Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-gvh9x Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-18T09:28:18.510Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part IV - Management Systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 January 2019

Pedro A. Sanchez
Affiliation:
University of Florida
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abastos, M. 1971. Inventario y Evaluación de la Concesión Tournavista, Pucallpa. LeTourneau del Perú, Inc., Lima.Google Scholar
Achard, F, Stibig, H-J, Eva, HD, Lindquist, EJ, Bouvet, A, Arino, O and Mayaux, P. 2010. Estimating tropical deforestation from Earth observation data. Carbon Management 1: 271287.Google Scholar
Ahn, PM. 1974. Some observations on basic and applied research in shifting cultivation. FAO Soils Bulletin 24: 123154.Google Scholar
Alegre, JC and Cassel, DK. 1986. Effect of land-clearing methods and post-clearing management on aggregate stability and organic carbon content of a soil in the humid tropics. Soil Science 142: 289295.Google Scholar
Alegre, JC, Cassel, DK and Bandy, DE. 1986a. Reclamation of an Ultisol damaged by mechanical land clearing. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50: 10261031.Google Scholar
Alegre, JC, Cassel, DK and Bandy, DE. 1986b. Effects of land clearing and subsequent management on soil physical properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50: 13791384.Google Scholar
Alegre, JC, Cassel, DK and Bandy, DE. 1988. Effects of land clearing method on chemical properties of an Ultisol in the Amazon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52: 12831288.Google Scholar
Alegre, JC, Cassel, DK and Bandy, DE. 1990. Effects of land clearing method and soil management on crop production in the Amazon. Field Crops Research 24:131141.Google Scholar
Alegre, JC, Sanchez, PA, Smyth, TJ. 1991. Manejo de suelos con cultivos continuos en los trópicos húmedos del Perú. Manejo de Suelos Tropicales en Latinoamérica, Smyth, TJ, Raun, WR, Bertsch, F (eds.). North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 157168.Google Scholar
Alvim, PT. 1977. Um Modelo Contra os “Mitos” da Amazônia. CEPLAC (Commissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira), Itabuna.Google Scholar
Andriesse, JP and Schelhaas, RM. 1987. A monitoring study of nutrient cycles in soils used for shifting cultivation under various climate conditions in tropical Asia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 19: 285332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anthony, KRM and Willimott, SG. 1956. A study of soil fertility in Zandeland. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture 24: 7588.Google Scholar
Ara, MA and Sanchez, PA. 1991. Nitrogen contribution of the legume to a grazed pasture. TropSoils Technical Report 1988–1989. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 153164.Google Scholar
ASRCT. 1968. Semiannual Report 2. Cooperative Research Programme 27, Applied Scientific Research Corporation of Thailand, Bangkok.Google Scholar
Ataga, DO, Onwubuya, II and Omoti, U. 1986. Land clearing and development from forest vegetation for oil palm plantations. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics, Lal, R, Sanchez, PA and Cummings, RW Jr (eds.). Balkema, Leiden, pp. 347361.Google Scholar
Aweto, AO. 1981a. Organic matter buildup in fallow soils in a part of southwestern Nigeria and its effects on soil properties. Journal of Biogeography 8: 6774.Google Scholar
Aweto, AO. 1981b. Secondary succession and soil fertility restoration in southwestern Nigeria. I. Succession. II. Soil fertility restoration. Journal of Ecology 69: 601614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayarza, MA, Dextre, R, Ara, M, Schaus, R, Reátegui, K and Sanchez, PA. 1987. Producción animal y cambios de fertilidad del suelo en cinco asociaciones bajo pastoreo en un Ultisol de Yurimaguas, Perú. Suelos Ecuatoriales 28: 204208.Google Scholar
Bandy, DE and Sanchez, PA. 1986. Post-clearing soil management alternatives for sustained production in the Amazon. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics, Lal, R, Sanchez, PA and Cummings, RW Jr (eds.). Balkema, Leiden, pp. 347361.Google Scholar
Bartholomew, WV, Meyer, I and Laudelot, H. 1953. Mineral nutrient immobilization under forest and grass fallow in the Yangambi (Belgian Congo) region. INEAC Serie Scientifique 57: 127.Google Scholar
Batterman, SA, Hedin, LO, van Breugel, M, Ransijn, J, Craven, DJ and Hall, JS. 2013. Key role of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation in tropical forest secondary succession. Nature 502: 224227.Google Scholar
