Adegbija, Efurosibina. 1993. The graphicization of small-group language: A case study of Oko. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 102:153–73.Google Scholar

Agheyisi, Rebecca and Fishman, Joshua A.. 1970. Language attitude studies: A brief survey of methodological approaches. Anthropological Linguistics 12/5:137–57.Google Scholar

Agnihotri, R. K. 1994. Campaign-based literacy programmes: The case of the Ambedkar Nagar experiment in Delhi. In David Barton, ed., 47–56.

Alloni-Fainberg, Yafa. 1974. Official Hebrew terms for parts of the car: A study of knowledge, usage and attitudes. In Fishman, Joshua A., ed., Advances in language planning, 493–517. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alpatov, V. M. 1997. 150 iazykov i politika: 1917–1997. Moscow: IV RAN.Google Scholar

Amery, Rob. 2000. Warrabarna Kaurna! Reclaiming an Australian language. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar

Amonoo, Reginald F. 1989. Language and nationhood: Reflections on language situations with particular reference to Ghana. Accra: Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences.Google Scholar

Annamalai, E. 1991. Satan and Saraswati: The double face of English in India. South Asian Languages Review 1/1:33–43.Google Scholar

Annual Reports of the Kurdish Human Rights Project. 2002. http://www.khrp.org/country/syria.htm.

Ansre, Gilbert. 1974. Language standardization in sub-saharan Africa. In Fishman, Joshua A., ed., Advances in language planning, 369–89. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arasteh, Reza. 1962. Education and social awakening in Iran. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar

Asher, James. 2000. Learning another language through actions. 6th edition. Los Gatos, CA: Sky Oaks Productions.Google Scholar

Asumana, Charles. 2004. As Liberian language studies continue at Lott Carey: Elementary students exhibit academic skills in Vai. 16 July 2004. allAfrica.com http://allafrica.com/stories/200407160103.html.

Baker, Philip. 1997. Developing ways of writing vernaculars: Problems and solutions in a historical perspective. In Tabouret-Keller, Andree, LePage, Robert, Gardner-Chloros, Penelope, and Varro, Gabrielle, eds., 93–141. Oxford and New York: Clarendon.Google Scholar

Barton, David. 1994a. Literacy: An introduction to the ecology of written language. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Barton, David. ed. 1994b. Sustaining local literacies. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Batibo, Herman. 1998. The fate of the Khosean languages of Botswana. In Matthias Brenzinger, ed., 267–84.

Beauvais, Jeannine and Philip Deer. 1976. Kahnawake feasibility study of local control of education. Commissioned by the Kahnawake Combined Schools.

Benham, Maeneette K. P. and Heck, Ronald. 1998. Cultural and educational policy in Hawai‘i. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Benton, Richard A. 1981. The flight of the Amokura: Oceanic language and formal education in the South Pacific. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational Research.Google Scholar

Benton, Richard A.1986 Schools as agents for language revival in Ireland and New Zealand. In Spolsky, Bernard, ed., Language and education in multilingual settings, 53–76. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Benton, Richard A. 1991 Tomorrow's schools and the revitalization of Māori: Stimulus or tranquilizer? In Garcia, Ofelia, ed., Bilingual educations: Focusschrift in honor of Joshua A. Fishman on the occasion of his 65th birthday, 135–47. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Bhola, H. S. 1984. Campaigning for literacy. Eight national experiences of the twentieth century, with a memorandum to decision-makers. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar

Bhola, H. S. 1994. A sourcebook for literacy work: Perspective from the grassroots. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar

Biggs, Bruce. 1968. The Māori language past and present. In Schwimmer, Eric, ed., The Māori people in the nineteen sixties, 65–84. Auckland: Blackwood and Janet Paul.Google Scholar

Bird, Steven. 1999. Strategies for representing tone in African writing systems. Written Language and Literacy 2/1:1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bird, Steven. 2000. Orthography and identity in Cameroon. Notes on Literacy 26/1–2:3–34.Google Scholar

Blair, Frank. 1991. Survey on a shoestring. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar

Blanchard, David. 2003. Seven generations: A history of the Kanienkehaka. http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/7gen/index-e.html. Accessed November 2003.

Blench, Roger. 1998. The status of the languages in central Nigeria. In Matthias Brenzinger, ed., 187–205.

Blevins, Juliette and Monica V. Arellano. 2004. Chochenyo language revitalization: A first report. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the LSA, Boston, January 2004.

