Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T07:54:34.047Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter One - New Perspectives on Long-Distance Trade and Social Complexity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 August 2022

By
Johan Ling ,
Richard J. Chacon  and
Kristian Kristiansen
Edited by
Johan Ling ,
Richard J. Chacon  and
Kristian Kristiansen
Johan Ling
Affiliation:
University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Richard J. Chacon
Affiliation:
Winhrop University, South Carolina
Get access

Summary

How an ancient object, artefact or commodity has moved over vast distances from one region to another, crossed major seas or travelled by land over extensive territories, has occupied and intrigued scholars in many disciplines over the years (Sabloff and Lamberg-Karlovsky 1975; Kristiansen et al. 2018). This subject becomes even more intriguing knowing that no textual evidence can give us a hint or a glimpse how this was organized. Since the beginning of modern humans in the Palaeolithic, migration and mobility have driven demographic expansion and the movement of material culture. At the same time, social interaction and intermarriage between groups constituted a basic institutional pattern among modern humans to prevent inbreeding, as demonstrated by ancient DNA (Sikora et al. 2017). New genetic evidence provides insights into patterns of human mobility and genetic admixture. However, the onset of trade and exchange as an institutionalized activity is still not well understood. The challenge increases once we move back in time before any written sources can inform us. How did pre-modern/pre-state societies organize themselves to engage in long-distance exchange? How did such societies communicate? How did such societies foster conditions and/or social institutions that facilitated long-distance exchange? Can the rise of social complexity be connected to long-distance exchange? Exactly how far did traders, raiders and visitors travel in prehistory and how were there distant exchanges organized? All of these questions can be boiled down to two basic questions: when and under what circumstances did trade become institutionalized in pre-state societies, and what forms did such institutionalization take?

Type
Chapter
Information
Trade before Civilization
Long Distance Exchange and the Rise of Social Complexity
 , pp. 1 - 20
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, R. McC. (1974). Anthropological Perspectives on Ancient Trade. Current Anthropology 15, pp. 239–258.Google Scholar
Agbe-Davies, A., and Bauer, A. (2010). Rethinking Trade as a Social Activity: An Introduction. In Bauer, A. and Agbe-Davies, A. S., eds., Social Archaeologies of Trade and Exchange: Exploring Relationships among People, Places and Things. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.Google Scholar
Allentoft, M. E., Sikora, M., and Sjögren, K.-G. (2015). Population Genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522, pp. 167–172.Google Scholar
Bauer, A., and Agbe-Davies, A. S. (2010). Trade and Interaction in Archaeology. In Bauer, A. and Agbe-Davies, A. S., eds., Social Archaeologies of Trade and Exchange: Exploring Relatationships among People, Places and Things. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press, pp. 29–48.Google Scholar
Blanton, R., and Fargher, L. (2007). Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-modern States. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.Google Scholar
Boas, F. (1911). The Mind of Primitive Man: Anthropology Online. New York: Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Brandherm, D., Heymans, E., and Hofmann, D., eds. (2018). Gifts, Goods and Money: Comparing Currency and Circulation Systems in Past Societies. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Brück, J. (2015). Gifts or Commodities? Reconfiguring Bronze Age Exchange in Northwest Europe. In Suchowska-Ducke, P., Scott Reiter, S. and Vandkilde, H., eds., Forging Identity: The Mobility of Culture in Bronze Age Europe, Volume 1, BAR S 2772. Oxford: Archeopress, pp. 47–56.Google Scholar
Cashdan, E. (1980). Egalitarianism among Hunters and Gatherers. American Anthropologist 82, pp. 116–120.Google Scholar
Chacon, R. (2020). Ancient Associations. Book review of The Power of Ritual in Prehistory: Secret Societies and Origins of Social Complexity by Brian Hayden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2018) Inference: International Review of Science 5:2. https://inference-review.com/article/ancient-associations.Google Scholar