Boserup, E. 1965. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. Aldine, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Bouamrane, M. 1996. A season of gold: Putting a value on harvests from Indonesian agroforests. Agroforestry Today 8: 810.Google Scholar
Brams, EA. 1971. Continuous cultivation of West African soils: Organic matter diminution and effects of applied lime and phosphorus. Plant and Soil 35: 401414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brando, PM, Coe, MT, DeFries, R and Azevedo, AA. 2013. Ecology, economy and management of an agroindustrial frontier landscape in southeast Amazon. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368: 20120152, doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0152.Google Scholar
Brookshire, ENJ, Gerber, S, Menge, DN and Hedin, LO. 2012. Large losses of inorganic nitrogen from tropical rainforests suggest a lack of nitrogen limitation. Ecology Letters 15: 916.Google Scholar
Bruijnzeel, LA. 1990. Hydrology of Moist Tropical Forests and Effects of Conversion: A State of Knowledge Review. UNESCO, Paris.Google Scholar
Bruijnzeel, LA, Bonell, M, Gilmour, DA and Lamb, D. 2005. Conclusions. Forests, water and people in the humid tropics: An emerging view. Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics, Bonell, M and Bruijnzeel, LA (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 906925.Google Scholar
Budowski, G. 1956. Tropical savannas, a sequence of forest felling and repeated burnings. Turrialba 6: 2333.Google Scholar
Castellanos, J, Maass, M and Kummerow, J. 1991. Root biomass of a dry deciduous tropical forest in Mexico. Plant and Soil 13: 225228.Google Scholar
Castilla, CE, Ayarza, MA and Sanchez, PA. 1995. Carbon and potassium dynamics in grass/legume grazing systems in the Amazon. Livestock and Sustainable Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. Volume 2: Technical Papers, Powell, JM, Fernández-Rivera, S, Williams, TO and Renard, C (eds.). International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, pp. 191210.Google Scholar
Chapin, FS, Matson, PA and Vitousek, P. 2011. Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Google Scholar
Clark, DB, Olivas, PC, Oberbauer, SF, Clark, DA and Ryan, MG. 2008. First direct landscape-scale measurement of tropical rain forest leaf area index, a key driver of global primary productivity. Ecology Letters 11: 163172.Google Scholar
Clement, CR and Villachica, H. 1994. Amazonian fruits and nuts: Potential for domestication in various agroecosystems. Tropical trees: The Potential for Domestication  and The Rebuilding of Forest Resources, Leakey, RRB and Newton, AC (eds.). Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Edinburgh, pp. 230238.Google Scholar
Cochrane, TT and Sanchez, PA. 1982. Land resources, soils and their management in the Amazon region: A state of knowledge report. Amazonia. Agriculture and Land Use Research, Hecht, SB, Nores, GA, Sanchez, PA, Spain, JM and Toenniessen, G (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 137210.Google Scholar
Coe, MT, Marthews, TR, Costa, MH, Galbraith, DR, Greenglass, NL, Hewlley, M, Imbuzeiro, A, Levine, NM, Malhi, Y, Moorcroft, PR, Muza, MN, Powell, TL, Saleska, SR, Solórzano, LA and Wang, Jingfeng. 2013. Opinion piece: Deforestation and climate feedbacks threaten the ecological integrity of south–southeastern Amazonia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368: 2012042720120155.Google Scholar
Colfer, CJP, Gill, DW and Agus, F. 1988. An indigenous agricultural model from West Sumatra: A source of scientific insight. Agricultural Systems 26: 191209Google Scholar
Conklin, HC. 1954. An ethno ecological approach to shifting cultivation. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences II 17: 133142.Google Scholar
Conklin, HC. 1963. The Study of Shifting Cultivation. Pan-American Union, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Costa, MCG. 2010. Crop production in a fire-free system for land preparation in the northern Brazilian Amazon. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, CSIRO Division of Soils, Canberra, published as a CD ROM, pp. 7578.Google Scholar
Coulter, JK. 1972. Soil management systems. Soils of the Humid Tropics. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, pp. 189197.Google Scholar
Cowgill, UM. 1962. An anthropological study of the southern Maya lowlands. American Anthropologist 64: 273286.Google Scholar
Cunningham, RK. 1963. The effect of clearing a tropical forest soil. Journal of Soil Science 14: 334345.Google Scholar
Dantas, M and Matos, A de O. 1981. Estudos Fito-Ecológicos do Trópico Úmido Brasileiro. III. Conteúdo de Nutrientes em Cinzas de Floresta e Capoeira, Capitão Poço-PA. Embrapa-CPATU Boletim de Pesquisa 24. Embrapa–CPATU, Belém.Google Scholar
