman, Stephen John, and Downs, George. 2002. “Evaluation Issues in Peace Agreements.” In Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements, edited by Stedman, Stephen John, Rothchild, Donald S., Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth M., 4344. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svensson, Isak. 2009. “Who Brings Which Peace?: Neutral versus Biased Mediation and Institutional Peace Arrangements in Civil Wars.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53, no. 3: 446–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Syria Campaign. 2016. “Taking Sides: The United Nations’ Loss of Impartiality, Independence and Neutrality in Syria.” The Syria Campaign. http://takingsides.thesyriacampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/taking-sides.pdfGoogle Scholar
Syria Justice and Accountability Centre. 2016. “The Controversy over the Syrian Women’s Advisory Board.” Syria Justice and Accountability Centre, April 7. https://syriaaccountability.org/updates/2016/04/07/the-controversy-over-the-syrian-womens-advisory-board/Google Scholar
Syria Women’s Advisory Board. 2016. “Syrian Women’s Advisory Board – Media Stakeout (Geneva, 22 March 2016).” UN Web TV, March 22. https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1x/k1xoqosf1yGoogle Scholar
Tansey, Oisín. 2007. “Process Tracing and Elite Interviewing: A Case for Non-Probability Sampling.” PS: Political Science & Politics 40, no. 4: 765–72.Google Scholar
Tastekin, Fehim. 2013. “Syrian Kurdish Front Divided as Geneva II Approaches.” Al Monitor, November 3. https://web.archive.org/web/20131107123252/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2013/11/kurds-syria-divide-geneva-ii.htmlGoogle Scholar
Taub, Ben. 2016. “The Assad Files: Capturing the Top-Secret Documents that Tie the Syrian Regime to Mass Torture and Killings.” The New Yorker, April 18. www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/04/18/bashar-al-assads-war-crimes-exposedGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Guy. 2017. “Obama Hoped to Use Islamic State as Leverage against Assad, John Kerry Reveals.” The Washington Times, January 10. www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/jan/10/obama-hoped-to-use-isis-as-leverage-against-assad-/Google Scholar
The Telegraph. 2011. “Syria Postpones Arab League Chief Visit.” The Telegraph, September 7. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8745894/Syria-postpones-Arab-League-chief-visit.htmlGoogle Scholar
The Telegraph. 2012. “Syria: Fierce Clashes as Regime Forces Abandon Truce.” The Telegraph, April 4. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9184778/Syria-fierce-clashes-as-regime-forces-abandon-truce.htmlGoogle Scholar
Tran, Mark. 2014. “Syria’s Opposition Welcomes US Air Strikes on ISIS Militants.” The Guardian, September 11. www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/11/syria-opposition-welcomes-us-air-strikes-isis-militantsGoogle Scholar
Traub, James. 2006. The Best Intentions: Kofi Annan and the UN in the Era of American World Power. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Turkmani, Rim, Kaldor, Mary, Elhamwi, Wisam, Ayo, Joan, and Hariri, Nael. 2014. “Hungry For Peace: Positives and Pitfalls of Local Truces and Ceasefires in Syria.” Security in Transition, the London School of Economics and Political Science, and Madani. www.syrialearning.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/syriareport.pdfGoogle Scholar
Tuysuz, Gul, Sterling, Joe, and Elwazer, Schams. 2018. “Turkish Jets Hammer Syrian Town to Oust US-Backed Kurdish Militia.” CNN, January 21. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/20/middleeast/turkey-syria-military-operation/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
UNHCR. 2018. “Syrian Regional Refugee Response.” The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria#_ga=2.57143786.1738181785.1537905489-223581635.1537905489Google Scholar
United Nations Department of Political Affairs. 2011. “Mediation Start-Up Guidelines.” United Nations Peacemaker. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/MediationStartupGuidalines_UNDPA2011.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations Department of Political Affairs. 2017. “Mediation Experts Roster.” United Nations Peacemaker. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/Mediation%20Experts%20Roster%20Factsheet%202017.pdfGoogle Scholar
UN Department of Public Information. 2016. “Syrian Crisis United Nations Response.” United Nations Regional Information Center, January 27. https://unric.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2013/07/dpi-syria-update-131.pdfGoogle Scholar
UN News. 2012a. “Ban Urges End to Syria Fighting as Number of People Affected Reaches Two Million.” UN News, July 30. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/07/416672Google Scholar
UN News. 2012b. “Joint UN-Arab League Envoy Arrives in Syria at ‘Critical’ Moment in Crisis.” UN News, May 28, 2012. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/05/411862Google Scholar
UN News. 2012c. “At General Assembly, Ban and UN-Arab League Envoy Call for Greater Efforts to Resolve Crisis in Syria.” UN News, November 30. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/11/427092-general-assembly-ban-and-un-arab-league-envoy-call-greater-efforts-resolveGoogle Scholar
UN News. 2012d. “Syria Informs UN-Arab League Envoy of Commitment to Troop Withdrawal Deadline.” UN News, April 2. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/04/407812Google Scholar
UN News. 2012e. “Syria: After Moscow Meeting, Joint Special Envoy Voices Hope for Council Agreement.” UN News, July 17. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/07/415712Google Scholar