Chacon, R., and Hayward, D. (2017). Tibenuk and Chuji: Status Attainment and Collective Action in Egalitarian Settings. In Chacon, R. and Mendoza, R., eds., Feast, Famine or Fighting? Multiple Pathways to Social Complexity. New York: Springer, pp. 223–248.Google Scholar
Chacon, R., and Mendoza, R. (2017). Feast, Famine or Fighting? Multiple Pathways to Social Complexity. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Chwe, M. S. (2001). Rational Ritual: Culture, Coordination, and Common Knowledge. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Crown, P., and Jeffrey, W. (2009). Evidence of Cacao Use in the Prehispanic American Southwest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(7), pp. 2110–2113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalton, G. (1975). Karl Polanyi’s Analysis of Long-Distance Trade and His Wider Paradigm. In Sabloff, J. A. and Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C., eds., Ancient Civilization and Trade. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 63–132.Google Scholar
D’ Altroy, T. N., and Earle, T. K. (1985). Staple Finance, Wealth Finance, and Storage in the Inka Political Economy. Current Anthropology 26, pp. 187–206.Google Scholar
Demps, C., and Winterhalder, B. (2019). Every Tradesman Must Also Be a Merchant: Behavioral Ecology and Household‑Level Production for Barter and Trade in Premodern Economies. Journal of Archaeological Research 27, pp. 49–90.Google Scholar
Dietler, M. (2010). Archaeologies of Colonianism: Consumption, Entanglement, and Violence in the Ancient Mediterranean. Oakland: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolfini, A., Crellin, R. J., Horn, C., and Uckelmann, M., eds. (2018). Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Cham: Springer.Google Scholar
Earle, T., and Ericson, J., eds. (1977). Exchange Systems in Prehistory. New York. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Earle, T. (2002). Bronze Age Economics: The Beginnings of Political Economies. Cambridge: Westview.Google Scholar
Earle, T. K., and Spriggs, M. (2015). Political Economy in Prehistory: A Marxist Approach to Pacific Sequences (with Comments and Reply). Current Anthropology 56:4, pp. 515–544.Google Scholar
Earle, T., Ling, J., Uhner, C., Stos-Gale, Z., and Melheim, L. (2015). The Political Economy and Metal Trade in Bronze Age Europe: Understanding Regional Variability in Terms of Comparative Advantages and Articulation. European Journal of Archaeology 18, pp. 1–25.Google Scholar
Ekholm Friedman, K., and Friedman, J. (2008). Historical Transformations: The Anthropology of Global Systems. Lanham: Altamira Press.Google Scholar
Feinman, G. M. (2012). Comparative Frames for the Diachronic Analysis of Complex Societies: Next Steps. In Smith, M., ed., The Comparative Archaeology of Complex Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–43.Google Scholar
Feinman, G. M. (2017). Multiple Pathways to Large-Scale Human Cooperative Networks: A Reframing. In Chacon, R. and Mendoza, R., eds., Feast, Famine or Fighting? Multiple Pathways to Social Complexity. New York: Springer, pp. 459–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fried, M. H. (1967). The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology. New York: McGraw and Hill.Google Scholar
Friedman, J., and Rowlands, M. (1977). Notes towards an Epigenetic Model of the Evolution of ‘Civilization’. In Friedman, J. and Rowlands, M. J., eds., The Evolution of Social Systems. London: Duckworth, pp. 201–276.Google Scholar
Gell, A. (1992). Inter-tribal Commodity Barter and Reproductive Gift-Exchange in Old Melanesia. In Humphrey, C. and Hugh-Jones, S., eds., Exchange and Value: An Anthropological Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 142–169.Google Scholar
Godelier, M. (1977). Perspectives in Marxist Anthropology. Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology 18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Godelier, M. (1999). The Enigma of the Gift. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gregory, C. A. (1982). Gifts and Commodities. London; New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Haak, W., Lazaridis, I., and Patterson, N. (2015). Massive Migration from the Steppe Was a Source for Indo-European Languages in Europe. Nature 522, pp. 207–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, S., and Müller, J. (2011). Sozialarchäologische Perspektiven prähistorischer Gesellschaften: die Entstehung von sozialer Ungleichheit. Einführung in die Thematik der Tagung. In Hansen, S. and Müller, J., eds., Sozialarchäologische Perspektiven: Gesellschaftlicher Wandel 5000–1500 v. Chr. zwischen Atlantik und Kaukasus. Tagung Kiel 2007. Maniz: Zabern, pp. 3–12.Google Scholar