da Silva, LF. 1979. Influência de Culturas e Sistemas de Manejo nas Modificações Edáficas dos Solos Oxisols de Tabuleiro (Haplorthox) do Sul da Bahia. CEPLAC, Departamento Especial da Amazônia, Belém.Google Scholar
Davidson, EA, Keller, M, Erickson, HE, Verchot, LV and Veldkamp, E. 2000. Testing a conceptual model of soil emissions of nitrous and nitric oxide. BioScience 50: 667680.Google Scholar
DeFries, R, Herold, M, Verchot, L, Macedo, MN and Shimabukuro, YU. 2013. Export-oriented deforestation in Mato Grosso: Harbinger or exception for other tropical forests? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368: 20120173, doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0173.Google Scholar
de Foresta, H and Michon, G. 1994. Agroforests in Sumatra: Where ecology meets economy. Agroforestry Today 6: 1213.Google Scholar
Denevan, WM, Treacey, JM, Alcorn, JB, Padoch, C, Denslow, J and Flores-Paitán, S. 1984. Indigenous agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon: Bora Indian management of swidden fallows. Interciencia 9: 346356.Google Scholar
Dias, ACCP and Nortcliff, S. 1985. Effect of two land clearing methods on the physical properties of an Oxisol in the Brazilian Amazon. Tropical Agriculture 62: 207212.Google Scholar
Duguma, B, Gockowski, J and Bekala, J. 2001. Smallholder cacao (Theobroma cacao) cultivation in agroforestry systems of West and Central Africa. Challenges and opportunities. Agroforestry Systems 51: 177188.Google Scholar
Elsenbeer, H. 2001. Hydrologic flowpaths in tropical rainforest soilscapes: A review. Hydrological Processes 15: 17511759.Google Scholar
Embrapa-Soja, . 2002. Tecnologías de Produção de Soja – Região Central do Brasil, 2003. Embrapa Soja/Embrapa Cerrados/Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, ESALQ, Londrina.Google Scholar
Ewel, JJ. 1968. Dynamics of Litter Accumulation Under Forest Succession in Eastern Guatemala Lowlands. MS. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.Google Scholar
Ewel, JJ, Berish, C, Brown, B, Price, N and Ryan, J. 1981. Slash and burn impact on a Costa Rican wet forest site. Ecology 62: 816829.Google Scholar
Falesi, IC 1976. Ecossistema de Pastagem Cultivada na Amazônia Brasileira. Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Trópico Úmido Boletim Técnico Nº 1, Embrapa–CPATU, Belém.Google Scholar
Fay, C, de Foresta, H, Sarait, M and Tomich, TP. 1998. A policy breakthrough for Indonesian farmers in the Krui damar agroforests. Agroforestry Today 10: 2526.Google Scholar
Fearnside, PM. 1987. Rethinking continuous cultivation in Amazonia. The “Yurimaguas Technology” may not provide the bountiful harvest predicted by its originators. BioScience 37: 209213.Google Scholar
Fearnside, PM. 1993. Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: The effect of population and land tenure. Ambio 22: 537545.Google Scholar
Fernandes, ECM, O’Kting’ati, A and Maghembe, J. 1989. The Chagga homegardens: A multistoried agroforestry cropping system on Mount Kilimanjaro (Northern Tanzania). Agroforestry Systems in the Tropics, Nair, PKR (ed.). Kluwer, Berlin, pp. 309332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finér, L, Ohashi, M, Noguchi, K and Hirano, Y. 2011a. Factors causing variation in fine root biomass in forest ecosystemsForest Ecology and Management 261: 265277.Google Scholar
Finér, L, Ohashi, M, Noguchi, K and Hirano, Y. 2011b. Fine root production and turnover in forest ecosystems in relation to stand and environmental characteristics. Forest Ecology and Management 262: 20082023.Google Scholar
Freidman, I. 1977. The Amazon Basin, another Sahel? Science 197: 7.Google Scholar
Friese, F. 1939. Untersuchungen uber die Falgen der Brandwirtschaft ans tropischen Boden. (Investigations about the fire economy on the tropical soil.) Tropenpflanzer 42: 122.Google Scholar
Galford, GL, Soares Filho, B and Cerri, CEP. 2013. Opinion piece: Prospects for land-use sustainability on the agricultural frontier of the Brazilian Amazon. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society B 368: 20120171, doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0171.Google Scholar
Geist, HJ and Lambin, EF. 2002. Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. BioScience 52: 143150.Google Scholar
Germer, S, Neill, C, Vetter, T, Chaves, J, Krusche, AV and Elsenbeer, H. 2009. Implications of long-term land-use change for the hydrology and solute budgets of small catchments in Amazonia. Journal of Hydrology 364: 349363.Google Scholar