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1927. Literate and illiterate speech. American Speech 2:432–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boerger, Brenda H. 1996. When C, Q, R, X, and Z are vowels: An informal report on Natqgu orthography. Notes on Literacy 22/4:39–44.Google Scholar

Bottasso, Juan. 1983. Missions among the Shuar. Cultural Survival Quarterly 7/3:20–3.Google Scholar

Bourhis, Richard Yvon, Giles, Howard, and Rosenthal, Doreen. 1981. Notes on the construction of a “subjective vitality questionnaire” for ethnolinguistic groups. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 2/2:145–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bradley, David and Bradley, Maya, eds. 2002. Language endangerment and language maintenance. London: Routledge Curzon.Google Scholar

Brennan, Gillian. 2001. Language and nationality: The role of policy towards Celtic languages in the consolidation of Tudor power. Nations and Nationalism 7/3:317–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brenzinger, Matthias, ed. 1992. Language death: Factual and theoretical explorations with special reference to East Africa. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brenzinger, Matthias, ed. 1998. Endangered languages in Africa. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.Google Scholar

Brenzinger, Matthias, Bernd Heine, and Gabriel Sommer. 1991. Language death in Africa. In Robert H. Robins and Eugenius M. Uhlenbeck, eds., 19–44.

Bromley, H. Myron. 1961. The phonology of Lower Grand Valley Dani: A comparative structural study of skewed phonetic patterns. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk instituut voor taal-, land- en volkenkunde 34. ‘S-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar

Bulatova, N. Ja. 1992. Evedy turen. Uchebnik dlia 2 klassa. St. Petersburg: Prosveshchenie.Google Scholar

Bulatova, N. Ja., Lapuko, A. T., and Osipova, L. G.. 1989. Evenkiiski iazyk. Uchebnik i kniga dlia chteniia dlia 5-go klassa. (Evenki language. Textbook and reader for the 5th grade.)Leningrad: Prosveshchenie.Google Scholar

Bulatova, N. Ja., N. B. Vakhtin, and D. M. Nasilov. 1997. Iazyki malochislennykh narodov severa. In Nasilov, D. M., ed., Malochislennye narody Severa, Sibiri, i Dal'nego vostoka, 6–27. St. Petersburg: ILI RAN.Google Scholar

Burn, Janice M., and Loch, Karen D.. 2001. The societal impact of the world wide web – key challenges for the 21st century. Information Resources Management Journal 14/4:4–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buszard-Welcher, Laura. 2001. Can the web help save my language? In Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, eds., 331–45.

Cahill, Mike. 2001. Avoiding tone marks: A remnant of English education?Notes on Literacy 27/1:13–22.Google Scholar

Calvet, Louis-Jean. 1998. Language wars and linguistic politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Camitta, Miriam. 1993. Vernacular writing: Varieties of literacy among Philadelphia high school students. In Brian V. Street, ed., 304–14.

Campbell, Lyle and Martha C. Muntzel. 1989. The structural consequences of language death. In Nancy Dorian, ed., 181–96.

Canger, Una. 1994. A book in an unwritten language. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 27/1:79–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chomsky, Noam. 1970. Phonology and reading. In Levin, Harry and Williams, Joanna P., eds., Basic studies on reading, 3–18. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Cook-Gumperz, Jenny, ed. 1986. The social construction of literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cooper, Robert, ed. 1982. Language spread. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Corris, Miriam, Christopher Manning, Susan Poetsch, and Jane Simpson. 2002. Dictionaries and endangered languages. In David Bradley and Myra Bradley, eds., 329–47.

Coulmas, Florian. 1999. Development of orthographies. In Wagner, Daniel A., Venezky, Richard L., and Street, Brian V., eds., Literacy: An international handbook, 137–42. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Crawford, James. 2000. At war with diversity: US language policy in an age of anxiety. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Crofts, Marjorie. 1976. Must tone always be written in a tonal language?Technical Papers for the Bible Translator 21/1:212–15.Google Scholar

Crystal, David. 1997. English as a global language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Crystal, David. 2000. Language death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dalby, David. 1968. The indigenous scripts of West Africa and Surinam: Their inspiration and design. African Language Studies 9:156–97.Google Scholar

Dauenhauer, Nora Marks and Richard Dauenhauer. 1998. Technical, emotional, and ideological issues in reversing language shift: examples from Southeast Alaska. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 57–98.

Davies, John. 1989. Kobon. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Davies, Norman. 2000. The Isles. A history. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Davis, Shelton and Partridge, William. 1994. Promoting the development of indigenous people in Latin America. Finance and Development 31:38–9.Google Scholar

Dawson, Barbara Jean. 1989. Orthography decisions. Notes on Literacy 57:1–13.Google Scholar

Deering, Nora and Harries Delisle, Helga. 1995. Mohawk. A teaching grammar. Revised edition. Kanien'kéha: Kanien'kéha Cultural Center.Google Scholar

Dixon, R. M. W. 1991. The endangered languages of Australia, Indonesia and Oceania. In Robert H. Robins and Eugenius M. Uhlenbeck, eds., 229–55.

Dorian, Nancy C., ed. 1989. Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dorian, Nancy C. 1993. A response to Ladefoged's other view of endangered languages. Language 69/3:575–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dorian, Nancy C. 1998. Western language ideologies and small-language prospects. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 3–21.