Harding, A. (2013). World Systems, Cores and Peripheries in Prehistoric Europe. European Journal of Archaeology, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar
Hardin, R. (1982). Collective Action. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, B. (1995). Pathways to Power: Principles for Creating Socioeconomic Inequalities. In Price, T. D. and Feinman, G. M., eds., Foundations of Social Inequality. New York: Plenum, pp. 15–86.Google Scholar
Hayden, B. (2018). The Power of Ritual in Prehistory: Secret Societies and Origins of Social Complexity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hedeager, L. (1978). A Quantitative Analysis of Roman Imports in Europe North of the Limes (0–400 AD), and the Question of Roman-Germanic Exchange. In Kristiansen, K. and Paludan-Müller, C., eds., New Directions in Scandinavian Archaeology. Copenhagen: The National Museum of Denmark, pp. 191–216.Google Scholar
Helms, M. W. (1979). Ancient Panama: Chiefs in Search of Power. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Helms, M. W. (1988). Ulysses’ Sail: An Ethnographic Odyssey of Power, Knowledge, and Geographical Distance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Helms, M. W. (1993). Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade and Power. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian, ed. (1978). The Spatial Organisation of Culture. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. (1982). Theoretical Archaeology. In Hodder, I., ed., A Reactionary View: New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–16.Google Scholar
Hodos, T. (2006). Local Responses to Colonization in the Iron Age Mediterranean. London; New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, C., and Kristiansen, K. (2018). Introducing Bronze Age Warfare. In Horn, C. and Kristiansen, K., eds., Warfare in Bronze Age Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Humphrey, C., and Hugh-Jones, S., eds. (1992). Barter, Exchange and Valu: An Anthropological Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kohl, P.-L. (1975). The Archaeology of Trade. Dialectical Anthropology 1, pp. 43–50.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, K. (1998). Europe before History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, K. (2014). Towards a New Paradigm? The Third Science Revolution and Its Possible Consequences in Archaeology. Current Swedish Archaeology 22, pp. 11–34.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, K. (2018). Theorizing Trade and Civilization. In Kristiansen, K., Lindkvist, T., and Myrdal, J., eds., Trade and Civilisation: Economic Networks and Cultural Ties, from Prehistory to the Early Modern Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristiansen, K., Allentoft, M. E., and Frei, M. et al. (2017). Re-theorizing mobility and the Formation of Culture and Language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe. Antiquity 91:356, pp. 334–347.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, K., and Larsson, T. B. (2005). The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, K., Lindkvist, T., and Myrdal, J. (2018). Trade and Civilisation: Economic Networks and Cultural Ties, from Prehistory to the Early Modern Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, J., Cornell, P., and Kristiansen, K. (2017). Bronze Economy and Mode of Production: The Role of Comparative Advantages in Temperate Europe during the Bronze Age. In Rosenswig, R. M. and Cunningham, J. J., eds., Modes of Production in Archaeology. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, pp. 207–230.Google Scholar
Ling, J., Chacon, R., and Chacon, Y. (2018). Rock Art, Secret Societies, Long Distance Exchange, and Warfare in Bronze Age Scandinavia. In Dolfini, A., Crellin, R. and Horn, C., eds., Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. New York: Springer, pp. 149–174.Google Scholar
Ling, J., Earle, T., and Kristiansen, K. (2018). Maritime Mode of Production: Raiding and Trading in Seafaring Chiefdoms. Current Anthropology 59:5, pp. 488–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, J., Stos-Gale, Z., Grandin, L., Billström, K., Hjärthner-Holdar, E., and Persson, P.-O. (2014). Moving Metals. II. Provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age Artefacts by Lead Isotope and Elemental Analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 4, pp. 106–132.Google Scholar