Gockowski, J, Tonyé, J, Diaw, C, Hauser, S, Kotto-Same, J, Njomgang, R, Moukam, A, Nwaga, D, Tiki-Manga, T, Tondoh, J, Tschondeau, Z, Weise, S and Zapjack, L. 2005. The forest margins of Cameroon. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: The Search for Alternatives. Palm, CA, Vosti, SA, Sanchez, PA, Ericksen, PJ (eds.). Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp. 305331.Google Scholar
Golley, FB, Clements, RJ, Child, GI and Duever, MJ. 1974. Mineral Cycling in a Tropical Moist Forest Ecosystem. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.Google Scholar
Goodland, RJA and Irwin, HS.1975. Amazon Jungle: Green Hell to Red Desert? Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Goma, HC. 2003. Potential for changing traditional soil fertility management systems in the wet Miombo woodlands of Zambia: The chitemene and fundikila systems. Soil Fertility Management: A Regional Perspective, Gichuru, MP, Bationo, A, Bekunda, MA, Goma, HC, Mafongoya, PL, Mugendi, DN, Murwira, HK, Nandwa, SM, Nyathi, P and Swift, MJ (eds.). TSBF, Nairobi, pp. 187218.Google Scholar
Gómez-Pompa, A, Vázquez-Yañes, C and Guevara, S. 1972. The tropical rainforest. A non-renewable resource. Science 177: 762765.Google Scholar
Gómez-Pompa, A. 1987. On Maya silviculture. Mexican Studies 3: 117.Google Scholar
Greenland, DJ and Kowal, JML. 1960. Nutrient content of a moist tropical forest of Ghana. Plant and Soil 12: 154174.Google Scholar
Hall, SJ and Matson, PA. 1999. Nitrogen oxide emissions after nitrogen additions in tropical forests. Nature 400: 152155.Google Scholar
Hardy, F. 1936. Some aspects of tropical soils. Transactions, 3rd International Congress of Soil Science 2: 150163.Google Scholar
Hecht, SB and Cockburn, A. 1989. The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers, and Defenders of the Amazon. Harper Perennial, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Hergoualc’h, KA and Verchot, LV. 2012. Changes in soil CH4 fluxes from the conversion of tropical peat swamp forests: A meta-analysis. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences 9: 93101.Google Scholar
Herrera, R, Mérida, T, Stark, N and Jordan, CF. 1978. Direct phosphorus transfer from leaf litter to roots. Naturwissenschaften 65: 208209.Google Scholar
Hoag, RE, Buol, SW and Pérez, J. 1985. Alluvial soils in the Amazon Basin. TropSoils Technical Report 1985–1986. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 7879.Google Scholar
Hoag, RE. 1987. Characterization of Soils on Floodplains of Tributaries Flowing into the Amazon River in Peru. PhD Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Google Scholar
IBSRAM. 1987. Tropical Land Clearing for Sustainable Agriculture. International Board for Soil Research and Management, Bangkok.Google Scholar
IITA 1974. Annual Report, Farming Systems Program, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan.Google Scholar
Irion, G. 1978. Soil infertility in the Amazonian rain forest. Naturwissenschaften 65: 515519.Google Scholar
Jordan, CF 1985. Nutrient Cycling in Tropical Forest Ecosystems, Wiley, Chichester.Google Scholar
Joshi, L, Wibawa, G, Vincent, G, Boutin, D, Akiefnawati, R, Manurung, G, van Noordwijk, M and Williams, S. 2002. Jungle Rubber: A Traditional Agroforestry System under Pressure. ICRAF, Bogor.Google Scholar
Jurion, F and Henry, J. 1969. Can Primitive Farming Be Modernised? Institut National pour l’Etude Agronomique du Congo, Brussels.Google Scholar
Kang, BT and Juo, ASR. 1986. Effect of forest clearing on soil chemical properties and crop performance. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics, Lal, R, Sanchez, PA and Cummings, RW Jr (eds.). Balkema, Leiden, pp. 383394.Google Scholar
Kartasubrata, J 1993. Indonesia. Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics. National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 393439.Google Scholar
Keating, M. 1993. The Earth Summit’s Agenda for Change. A Plain Language Version of Agenda 21 and the Other Rio Agreements. Centre for Our Common Future, Geneva.Google Scholar
King, KFS. 1968. Agri-Silviculture: The Taungya System. Department of Forestry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Lal, R. 1974. Soil erosion and shifting agriculture. FAO Soils Bulletin 24: 4871.Google Scholar
Lal, R, Kang, BT, Moorman, FR, Juo, ASR and Moomaw, JC. 1975. Soil management problems and possible solutions in Western Nigeria. Soil Management in Tropical America, Bornemisza, E and Alvarado, A (eds.). North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 372408.Google Scholar
Lal, R and Cummings, DJ. 1979. Clearing a tropical forest I. Effects on soil and micro-climate. Field Crops Research 2: 91107.Google Scholar
Lal, R. 1981. Clearing a tropical forest. II. Effects on crop performance. Field Crops Research 4: 345354.Google Scholar