UN News. 2012f. “Syria: Security Council Urges Rapid Deployment of Military Observers.” UN News, April 24. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/04/409462Google Scholar
UN News. 2012g. “Syria: UN-Arab League Envoy Calls for Ceasefire during Upcoming Islamic Holiday.” UN News, October 15. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/10/423542Google Scholar
UN News. 2012h. “Syria: UN-Arab League Envoy Holds Talks on Crisis with President Bashar Al-Assad.” UN News, December 24. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/12/429042Google Scholar
UN News. 2012i. “Syrian Parties Should Cease All Violence in One Week – UN-Arab League Envoy.” UN News, April 5. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/04/408072Google Scholar
UN News. 2012j. “UN-Arab League Envoy to Continue Regional Consultations on Syrian Conflict.” UN News, March 30. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/03/407712Google Scholar
UN News. 2012k. “UN-Arab League Envoy: Action Group for Syria to Meet on Saturday.” UN News, June 27. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/06/414182Google Scholar
UN News. 2012l. “UN Advisers Invoke ‘Responsibility to Protect’ Civilians in Syria from Mass Atrocities.” UN News, June 14. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/06/413242Google Scholar
UN News. 2012m. “UN Chief Seeks Unilateral Ceasefire from Syria’s Assad, with Rebels Following Suit.” UN News, October 9. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/10/423102Google Scholar
UN News. 2012n. “UN Chief Voices Disappointment at Lack of Syria Ceasefire.” UN News, October 29. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/10/424572Google Scholar
UN News. 2012o. “UN Observers Confirm Latest Attack after Visit to Syrian Village of Tremseh.” UN News, July 14. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/07/415582Google Scholar
UN News. 2012p. “UN Peacekeeping Chief Calls on Parties in Syria to Ensure Cessation of Violence.” UN News, May 1. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/05/409882Google Scholar
UN News. 2013a. “Ban Welcomes Syria’s Letter on Accession to Treaty Banning Chemical Weapons.” UN News, September 12. https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/09/448882Google Scholar
UN News. 2013b. “Joint UN-Arab League Envoy Says over 30 Nations Invited to Peace Conference on Syria.” UN News, December 20. https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/12/458392Google Scholar
UN News. 2013c. “Syria: UN Chemical Weapons Team Reaches Inspection Site after Convoy Hit with Sniper Fire.” UN News, August 26. https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/08/447522Google Scholar
UN News. 2013d. “Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria Would be ‘Crime against Humanity’ – Ban.” UN News, August 23. https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/08/447352Google Scholar
UN News. 2014a. “Massive Scale-Up of Assistance Needed for Countries Impacted by Ongoing Crisis in Syria – UN Relief Official.” UN News, October 29. https://news.un.org/en/story/2014/10/482272Google Scholar
UN News. 2014b. “Security Council Condemns Murder of American Journalist in Iraq, Demands Release of Hostages.” UN News, August 22. https://news.un.org/en/story/2014/08/475722Google Scholar
UN News. 2015a. “UN Envoy Says Syria Set Back 40 Years by War, Calls for Renewed Push towards Solution.” UN News, January 15. https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/01/488302-un-envoy-says-syria-set-back-40-years-war-calls-renewed-push-towards-solutionGoogle Scholar
UN News. 2015b. “UN Envoy Sees ‘Glimmer of Hope’ as Syria Indicates Willingness to ‘Freeze’ Aleppo Fighting.” UN News, February 18. https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/02/491352-un-envoy-sees-glimmer-hope-syria-indicates-willingness-freeze-aleppo-fightingGoogle Scholar
UN News. 2016. “De Mistura Expressed Hope that Syrian Talks Would Start on Friday.” UN News, January 25. https://news.un.org/ar/audio/2016/01/344812#.VqjvkvkrKUkGoogle Scholar
UN News. 2017a. “Intra-Syrian Talks Conclude in Geneva with ‘Clear Agenda’ and Plans to Resume Later this Month.” UN News, March 3. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/03/552642-intra-syrian-talks-conclude-geneva-clear-agenda-and-plans-resume-later-monthGoogle Scholar
UN News. 2017b. “Syria: UN, Security Council Welcome Astana Talks and Look forward to Intra-Syrian Negotiations.” UN News, February 1. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/02/550632Google Scholar
UN News. 2017c. “Syria: UN-Supported Talks Delayed until 20 February to Give Opposition Time to Unite.” UN News, January 31. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/01/550562Google Scholar
UN News. 2018. “Veteran UN Syria Envoy to Step Down, Pledges to Work ‘Until the Last Hour’ for Peace.” UN News, October 20. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/10/1023391Google Scholar
UN News Centre. 2012. “Syrian President and UN-Arab League Envoy Agree on Approach to Ending Violence.” UN News Service, July 9. http://web.archive.org/web/20120715055252/https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42421&Cr=Syria&Cr1=Google Scholar
UN Special Envoy for Syria. 2016. “UN Special Envoy’s Paper on Points of Commonalities.” Reliefweb, March 24. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/un-special-envoy-s-paper-points-commonalities-24-march-2016-enarGoogle Scholar