Ling, J., Hjärthner-Holdar, E., Grandin, L., Stos-Gale, Z., Kristiansen, K., Melheim, A. L., Artioli, G., Angelini, I., Krause, R., and Canovaro, C. (2019). Moving Metals IV. Swords, metal sources and trade networks in Bronze Age Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 26, pp. 1–34. DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.05.002.Google Scholar
Malinowski, B. (1922). Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Marcus, J., and Flannery, K. (1996). Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Mauss, M. (2016) [1925]. The Gift. Translated by Guyer, J. I.. Chicago: Hau Books.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, C. (1981). Maiden, Meals and Money. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Melheim, L., Grandin, L., Persson, P.-O., Billström, K., Stos-Gale, Z., Ling, J., and Kristiansen, K. (2018). Moving Metals III. Possible Origins for Copper in Bronze Age Denmark Based on Lead Isotopes and Geochemistry. Journal of Archaeological Science 96, pp. 85–105.Google Scholar
Monroe, C. M. (2011). From Luxuries to Anxieties: A Liminal View of the Late Bronze Age World System. In Wilkinson, T. C., Sherratt, S., and Bennet, J., eds., Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to the 1st Millennia B.C.E. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 87–99.Google Scholar
Monroe, C. M. (2018). Marginalizing Civilization: The Phoenician Redefinition of Power circa 1300–800 BC. In Kristiansen, K., Lindkvist, T. and Myrdal, J., eds., Trade and Civilisation: Economic Networks and Cultural Ties, from Prehistory to the Early Modern Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 195–241.Google Scholar
Müller, J. (2017). Rebellion and Inequality: Hierarchy and Balance. In Hansen, S. and Müller, J., eds., Rebellion and Inequality in Archaeology. Bonn: Habelt, pp. 23–32.Google Scholar
Neitzel, J. E., and Earle, T. (2014). Dual-tier Approach to Societal Evolution and Types. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36, pp. 181–195.Google Scholar
Polanyi, K. (1968). The Economy as an Instituted Process. In LeClair, E. E. Jr. and Schneider, H. K., eds., Economic Anthropology: Readings in Theory and Analysis. New York: Rinehart and Winston, pp. 122–143.Google Scholar
Polanyi, K. (1975). Traders and Trade. In Sabloff, J. A. and Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C., eds., Ancient Civilization and Trade. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 3–59.Google Scholar
Price, T. D., and Feinman, G. M. (1995). In Price, T. D. and Plenum, G. M., eds., Foundations of Social Inequality. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. (1975). Trade as Action at a Distance: Questions of Integration and Communication. In Sabloff, J. A. and Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C., eds., Ancient Civilization and Trade. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 3–59.Google Scholar
Ricardo, D. (1817). On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. London: J. Murray.Google Scholar
Roscoe, P., Chacon, R., Hayward, D., and Chacon, Y. (2019). Social Signaling and the Warrior-Big-Man among the Western Dani: A Man Called Tibenuk. Human Nature 30:2, pp. 176–191.Google Scholar
Rosenswig, R. M., and Cunningham, J. J. (2017). Introducing Modes of Production in Archaeology. In Rosenswig, R. M. and Cunningham, J. J., eds., Modes of Production and Archaeology. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, pp. 1–28.Google Scholar
Rowlands, M. (1980). Kinship, Alliance and Exchange in the European Bronze Age. In Barrett, J. and Bradley, R., eds., Settlement and Society in the British Later Bronze Age. BAR British Series 83. Oxford: Archeopress, pp. 15–55.Google Scholar
Rowlands, M. (2018). Unequal Exchange and the Articulation of Modes of Re-Production. In Armada, X. L., Murillo-Barosso, M. and Charlton, M., eds., Metals, Minds and Mobility: Integrating Scientific Data with Archaeological Theory. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 78–103.Google Scholar
Rowlands, M., and Ling, J. (2013). Boundaries, Flows and Connectivities: Mobility and Stasis in the Bronze Age. In Bergerbrant, S. and Sabatini, S., eds., Counterpoint: Essays in Archaeology and Heritage Studies in Honour of Professor Kristian Kristiansen. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 517–529.Google Scholar
Sabloff, J. A., and Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C., eds. (1975). Ancient Civilization and Trade. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Sahlins, M. (1958). Social Stratification in Polynesia: Monographs of the American Ethnological Society 29. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Sahlins, M. (1972). Stone Age Economics. Chicago: Aldine Atherton.Google Scholar