Lal, R, Sanchez, PA and Cummings, RW Jr. (eds.). 1986. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics. Balkema, Leiden.Google Scholar
Lal, R. 1986. Deforestation and soil erosion. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics, Lal, R, Sanchez, PA and Cummings, RW Jr. (eds.). Balkema, Leiden, pp. 299315.Google Scholar
Lara, D, Castilla, C and Sanchez, PA. 1991. Productividad y persistencia de pasturas asociadas bajo pastoreo en un Ultisol de Yurimaguas. Manejo de Suelos Tropicales en Latinoamérica, Smyth, TJ, Raun, WR and Bertsch, F (eds.). North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 8689.Google Scholar
Laurance, WF, Koh, LP, Butler, R, Sodhi, NS, Bradshaw, CJ, Neidel, JD, Consunji, H and Mateo Vega, J. 2010. Improving the performance of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil for nature conservation. Conservation Biology 24: 377381.Google Scholar
LeBuanec, B. 1972. Dix ans de culture motoricé sur un bassin versant du centre Côte d’Ivoire. Evolution de la fertilité et de la production. Agronomie Tropicale 27: 11911211.Google Scholar
Lehmann, J and Joseph, S (eds.). 2009. Biochar for Environmental Management. Earthscan, London.Google Scholar
Lugo, A. 2015. Forestry in the Anthropocene. Science 249: 771.Google Scholar
Lundgren, B. 1978. Soil Conditions and Nutrient Cycling Under Natural and Plantation Forests in Tanzanian Highlands. Reports in Forest Ecology and Forest Soils No. 31. Uppsala University, Uppsala.Google Scholar
Luse, RA. 1970. The phosphorus cycle in a tropical rainforest. A Tropical Rain Forest, Odum, HT (ed.). US Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, pp. H161H166.Google Scholar
Macedo, MN, DeFries, RS, Morton, DC, Stickler, CM, Galford, GL and Shimabukuro, YE. 2012. Decoupling of deforestation and soy production in the southern Amazon during the late 2000s. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109: 13411346.Google Scholar
Mahowald, NM, Artaxo, P, Baker, AR, Jickells, TD, Okin, GS, Randerson, JT and Townsend, AR. 2005. Impacts of biomass burning emissions and land use change on Amazonian atmospheric phosphorus cycling and deposition. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19: GB4030, doi:10.1029/2005GB002541.Google Scholar
Mahowald, NM, Jickells, TD, Baker, AR, Artaxo, P, Benitez‐Nelson, CR, Bergametti, G, Bond, TC, Chen, Y, Cohen, DD, Herut, B and Kubilay, N. 2008. Global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus sources, concentrations and deposition rates, and anthropogenic impacts. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22: GB4026, doi:10.1029/2008GB003240.Google Scholar
Mahr, DE. 2011. Drivers of Land-Use Change in Mato Grosso: A Ten-Year MODIS Analysis. BSc. Thesis, Brown University, Providence, RI.Google Scholar
Makarim, AK, Cassel, DK, Wade, MK. 1989. Effects of land reclamation practices on physical properties of an acid, infertile Oxisol. Soil Technology 1: 195207.Google Scholar
Markowitz, D, Davidson, EA, Moutinho, P and Nepstad, D. 2004. Nutrient loss and redistribution after forest clearing on a highly weathered soil in Amazonia. Ecological Applications 14: S177S199.Google Scholar
Martin, G. 1986. Clearing and land preparation of land for industrial oil palm cultivation. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics, Lal, R, Sanchez, PA and Cummings, RW Jr. (eds.). Balkema, Leiden, pp. 8186.Google Scholar
McFadyen, RC and Skarratt, B 1996. Potential distribution of Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) in Australia, Africa and Oceania. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 59: 8996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeill, M. 1964. Laterite soils. Scientific American 211: 86102.Google Scholar
Melillo, JM, Steudler, PA, Feigl, BJ, Neill, C, Garcia, D, Piccolo, MC, Cerri, CC and Tian, H. 2001. Nitrous oxide emissions from forests and pastures of various ages in the Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 106: 3417934188.Google Scholar
Meridian Institute. 2011. Guidelines for REDD+ Reference Levels: Principles And Recommendations. Prepared for the Government of Norway, by Arild Angelsen, Doug Boucher, Sandra Brown, Valérie Merckx, Charlotte Streck, and Daniel Zarin. See www.redd-oar.org.Google Scholar
Michon, G and Bompard, JM. 1987. The damar gardens (Shorea javanica) in Sumatra. Proceedings of the Third Round Table Conference on Dipterocarps, Kostermans, AGJH (ed.). UNESCO, Paris, pp. 37.Google Scholar
Michon, G, de Foresta, H and Levang, P. 1995. Stratégies agroforestières et development durable les agrofôrets à damar de Sumatra (Indonésie). Natures-Sciences-Sociétés 3: 207221.Google Scholar