Druviete, Ina. 1997. Linguistic human rights in the Baltic States. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 127:161–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Durkacz, Victor Edward. 1983. The decline of the Celtic languages. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd.Google Scholar

Dyer, Caroline and Archana Choksi. 2001. Literacy, schooling and development. In Brian Street, ed., 27–39.

European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages of the Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=05%2F11%2F02&CL=ENG.

Evans, Nicholas. 2001. The last speaker is dead – long live the last speaker! In Paul Newman and Martha Ratliff, eds., 250–81.

Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1956. Nuer religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Fellman, Jack. 1973. The revival of a classical tongue: Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the modern Hebrew language. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferguson, Charles A. 1982. Religious factors in language spread. In Robert L. Cooper, ed., 95–106.

Ferguson, Charles A. 1987. Literacy in a hunting-gathering society: The case of the Diyari. Journal of Anthropological Research 43/3:223–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Finnegan, Ruth. 1988. Literacy and orality: Studies in the technology of communication. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Fishman, Joshua A. 1991. Reversing language shift: theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Bristol, PA: Multilingual Matters Ltd.Google Scholar

Fishman, Joshua A. ed. 1999. Handbook of language and ethnic identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Fishman, Joshua A. ed. 2001. Can threatened languages be saved?Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Forsyth, James. 1992. A history of the peoples of Siberia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Freire, Paulo and Macedo, Donaldo. 1987. Literacy: reading the word and the world. South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers.Google Scholar

Fuchs, Lawrence H. 1961. Hawai‘i pono: A social history. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.Google Scholar

Garzon, Susan, Brown, R. McKenna, Richards, Julia Becker, and Wuqu'Ajpub', . 1998. The life of our language. Kaqchikel Maya maintenance, shift, and revitalization. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Gee, James Paul. 2000. Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses. 2nd edition. London: Falmer Press.Google Scholar

Gendall, Richard. 1991a. The pronunciation of Cornish. Menheniot: Teere ha Tavaz.Google Scholar

Gendall, Richard. 1991b. A students' grammar of Modern Cornish. Menheniot: Cornish Language Council.Google Scholar

George, Ken. 1986. The pronunciation and spelling of Revised Cornish. Saltesh: Cornish Language Board.Google Scholar

Gerdts, Donna B. 1998. The linguist in language revitalization programmes. In Nicholas Ostler, ed., What role for the specialist?, Proceedings of the Foundation for Endangered Languages Conference II, Edinburgh, Scotland, September 1998, 13–22. Bath, England: Foundation for Endangered Languages.

Gharib, G. S. 1966. Training teachers for rural elementary schools in Iran. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.

Giles, Howard, M. Hewstone, E. B. Ryan and P. Johnson. 1987. Research on language attitudes. In Ammon, Ulrich, Dittmar, Norbert, and Mattheier, Klaus J., eds., Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society, 585–97. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Goody, Jack. 1968. Literacy in traditional societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Goody, Jack. 1977. The domestication of the savage mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Goody, Jack. 1987. The interface between the written and the oral. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Goody, Jack. 2000. The power of the written word. Washington, DC and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar

Goody, Jack and Watt, I. P.. 1963. The consequences of literacy. Comparative Studies in History and Society 5:304–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gordon, Raymond G. 1986. Some psycholinguistic considerations in practical orthography design. Notes on Literacy Special Issue 1:66–84.Google Scholar

Gralow, Frances L. 1981. Some sociolinguistic considerations in orthography design. Notes on Literacy 33:8–14.Google Scholar

Grenoble, Lenore A. 2003a. Globalization: who is left behind? In Vielberth, Johann and Drexel, Guido. eds., Linguistic cultural identity and international communication, 93–109. Saarbrücken: AQ-Verlag.Google Scholar

Grenoble, Lenore A. 2003b. Language policy in the Soviet Union. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar

Grenoble, Lenore A. and Whaley, Lindsay J., eds. 1998a. Endangered languages: Current issues and future prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grenoble, Lenore A. and Lindsay J. Whaley, 1998b. Toward a typology of language endangerment. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 22–54.

Grenoble, Lenore A. and Lindsay, J. Whaley, 1999. Language policy and the loss of Tungusic languages. Language and Communication 19/4: 373–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grenoble, Lenore A. and Lindsay J. Whaley, 2002. What does Yaghan have to do with digital technology? Linguistic Discovery 1/2.http://journals.dartmouth.edu/webobjbin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/1/xmlpage/ 1/article/101.

Grenoble, Lenore A. and Lindsay J. Whaley, 2003. Evaluating the impact of literacy: The case of Evenki. In Destefano, Johanna, Jacobs, Neil, Joseph, Brian, and Lehiste, llse, eds., When languages collide: Perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence, 109–21. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar

Grimes, Barbara F. 1985. Comprehension and language attitudes in relation to relation to language choice for literature and education in pre-literate societies. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 6/2:165–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grimes, Barbara F. ed. 2000. The Ethnologue. 14th edition. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar

Grimes, Joseph E. 1995. Language survey reference guide. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar

Grinevald, Colette. 1998. Language endangerment in South America: A programmatic approach. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 124–59.

Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1973. Notes on neutralization and orthography. Notes on Literacy 14:21–3.Google Scholar

Hale, Ken. 1998. On endangered languages and the importance of linguistic diversity. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 192–216.

Hampton, Roberta S. 1989. Using insights from the naïve literate as a tool in the linguist's bag. Notes on Literacy 57:41–6.Google Scholar

Harawira, K. T. 1997. Beginner's Māori. New York: Hippocrene.Google Scholar

Harner, Michael. 1972/1984. The Jivaro: People of the sacred waterfalls. University of California Press.Google Scholar

Harris, Stephen. 1977. Milingimbi Aboriginal learning contexts. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico.

Haruna, Andrew. 2003. An endangered language. The Gùrdùŋ language of the southern Baruchi area, Nigeria. In Mark Janse and Sijmen Tol, eds., 189–213.

Heath, Shirley Brice. 1983. Ways with words: Language, life and work in communities and classrooms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Heckathorn, John. 1987. Can Hawaiian survive?Honolulu Magazine 21:48–51, 81–4.Google Scholar

Henne, Marilyn. 1985. Why mother-tongue literacy failed to take root among the Maya Quiché: A study in the sociology of language in a field program of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1955–1982, Guatemala, Central America. Unpublished thesis, University of Texas, Arlington.

Henne, Marilyn. 1991. Orthographies, language planning and politics: Reflections of an SIL literacy muse. Notes on Literacy 65/1:1–18.Google Scholar

Hinton, Leanne. 1997. Survival of endangered languages: The California Master-apprentice program. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 123:177–91.Google Scholar

Hinton, Leanne.2001a. Language revitalization: An oveview. In Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, eds., 3–18.CrossRef

Hinton, Leanne.2001b. The Master-apprentice language learning program. In Hinton and Hale, eds., 217–26.

Hinton, Leanne.2001c. Training people to teach their language. In Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, ed., 349–50.

Hinton, Leanne and Hale, Ken, eds. 2001. The green book of language revitalization in practice. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Hinton, Leanne, Vera, Matt, and Steele, Nancy. 2002. How to keep your language alive. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books.Google Scholar

Hitt, Jack. 2004. Say no more. New York Times. 29 February 2004. http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/languageextinction.htm.

Hockett, Charles F. 1955. A manual of phonology. Bloomington: Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics. Memoir 11.Google Scholar

Hodge, G. 2001. Information policy: From the local to the global. American Society for Information Science 27/4:9–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hofman, John E. 1977. Language attitudes in Rhodesia. In Fishman, Joshua A., Cooper, Robert L., and Conard, Andrew W., eds., The spread of English: The sociology of English as an additional language, 277–301. Rowley, MA: Newbury.Google Scholar

Hollenbach, Barbara E. 1978. Choosing a tone orthography for Copala Trique. Notes on Literacy 24:52–61.Google Scholar

Hoover, Michael L. 1992. The revival of the Mohawk language in Kahnawake. Canadian Journal of Native Studies 12/2: 269–87.Google Scholar

Hornberger, Nancy. 1988. Bilingual education and language maintenance. A Southern Peruvian Quechua case. Dordrecht: Foris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hornberger, Nancy.1995. Five vowels or three? Linguistics and politics in Quechua language planning in Peru. In Tollefson, James W., ed., Power and inequality in language education, 187–205. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hornberger, Nancy. ed. 1997. Indigenous literacies in the Americas: Language planning from the bottom up. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huebner, Thom. 1986. Vernacular literacy, English as a language of wider communication, and language shift in American Samoa. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 7/5:393–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacobs, Annette. 1998. A chronology of Mohawk language instruction at Kahnawà:ke. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 117–23.

Janse, Mark and Tol, Sijmen, eds. 2003. Language death and language maintenance. Theoretical, practical and descriptive approaches. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jenner, Henry. 1904. A handbook of the Cornish language. London: David Nutt.Google Scholar

Jocks, Christopher. 1998. Living words and cartoon translations: Longhouse “texts” and the limitations of English. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 217–33.

Johnstone, Barbara. 2000. Qualitative methods in sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kamanā, Kauanoe. 1990. Punana Leo: Leading education for a new generation of Hawaiian speakers. In Canham, Stephen, ed., Literature and Hawaii's children. Spirit, land and storytelling: The heritage of childhood, 171–80. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i.Google Scholar

Karetu, Timoti S. 1994. Māori language rights in New Zealand. In Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove and Phillipson, Robert, eds., Linguistic human rights: Overcoming linguistic discrimination, 208–18. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Keptuke, Galina. 1991. Dvunogii da poperechnoglazyi chernogolovyi chelovek – Evenk i ego zemlia dulin buga. Yakutsk: Rozovaia chaika.Google Scholar

Kibrik, A. E. 1991. The problem of endangered languages in the USSR. In Robert H. Robins and Eugenius M. Uhlenbeck, eds., 257–73.