UN Special Envoy for Syria. 2017. “Transcript of Stakeout by United Nations Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura after Meeting with Russian Minister of Defence Sergey Shoygu.” Reliefweb, February 16. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/transcript-stakeout-united-nations-special-envoy-syria-staffan-deGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 1945a. Charter of the United Nations, October 24, 1945, Article 1, Chapter I.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1945b. Charter of the United Nations, October 24, 1945, Article 36, Chapter VI.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1945c. Charter of the United Nations, October 24, 1945, Article 41, Chapter VII.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1945d. Charter of the United Nations, October 24, 1945, Article 90, Chapter XV.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1945e. Charter of the United Nations, October 24, 1945, Article 98, Chapter XV.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1945f. Charter of the United Nations, October 24, 1945, Chapter VI.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1945g. Charter of the United Nations, October 24, 1945, Article 33(1), Chapter VI.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1945h. Charter of the United Nations, October 24, 1945, Article 33(2), Chapter VI.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2012a. “A/HRC/19/69. Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic.” United Nations Human Rights Council. February 22. https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F19%2F69&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=FalseGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2012b. “International Pressure Needed to Prevent Further Escalation of Violence in Syria – Ban.” UN News, July 8. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/07/415012Google Scholar
United Nations. 2012c. “SG/A/1343*-BIO/4367*. Secretary General Appoints Major General Robert Mood of Norway to Head United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, April 27. www.un.org/press/en/2012/sga1343.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2012d. “Six-Point Proposal of the Joint Special Envoy of the United Nations and the League of Arab States.” United Nations Peacemaker, April 14. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SY_120414_SixPointPlan.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2012e. United Nations Guidance for Effective Mediation. New York: United Nations. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/GuidanceEffectiveMediation_UNDPA2012%28english%29_0.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2014a. “Note to Correspondents – Transcript of Press Conference by UN Special Envoy for Syria (SES) Staffan de Mistura.” United Nations Secretary-General, October 10. http://web.archive.org/web/20220524133102/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2014-10-10/note-correspondents-transcript-press-conference-un-specialGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2014b. “‘Despair and Tiredness’ in Syria, Says UN Special Envoy.” UN News, November 3. https://news.un.org/en/audio/2014/11/593972#.WhbR61WWbIUGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2015a. “Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, March 2. www.un.org/press/en/2015/db150302.doc.htm-0Google Scholar
United Nations. 2015b. “Statement Attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General of the United Nations on Syria Secretary-General.” United Nations Secretary-General, February 20. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2015-02-20/statement-attributable-spokesperson-secretary-general-united-nationsGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2016a. “Note to Correspondents: Transcript of Press Stakeout of the Special Envoy for Syria, Mr. Staffan de Mistura.” United Nations Secretary-General, February 3. https://web.archive.org/web/20221219012652/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2016-02-03/note-correspondents-transcript-press-stakeout-specialGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2016b. “Note to Correspondents: Transcript of Press Encounter by UN Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura, Following His Meeting with the High Negotiations Committee.” United Nations Secretary-General, April 18. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2016-04-18/note-correspondents-transcript-press-encounter-un-specialGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2017a. “Note to Correspondents: Transcript of Press Stakeout by Staffan de Mistura after His Meeting with the Humanitarian Task Force.” Reliefweb, May 11. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2017-05-11/note-correspondents-transcript-press-stakeout-staffan-deGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2017b. “Statement on Behalf of the Special Envoy for Syria.” Reliefweb, May 18. https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/statement-behalf-special-envoy-syria-18-may-2017Google Scholar
United Nations. 2018. “Security Council Briefing on Situation in Syria, Special Envoy Staffan de Mistura.” Political and Peacebuilding Affairs, October 26. https://dppa.un.org/en/security-council-briefing-situation-syria-special-envoy-staffan-de-mistura-8Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. 2011a. “GA/11131. We Have No Right to Remain Indifferent’ in Face of Precarious Situations, General Assembly President Says upon Conclusion of Sixty-Fifth Session.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, September 12. www.un.org/press/en/2011/ga11131.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