Michon, G and de Foresta, H. 1996. Agroforests as an alternative to pure plantations for the domestication and commercialization of non-timber forest products. Domestication and Commercialization of Non-timber Forest Products in Agroforestry Systems, Leakey, RRB, Temu, AB and Melnyk, M (eds.). FAO Rome, pp. 160175.Google Scholar
Michon, G. 1997. Indigenous gardens: Re-inventing the forest. The Indonesian Heritage, Whitten, T. and Whitten, J. (eds.). Plants. Grollier, Singapore, pp. 8889.Google Scholar
Montagnini, F and Buschbacher, R. 1989. Nitrification rates in two undisturbed forests and three slash and burn sites of the Venezuelan Amazon. Biotropica 21: 914.Google Scholar
Moraes, JL, Cerri, CC, Melillo, JM, Kicklighter, D, Neill, C, Skole, D. 1995. Soil carbon stocks in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59: 244247.Google Scholar
Moran, EF. 1981. Developing the Amazon. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.Google Scholar
Moran, EF. 1993. Deforestation and land use in the Brazilian Amazon. Human Ecology 21: 121.Google Scholar
Moura, W and Buol, SW. 1972. Studies of a Latosol Roxo (Eutrustox) in Brazil. Experientiae 13: 201217.Google Scholar
Mt Pleasant, J, McCollum, RE and Coble, HD. 1990. Weed population dynamics and weed control in the Peruvian Amazon. Agronomy Journal 82: 102112.Google Scholar
Myers, N. 1989. Deforestation Rates in Tropical Forests and Their Climatic Implications. Friends of the Earth, London.Google Scholar
National Research Council. 1993. Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Neill, C, Deegan, LA, Thomas, SM, Haupert, CL, Krusche, AV, Ballester, VM and Victoria, RL. 2006. Deforestation alters the hydraulic and biogeochemical characteristics of small lowland Amazonian streams. Hydrological Processes 20: 25632580.Google Scholar
Neill, C, Coe, MT, Riskin, SH, Krusche, AV, Elsenbeer, H, Macedo, MN, McHorney, R, Lefebvre, P, Davidson, EA, Scheffler, R, Figueira, AMS, Porder, S and Deegan, LA. 2013. Watershed responses to Amazon soya bean cropland expansion and intensification. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368 20120425; doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0425.Google Scholar
Nelson, M. 1986. Economics of land clearing. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics, Lal, R, Sanchez, PA and Cummings, RW Jr. (eds.). Balkema, Leiden, pp. 403409.Google Scholar
Nepstad, DC, Stickler, CM and Almeida, OT. 2006. Globalization of the Amazon soy and beef industries: Opportunities for conservation. Conservation Biology 20: 15951603.Google Scholar
Nepstad, DC, Boyd, W, Stickler, CM, Bezerra, T and Azevedo, AA. 2013. Responding to climate change and the global land crisis: REDD+, market transformation and low-emissions rural development. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 368: 20120167, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0167Google Scholar
Nepstad, DC, McGrath, D, Stickler, C, Alancar, A, Azevedo, A, Swette, B, Bezerra, T, DiGiano, M, Shimada, J, daMotta, RS, Armijo, E, Castello, L, Brando, P, Hansen, MC, McGrath-Horn, M, Carvalho, O and Hess, L. 2014. Slowing Amazon deforestation though public policy and interventions in beef and soy supply chains. Science 344: 11181123.Google Scholar
Newton, K and Jamieson, GI. 1968. Cropping and soil fertility studies at Keravat, New Britain, 1954–1962. Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal 20: 2551.Google Scholar
North Carolina State University. 1974. Annual Report: Research on Tropical Soils. Soil Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Google Scholar
Nye, PH. 1961. Organic and nutrient cycles under a moist tropical forest. Plant and Soil 13: 333346.Google Scholar
Nye, PH and Greenland, DJ. 1960. The Soil Under Shifting Cultivation. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal.Google Scholar
Nye, PH and Greenland, DJ 1964. Changes in the soil after clearing a tropical forest. Plant and Soil 21: 101112.Google Scholar
Odum, HT. 1970. Summary, an emergent view of the ecological system at El Verde. A Tropical Rain Forest, Odum, HT (ed.). US Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, DC, pp. 11911281.Google Scholar
Okigbo, BN and Greenland, DJ. 1976. Intercropping systems in tropical Africa. American Society of Agronomy Special Publication 27: 62102.Google Scholar
Oliveira, MVN, Swaine, MD, Burslem, DFRP, Braz, EM and de Araújo, HJB. 2005. Sustainable forest management for smallholder farmers in the Brazilian Amazon. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: The Search for Alternatives, Palm, CA, Vosti, SA, Sanchez, PA and Ericksen, PJ (eds.). Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp. 199221.Google Scholar