King, Jeanette. 2001. Te Kōhanga Reo: Māori language revitalization. In Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, eds., 119–28.CrossRef

King, Robert D. 1998. Nehru and the language politics of India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

King, Robert D. 2001. The potency of script: Hindi and Urdu. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 150:43–59.Google Scholar

Kinkade, M. Dale. 1991. The decline of native languages in Canada. In Robert H. Robins and Eugenius M. Uhlenbeck, eds., 157–76.

Kipp, Darrell R. 2000. Encouragement, guidance, insights and lessons learned for native language activists developing their own tribal language programs. Browning, MT: Piegan Institute. Also available at http://www.grottofoundation.org/download_fset.html.

Klein, , Manelis, Harriet E. and Stark, Louisa R., eds. 1985. South American Indian languages, retrospect and prospect. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Klima, Edward S. 1972. How alphabets might reflect language. In Kavanagh, James F. and Mattingly, Ignatius G., eds., Language by ear and by eye: The relationship between speech and reading, 57–80. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Koelle, S. W. 1854. Outlines of a grammar of the Vei language. London: Church Missionary House. Reprinted Farnborough, England: Gregg International Publishers, 1968.Google Scholar

Koffi, Ettien N. 1994. The representation of tones in the orthography. Notes on Literacy 20/3:51–9.Google Scholar

Kolesnikova, V. D. 1989. Evenkiisko-russkii slovar'. 2nd edition. Leningrad: Prosveshchenie.Google Scholar

Krauss, Michael. 1992. The world's languages in crisis. Language 68/1:4–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krauss, Michael. 1997. The indigenous languages of the North: A report on their present state. Northern minority languages: Problems of survival. Senri Ethnological Studies 44:1–34.Google Scholar

Kreindler, Isabelle T., ed. 1985. Sociolinguistic perspectives on Soviet national languages. Their past, present and future. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kutscher, Eduard Yechezkel. 1982. A history of the Hebrew language. Jerusalem: Magnus Press.Google Scholar

Kymlicka, Will. 1995. The rights of minority cultures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Labov, William. 1966. The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

Labov, William. 1972. Language in the inner city. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Labov, William. 2001. Principles of linguistic change. Social factors. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Ladefoged, Peter. 1992. Another view of endangered languages. Language 68/4:809–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lazore, Dorothy Karihwenhawe. 1993. The Mohawk language standardisation project. Conference report, 9–10 August 1993. Translated and edited by Annette Kaia'titahkhe Jacobs, Nancy Kahawinonkie Thompson, and Minnie Kaia:khons Leaf. http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/training/literacy/mohawk/mohawk.html.

Levine, Kenneth. 1982. Functional literacy: Fond illusions and false economies. Harvard Educational Review 52:249–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levine, Kenneth. 1986. The social context of literacy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Levy-Bruhl, Lucien. 1926/1966. How natives think. Translation of La mentalité primitive. New York: Washington Square Press.Google Scholar

Lewis, E. Glyn. 1973. Multilingualism in the Soviet Union. Aspects of language policy and its implementation. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar

Linn, Andrew R. and McLelland, Nicola, eds. 2002. Standardization. Studies from the Germanic languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lo Bianco, Joseph and Mari Rhydwen. 2001. Is the extinction of Australia's indigenous languages inevitable? In Joshua Fishman, ed., 391–422.

Loving, Richard, ed. 1977. Language variation and survey techniques. Workpapers in Papua New Guinea Languages, vol. 21.

McConnell, Grant D. and B. P. Mahapatra. 1990. The written languages of India. Proceedings of the Indo Canadian Round Table, New Delhi, India, 7–8 March 1988. Publication B 174. CS: Laval University, Québec. International Center for Research on Bilingualism.

Macdonald, Theodore. 1986. Shuar children: Bilingual-bicultural education. Cultural Survival Quarterly 10/4. 18–20.Google Scholar

McKay, Graham R. 1982. Attitudes of Kunibidji speakers to literacy. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 36:105–14.Google Scholar

McKay, Graham R.1983. Lexicography and Ndjebbana (Kunibidji) bilingual education program. In Austin, Peter K., ed., Papers in Australian linguistics no. 15: Australian Aboriginal lexicography, 19–30. Pacific linguistics A-66. Canberra: Department of Linguistics.Google Scholar

Mackerras, Colin. 1994. China's minorities: Integration and modernization in the twentieth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Maffi, Luisa. 2001. Introduction: On the interdependence of biological and cultural diversity. In Maffi, Luisa, ed., On biocultural diversity: Linking language, knowledge and the environment, 1–50. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar

Magner, Thomas F. 2001. Digraphia in the territories of the Croats and Serbs. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 150:11–26.Google Scholar