United Nation General Assembly. 2011b. “GA/SHC/4033. Third Committee Approves Resolution Condemning Human Rights Violations in Syria, by Vote of 122 in Favour to 13 Against, with 41 Abstentions.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, November 22. www.un.org/press/en/2011/gashc4033.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. 2012a. “A/RES/66/176. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly.” Security Council Report, February 23. www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7b65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7d/Syria%20A%20RES%2066%20176.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. 2012b. “A/RES/66/253. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly.” Security Council Report, February 21. www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Syria%20A%20RES%2066%20253.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations Human Rights Council. 2018. “Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic.” Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/iici-syria/independent-international-commissionGoogle Scholar
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. 2018. “Syrian Arab Republic.” Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. www.ohchr.org/en/countries/syrian-arab-republicGoogle Scholar
United Nations Office at Geneva. 2017. “Transcript of Press Conference by UN Special Envoy for Syria, Mr. Staffan de Mistura.” UN Geneva News & Media, December 14, 2017. www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/press/taxonomy/term/176/47955/transcript-press-conference-un-special-envoy-syria-mrGoogle Scholar
United Nations Peacemaker. “Key UN Documents | UN Peacemaker.” United Nations Peacemaker. https://peacemaker.un.org/resources/key-un-documentsGoogle Scholar
United Nations Secretary-General. 2012. “Note to Correspondents on the Activities of the Joint Special Representative of the United Nations and the League of Arab States for Syria, Mr. Lakhdar Brahimi.”United Nations, December 28. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2012-12-28/note-correspondents-activities-joint-specialGoogle Scholar
United Nations Secretary-General. 2013. “Secretary-General’s Press Encounter following the Adoption of Security Council Resolution on Syria.” United Nations, September 27. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/press-encounter/2013-09-27/secretary-generals-press-encounter-following-adoption-securityGoogle Scholar
United Nations Secretary-General. 2015. “Note to Correspondents: Vienna Communique on Syria.” United Nations, October 30. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2015-10-30/note-correspondents-vienna-communique-syriaGoogle Scholar
United Nations Secretary-General. 2016a. “Note to Correspondents: From the Office of the Special Envoy for Syria Following the Question on Resumption of Intra-Syrian Talks.” United Nations, May 26. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2016-05-26/note-correspondents-office-special-envoy-syria-followingGoogle Scholar
United Nations Secretary-General. 2016b. “Note to Correspondents – Transcript of Press Encounter by the UN Special Envoy for Syria, Staffan de Mistura, after His Separate Meetings with the Delegations of the Syrian Arab Republic and the High Negotiations Committee.” United Nations, April 18. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2016-04-18/note-correspondents-transcript-press-encounter-un-specialGoogle Scholar
United Nations Secretary-General. 2016c. “Note to Correspondents: Transcript of Stakeout by United Nations Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura Following His Meeting with Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem.” United Nations, April 11. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2016-04-11/note-correspondents-transcript-stakeout-united-nationsGoogle Scholar
United Nations Secretary-General. 2018. “Note to Correspondents: Statement of Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura at the Conclusion of the Special Round 9 Meeting of the UN-convened Intra-Syrian Talks in Vienna.” United Nations, January 26. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2018-01-26/note-correspondents-statement-special-envoy-syria-staffanGoogle Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 2000. “S/RES/1325. Resolution 1325 (2000).” United Nations Peacemaker, October 31. https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2FRES%2F1325(2000)&Language = E&DeviceType = Desktop&LangRequested = FalseGoogle Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 2011a. “S/PRST/2011/16. Statement by the President of the Security Council.” Security Council Report, August 3. www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Syria%20%20SPRST%202011%2016.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 2011b. “SC/10352. Security Council, in Statement, Condemns Syrian Authorities for ‘Widespread Violations of Human Rights, Use of Force against Civilians.’” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, August 3. www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10352.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 2011c. “SC/10403. Security Council Fails to Adopt Draft Resolution Condemning Syria’s Crackdown on Anti-Government Protestors, Owing to Veto by Russian Federation, China.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, October 4. www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10403.doc.htmGoogle Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 2012a. “S/RES/2042 (2012). Resolution 2042 (2012).” United Nations, April 14. https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2FRES%2F2042(2012)&Language = E&DeviceType = Desktop&LangRequested = False