Service, E. R. (1962). Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective. Studies in Anthropology. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Service, E. R. (1975). Origins of the State and of Civilization: The Process of Cultural Evolution. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Shanks, M., and Tilley, C. (1987). Social Theory and Archaeology. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Sherratt, A. (1993). What Would a Bronze-Age World System Look Like? Relations between Temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in Later Prehistory. Journal of European Archaeology 1:2, pp. 1–57.Google Scholar
Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. (1993). The Growth of the Mediterranean Economy in the Early First Millennium BC. World Archaeology 24, pp. 361–378.Google Scholar
Sikora, M., Seguin-Orlando, A., Sousa, V. C., Albrechtsen, A., Korneliussen, T., Ko, A., Rasmussen, S., Dupanloup, I., Nigst, P. R., Bosch, M. D., Renaud, G., Allentoft, M. Margaryan, M., Vasilyev, S. V., Veselovskaya, E. V., Borutskaya, S. B. Deviese, T., Comeskey, D., Higham, T., Manica, A., Foley, R., Meltzer, D. J., Nielsen, R., Excoffier, L., Mirazon Lahr, M., Orlando, L., and Willerslev, E. (2017). Ancient Genomes Show Social and Reproductive Behavior of Early Upper Paleolithic Foragers. Science 358, pp. 659–662.Google Scholar
Silliman, S. W. (2015). A Requiem for Hybridity? The Problem with Frankensteins, Purées, and Mules. Journal of Social Archaeology, pp. 1–13.Google Scholar
Simpson, B., Willer, R., and Ridgeway, C. (2012). Status Hierarchies and the Organization of Collective Action. Sociological Theory 30:3, pp. 149–166.Google Scholar
Sinha, S., and Varma, R. (2015). Marxism and Postcolonial Theory: What Is Left of the Debate? Critical Sociology, pp. 1–14.Google Scholar
Smith, M., ed. (2012). The Comparative Archaeology of Complex Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stein, G. J. (1999). Rethinking World-Systems: Diasporas, Colonies, and Interaction in Uruk, Mesopotamia. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Stockhammer, P. W. (2012). Conceptualizing Cultural Hybridization in Archaeology. In Stockhammer, P. W., ed., Conceptualizing Cultural Hybridization: A Transdisciplinary Approach. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Van Dommelen, P. (2005). Colonial Interactions and Hybrid Practices: Phoenician and Carthaginian Settlement in the Ancient Mediterranean. In Stein, G., ed., The Archaeology of Colonial Encounters: Comparative Perspectives. School of American Research Advanced Seminars Series. Santa Fe: School of American Research, pp. 109–141.Google Scholar
Van Dommelen, P., and Knapp, B., eds. (2010). Material Connections in the Ancient Mediterranean: Mobility, Materiality and Identity. London; New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Vanhaeren, M., and d’Errico, F. (2005). Grave Goods from the Saint-Germain-la-Rivièr Burial: Evidence for Social Inequality in the Upper Paleolithic. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24, pp. 17–134.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H., Hansen, S., Kotsakis, K., Kristiansen, K., Müller, J., Sofaer, J., and Sørensen, M. L. S. (2015). Cultural Mobility in Bronze Age Europe. In Suchowska-Ducke, P., Reiter, S.S. and Vandkilde, H., eds., Forging identities: The Mobility of Culture in Bronze Age Europe (BAR I. S. 2771). Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 5–37.Google Scholar
Warburton, D. A. (2018). Prices and Values: Origins and Early History in the Near East. In Kristiansen, K., Lindkvist, T. and Myrdal, J., eds., Trade and Civilisation: Economic Networks and Cultural Ties, from Prehistory to the Early Modern Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 56–87.Google Scholar
Weiner, A. B. (1992). Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping-While-Giving. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wiessner, P., and Tumu, A. (1998). Historical Vines: Enga Networks of Exchange, Ritual and Warfare in Papua New Guinea. Washington; London: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. C. (2018). Cloth and Currency: On the Ritual-Economics of Eurasian Textile Circulation and the Origins of Trade, Fifth to Second Millennia BC. In Kristiansen, K., Lindkvist, T. and Myrdal, J., eds., Trade and Civilisation: Economic Networks and Cultural Ties, from Prehistory to the Early Modern Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 25–55.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×