Maksimova, A. I. 1995. Dukuriva alamavun. Posobie dlia I klassa. Yakutsk: Bichik.Google Scholar

Maybin, Janet, ed. 1994. Language and literacy in social practice. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Milroy, Lesley. 1987. Observing and analysing natural language: A critical account of sociolinguistic method. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Morgan, Clare. 2003. Cornish is to be promoted. Geolinguistics 29:273–4.Google Scholar

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 1993. Pandemonium: Ethnicity in international politics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Mugele, Robert L. 1978. The pedagogical implications of undersymbolization in orthography. Notes on Literacy 24:22–5.Google Scholar

Mühlhäusler, Peter. 1990. “Reducing” Pacific languages to writing. In Joseph, John E. and Taylor, Talbot J., eds., Ideologies of language, 189–205. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Mühlhäusler, Peter. 1996. Linguistic ecology: Language change and linguistic imperialism in the Pacific region. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mullarney, Maire. 1987. The departure of Latin. Language problems and language planning 11/3:356–60.CrossRef

Munro, Pamela, and Lopez, F. H. 2003. Can there be a Valley Zapotec Orthography? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of America (SSILA), January 2003, Boston.

Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1993. Duelling languages. Grammatical structure in codeswitching. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Myreeva, A. N. 1993. Iazykovaia situatsiia i perspektivy razvitiia iazyka evenkov Iakutii. In Xatylaev, M. M., Dutkin, X. I. and Rodionov, T. P., eds., Malochislennye narody severa Iakutii: Sostoianie, problemy, 71–4. Iakutsk: Iakutskii Naunchnyi Tsentr SO RAN.Google Scholar

Nahir, Moshe. 1984. Language planning goals: A classification. Language problems and language planning 8/3: 294–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nance, R. Morton. 1929. Cornish for all – A guide to Unified Cornish. 3rd edition 1958. Penzance: Saundry for Federation of Old Cornwall Societies.Google Scholar

National Indian Brotherhood/Assembly of First Nations. 1972. Feasibility Study on Indian control of Indian education. Policy paper presented to the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. Ottawa: Assembly of First Nations.

Neroznak, V. P., ed. 1994. Krasnaia kniga iazykov narodov Rossii. Moscow: Academiia.Google Scholar

Nettle, Daniel and Romaine, Suzanne. 2000. Vanishing voices: The extinction of the world's languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Newman, Paul. 2003. The endangered languages issue as a hopeless cause. In Mark Janse and Sijmen Tol, eds., 1–13.

Newman, Paul and Ratliff, Martha, eds. 2001. Linguistic fieldwork. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Obeng, Samuel Gyasi and Efurosibina Adegbija. 1999. Sub-saharan Africa. In Joshua F. Fishman, ed., 353–68.

Oegir, Nikolai. 1987. Ile upkattuk engesitmer. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo.Google Scholar

Olson, David. 1977. From utterance to text: The bias of language in speech and writing. Harvard Education Review 47/3:257–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Olson, David.1994a. Literacy and the making of the Western mind. In Ludo Verhoeven, ed., 135–50.

Olson, David. 1994b. The world on paper: The conception and cognitive implications of writing and reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Olson, David, Torrance, Nancy, and Hildyard, Angela. 1985. Literacy, language, and learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ong, Walter. 1982. Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word. London: Methuen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ong, Walter. 1996. The natural world of the Māori. 2nd edition. Auckland, David Bateman.Google Scholar

Orbell, Margaret. 1995. The illustrated encyclopedia of Māori myth and legend. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press.Google Scholar

Paulston, , Bratt, Christina, Chen, Pow Chee, and Connerty, Mary C.. 1993. Language regenesis: A conceptual overview of language revival, revitalization and reversal. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 14/4:275–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Phillipson, Robert. 1992. Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Pike, Kenneth L. 1948. Tone languages – a technique for determining the number and type of pitch contrasts in a language, with studies in tonemic substitution and fusion. University of Michigan publications. Linguistics, 4. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Posner, Rebecca and Kenneth H. Rogers. 1993. Bilingualism and language contact in Rhaeto-Romance. In Posner, Rebecca and Green, John N., eds., Trends in Romance linguistics and philology, Vol. 5, Bilingualism and linguistic conflict in Romance, 231–52. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Powlison, Paul. 1968. Bases for formulating an efficient orthography. The Bible Translator 19:74–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Proeve, E. H. and Proeve, H. F. W.. 1952. A work of love and sacrifice: The story of the mission among the Dieri tribe at Cooper's creek. Tanuda, Australia: Auricht's Printing Office.Google Scholar

Reinecke, John E. 1969. Language and dialect in Hawai‘i: A sociolinguistic history to 1935. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar

Rice, Keren D. 1995. Developing orthographies: The Athapaskan languages of the Northwest Territories, Canada. In Taylor, I. and Olson, D. R., eds., Scripts and literacy, 77–94. The Netherlands: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robbins, Frank. E. 1992. Standardization of unwritten vernaculars. In Hwang, Shin Ja J. and Merrifield, William R., eds., Language in context: Essays for Robert E. Longacre, 605–16. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar

Robins, Robert H. and Uhlenbeck, Eugenius M., eds. 1991. Endangered languages. Oxford: Berg Publishers.Google Scholar

Robinson, Clinton D. W. 1994. Local languages for local literacies? Debating a cultural dilemma. In David Barton, ed., 69–74.