Ovington, JD and Olson, JS. 1970. Biomass and chemical content of El Verde lower montane rain forest plants. A Tropical Rain Forest, Odum, HT (ed.). US Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, DC, pp. H53H75.Google Scholar
Owusu-Bennoah, E, Awadzi, TW, Boateng, E, Krogh, L, Breuning-Madsen, H and Borggaard, OK. 2000. Soil properties of a toposequence in the moist semideciduous forest zone of Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology 1: 110.Google Scholar
Padoch, C and De Jong, W. 1987. Traditional agroforestry practices of native and ribereño farmers in the lowland Peruvian Amazon. Agroforestry: Realities, Possibilities and Potentials. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Palm, CA, Alegre, JC, Arévalo, L, Mutuo, PK, Mosier, AR and Coe, R. 2002. Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in six different land use systems in the Peruvian Amazon. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16: doi: 10.1029/2001GB001855.Google Scholar
Palm, CA, Vosti, SA, Sanchez, PA and Ericksen, PJ (eds.) 2005a. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: The Search for Alternatives, Columbia University Press, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Palm, CA, van Noordwijk, M, Woomer, PL, Alegre, JC, Arévalo, L, Castilla, CE, Cordeiro, DG, Hairiah, K, Kotto-Same, J, Moukam, A, Parton, WJ, Ricse, A, Rodrigues, V and Sitompul, SM. 2005b. Carbon losses and sequestration following land use change in the humid tropics. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: The Search for Alternatives, Palm, CA, Vosti, SA, Sanchez, PA and Ericksen, PJ (eds.). Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp. 4163.Google Scholar
Popenoe, HL. 1957. The influence of the shifting cultivation cycle on soil properties in Central America. Proceedings 9th Pacific Science Congress (Bangkok) 7: 7277.Google Scholar
Prather, MR, Derwent, D, Ehhalt, D, Fraser, P, Sanhueza, E and Zhou, X.. 1995. Other trace gases and atmospheric chemistry. Climate Change1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC AR92 Emission Scenarios, Houghton, T. et al. (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 74126.Google Scholar
Ramakrishnan, PS and Toky, OP. 1981. Soil nutrient status of hill agroecosystems and recovery pattern after slash and burn agriculture (jhum) in northeastern India. Plant and Soil 60: 4164.Google Scholar
Ramakrishnan, PS. 1992. Shifting Cultivation and Sustainable Development. An Interdisciplinary Study from North-Eastern India. UNESCO, Paris.Google Scholar
Reed, SC, Cleveland, CC and Townsend, AR. 2011. Functional ecology of free-living nitrogen fixation: A contemporary perspective. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 42: 489512.Google Scholar
Riskin, SH, Porder, S, Neill, C, Figueira, AMS, Tubbesing, C and Mahowald, N. 2013. The fate of phosphorus fertilizer in Amazon soya bean fields. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 236820120154, doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0154.Google Scholar
Riskin, SH, Neill, C, Jankowski, K, Krusche, AV, McHorney, R, Elsenbeer, H, Macedo, MN, Nunez, D and Porder, S. 2017. Solute and sediment export from Amazon forest and soybean headwater streams. Ecological Applications 27: 193207.Google Scholar
Rudel, TK, Coomes, OT, Moran, E, Achard, F, Angelsen, A, Xu, JC and Lambin, E. 2005. Forest transitions: Towards a global understanding of land use change. Global Environmental Change 15: 2331.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA. 1982. A legume-based pasture production strategy for acid infertile soils of tropical America. Soil Erosion and Conservation in the Tropics. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 97120.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Buol, SW. 1974. Properties of some soils of the Amazon Basin of Peru. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 38: 117121.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Buol, SW. 1980. Trip Report to Indonesia and Sri Lanka by the Soil Management CRSP Planning Team, February 19–March 6, 1980. Soil Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Cochrane, TT. 1980. Soil constraints in relation to major farming systems in tropical America. Priorities for Alleviating Soil-Related Constraints to Food Production in the Tropics, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 197239.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Nureña, MA. 1972. Upland Rice Improvement Under Shifting Cultivation Systems in the Amazon Basin of Peru. Technical Bulletin 210. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, NC.