Rogers, Henry. 1995. Optimal orthographies. In Taylor, Insup and Olson, David R., eds., Scripts and literacy, 31–43. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Romaine, Suzanne. 1991. The status of Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea: The colonial predicament. In Ammon, Ulrich and Hellinger, Marlis, eds., Status change of languages, 229–53. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Romaine, Suzanne. 1994. Language in society. An introduction to sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Rubenstein, Steven Lee. 1995. The politics of Shuar shamanism. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Columbia.

Salazar, Ernesto. 1977. An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador. Document 28. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.

Sampson, Geoffrey. 1985. Writing systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 1992. Language decay and contact-induced change: similarities and differences. In Matthias Brenzinger, ed., 59–80.

Saulson, Scott B. 1979. Institutionalized language planning: Documents and analysis of the revival of Hebrew. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schäppi, Peter. 1974. Die rechtliche Stellung des Rätoromanischen im Bund und in Kanton Graubünden. In Kunz, Theo, ed., Rätoromanisch – Gegenwart und Zunkunft einer gefährdeten Sprache, 75–98. Aarau: Sauerländer.Google Scholar

Schiffman, Harold F. 1998. Standardization or restandardization: The case for “standard” spoken Tamil. Language in Society 27:359–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schmidt, Ronald. 2000. Language policy and identity politics in the United States. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Schmitt, Robert C. 1968. Demographic statistics of Hawai‘i 1778–1965. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar

Scribner, Sylvia and Cole, Michael. 1981. The psychology of literacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scribner, Sylvia and Michael Cole.1988. Unpackaging literacy. In Kintgen, E. R., Knoll, Barry M., and Rose, Mike, eds., Perspectives on literacy, 57–70. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University.Google Scholar

Shield, Lesley E. 1984. Unified Cornish – Fiction or fact? An examination of the death and resurrection of the Cornish language. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 5/3–4:329–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Simons, Gary F. 1994. Principles of multidialectical orthography design. Notes on Literacy 20/2:13–34.Google Scholar

Singh, Udaya Narayana. 2001. Multiscriptality in South Asia. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 150:61–74.Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 1994. Linguistic human rights in education. Language Policy in the Baltic States. Conference Papers, 173–91. Riga: Gara pupa.Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 2000. Linguistic genocide in education – or worldwide diversity and human rights?Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Slezkine, Yuri. 1994. Arctic mirrors: Russia and the small peoples of the North. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Snider, Keith L. 1992. “Grammatical tone” and orthography. Notes on Literacy 18/4:25–30.Google Scholar

Spolsky, Bernard. 2003. Reassessing Māori regeneration. Language in Society 32:553–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Spolsky, Bernard. 2004. Language policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Spolsky, Bernard and Patricia Irvine. 1982. Sociolinguistic aspects of the acceptance of literacy in the vernacular. In Barkin, Florence, Brandt, Elizabeth A., and Ornstein-Galicia, Jacob, eds., Bilingualism and language contact: Spanish, English and Native American languages, 73–9. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar

Spolsky, Bernard, Engelbrech, G.t, and Ortiz, L.. 1983. Religious, political and educational factors in the development of biliteracy in the kingdom of Tonga. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 4:459–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stary, Giovanni. 2003. Sibe: An endangered language. In Mark Janse and Sijmen Tol, eds., 81–8.

Steenwijk, Hans. 2003. Resian as a minority language. In Mark Janse and Sijmen Tol, eds., 215–26.

Street, Brian. 1984. Literacy in theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Street, Brian, ed. 1993. Cross-cultural approaches to literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Street, Brian,1994. What is meant by local literacies? In David Barton, ed., 9–14.

Street, Brian, 1995. Social literacies: Critical approaches to literacy development, ethnography, and education. New York: Longman.Google Scholar

Street, Brian, ed. 2001. Literacy and development: Ethnographic perspectives. London, New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stubbs, Michael. 1986. Educational linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Tabouret-Keller, Andree, Page, Robert, Gardner-Chloros, Penelope, and Varro, Gabrielle, eds. 1997. Vernacular literacy: A re-evaluation. Oxford and New York: Clarendon.Google Scholar

Teichelmann, C. G. 1857. Dictionary of the Adelaide dialect. Manuscript. No. 59, Bleek's Catalogue of Sir George Grey's Library dealing with Australian languages. South African Public Library.

Teichelmann, C. G. and Schürmann, C. W. 1840. Outlines of a grammar, vocabulary, and phraseology of the Aboriginal language of South Australia, spoken by the natives in and for some distance around Adelaide. Adelaide. Published by the authors at the native location. Facsimile edition 1962. Adelaide: Libraries Board of South Australia. Facsimile edition 1982. Adelaide: Tjintu Books.

Trudgill, Peter. 1974. The social differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

UNESCO. 2003. Language vitality and endangerment. http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=9105&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html.

Unseth, Peter. 1980. The consideration of non-Roman orthographies in literacy programs. Notes on Literacy 29:16–21.Google Scholar

Unseth, Peter and Carol, Unseth. 1991. Analyzing ambiguities in orthographies. Notes on Literacy 65:35–52.Google Scholar

Vakhtin, N. B. 2001. Iazyki narodov Severa v XX veke. Ocherki iazykovogo sdviga. St. Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin.Google Scholar

Varennes, Fernand de. 1997. To speak or not to speak: The rights of persons belonging to linguistic minorities. Working paper: UN Subcommittee on the rights of minorities.

Vaux, Bert and Cooper, Justin. 1999. Introduction to linguistic field methods. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar

Verhoeven, Ludo, ed. 1994. Functional literacy: Theoretical issues and educational implications. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wakelin, Martyn F. 1975. Language and history in Cornwall. Leicester: Leicester University Press.Google Scholar

Walker, Roland W. 1988. Toward a model for predicting the acceptance of vernacular literacy by minority-language groups. Notes on Literacy 54:18–45.Google Scholar

Warner, Sam L. No‘eau. 1999a. Hawaiian language regenesis: Planning for intergenerational use of Hawaiian beyond the school. In Huebner, Thom and Davis, Kathryn A., eds., Sociopolitical perspectives on language policy and planning in the USA, 313–32. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Warner, , No‘eau, Sam L.. 1999b. Kuleana: The right, responsibility, and authority of indigenous peoples to speak and make decisions for themselves in language and cultural revitalization. Anthropology and Education Quarterly 30/1: 68–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Warner, Sam L. No‘eau.2001. The movement to revitalize Hawaiian language and culture. In Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, eds., 133–44.

Warschauer, Mark and Donaghy, Keola. 1997. Leoki: A powerful voice of Hawaiian language revitalization. Computer Assisted Language Learning 10/4:349–62. http://www.gse.uci.edu/markw/leoki.html.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Watahomigie, Lucille J. and Teresa L. McCarty. 1997. Literacy for what? Hualapai literacy and language maintenance. In Nancy Hornberger, ed., 95–113.

Waters, Glenys. 1998. Local literacies: Theory and practice. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar

Whaley, Lindsay. 2003. The future of native languages. Futures 35:961–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Whaley, Lindsay J., Grenoble, Lenore A., and Li, Fengxiang. 1999. Revisiting Tungusic classification from the bottom up: A comparison of Evenki and Oroqen. Language 75/2:286–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Whitney, Scott. 1999. Ka‘ōhiakūika‘a‘ā Ho‘ōla ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i: Saving Hawaiian. Honolulu Magazine, July:1–5.Google Scholar

Wiesemann, Ursula. 1989. Orthography matters. Notes on Literacy 57:14–21.Google Scholar

Williams, J. 1977. Learning to write, or writing to learn. London: National Foundation for Educational Research.Google Scholar

Williams, Kenneth. 1981. Motivational factors affecting Chuj literacy. Notes on Literacy 36:14–19.Google Scholar

Williams, Nicholas. 2000. English–Cornish dictionary. Redruth: Agan Tavas.Google Scholar

Wilson, William H. 1998. Ika ‘Olelo Hawai‘i ke Ola, “Life is found in the Hawaiian language.”International Journal of the Sociology of Language 132:123–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilson, William H.1999. The sociopolitical context of establishing Hawaiian-medium education. In May, Stephen, ed., Indigenous community-based education, 95–108. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Wilson, William H. and Kauanoe Kamanā. 2001. Mai loko mai o ka ‘i‘ini: Proceeding from a dream. The ‘Aha Pūnana Leo connection to Hawaiian language revitalization. In Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, eds., 147–76.

Wong, Laiana. 1999. Authenticity and the revitalization of Hawaiian. Anthropology and Education Quarterly 30/1:94–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wurm, Stephen A. 1998. Methods of language maintenance and revival, with selected cases of language endangerment in the world. In Matsumura, Kazuto, ed. Studies in endangered languages, 191–211. Papers from the International Symposium on Endangered Languages, Tokyo, 18–20 November 1995. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo.Google Scholar

Wurm, Stephen A.2002. Strategies for language maintenance and revival. In David Bradley and Maya Bradley, eds., 11–23.

Zepeda, Ofelia and Jane H. Hill. 1991. The conditions of Native American languages in the United States. In Robert H. Robins and Eugenius M. Uhlenbeck, eds., 135–55.

Zimt, Petr. 1974. Digraphia: the case of Hausa. Linguistics 124:57–69.Google Scholar