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA, Bandy, DE, Villachica, JH and Nicholaides, JJ. 1982. Amazon Basin soils: Management for continuous crop production. Science 216: 821827.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA, Villachica, JH and Bandy, DE. 1983. Soil fertility dynamics after clearing a tropical rainforest in Peru. Soil Science Society of America Journal 47: 11711178.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA, Palm, CA, Davey, CB, Szott, LT and Russell, CE. 1985. Tree crops as soil improvers in the humid tropics. Attributes of Trees as Crop Plants, Cannel, MGR and Jackson, JE (eds.). Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Huntingdon, pp. 331362.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA, Palm, CA, Vosti, SA, Tomich, TP and Kasyoki, J. 2005. Alternatives to slash and burn: Challenge and approaches of an international consortium. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: The Search for Alternatives, Palm, CA, Vosti, SA, Sanchez, PA and Ericksen, PJ (eds.). Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp. 337.Google Scholar
Scheffler, R, Neill, C, Krusche, AV and Elsenbeer, H.. 2011. Soil hydraulic response to land-use change associated with the recent soybean expansion at the Amazon agricultural frontier. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 144: 281289.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, WH and Bernhardt, ES. 2013. Biogeochemistry, 3rd edition. Academic Press, Waltham, MA.Google Scholar
Schubart, HOR. 1977. Criterios ecológicos para o desenvolvemento agrícola de terras firmes da Amazônia. Acta Amazônica 7: 559567.Google Scholar
Serrão, EAS. 1986. Pastagem em área de floresta no trópico úmido brasileiro: Conhecimentos atuais.1º Simpósio do Trópico Úmido 5: 146174.Google Scholar
Serrão, EAS and Homma, AKO. 1993. Brazil. Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 263351.Google Scholar
Serrão, EAS and Toledo, JM. 1990. The search for sustainability in Amazonian pastures. Alternatives to Deforestation, Anderson, AB (ed.). Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp.195214.Google Scholar
Serrão, EAS, Falesi, IC, Veiga, JB and Texeira, JF. 1979. Productivity of cultivated pastures in low fertility soils of the Amazon of Brazil. Pastures Production in Acid Soils of the Tropics, Sanchez, P.A. and Tergas, L.E. (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 195226.Google Scholar
Serrão, EAS, Texeira, LB, de Oliveira, RF and Bastos, JB. 1995. Soil alterations in perennial pastures and agroforestry systems in the Brazilian Amazon. Soil Management: Experimental Basis for Sustainability and Environmental Quality, Lal, R and Stewart, BA (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL pp. 85104.Google Scholar
Sertsu, SM and Sanchez., PA 1978. Effect of heating on some changes in soil properties in relation to an Ethiopian management practice. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42: 940944.Google Scholar
Setzer, J. 1967. Impossibilidade do uso racional do solo no Alto Xingú, Mato Grosso. Revista Brasileira Geografía 21: 102109.Google Scholar
Setzer, AW and Pereira, MC. 1991. Amazonia biomass burnings in 1987 and an estimate of their tropospheric emissions. Ambio 20: 1922.Google Scholar
Seubert, CE, Sanchez, PA and Valverde, C. 1977. Effects of land clearing methods and soil properties of an Ultisol and crop performance in the Amazon jungle of Peru. Tropical Agriculture 54: 307321.Google Scholar
Sibuea, TTH. 1995. Short Notes on the Sumatran Rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) in the Agroforest Areas (Damar Gardens) in Krui, Lampung. Universiti Pertanian, Bogor.Google Scholar
Silver, WL, Thompson, AW, McGroddy, ME, Varner, RK, Dias, JD, Silva, H, Crill, PM and Keller, M. 2005. Fine root dynamics and trace gas fluxes in two lowland tropical forest soils. Global Change Biology 11: 290306.Google Scholar
Sioli, H. 1980. Foreseeable consequences of actual development schemes and alternative ideas. Land, People and Planning in Contemporary Amazonia, Barbira-Scazzocchio, L. (ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 257268.Google Scholar
Smith, NJH, Serrão, EAS, Alvim, PT and Falesi, IC. 1995. Amazonia: Resiliency and Dynamism of the Land and Its People. United Nations University Press, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Smyth, TJ and Bastos, JB. 1984. Alterações na fertilidade em um latossolo amarelo álico pela queima da vegetação. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 8: 127132.Google Scholar
Smyth, TJ and Cravo, MS. 1990. Phosphorus management for continuous corn–cowpea production in a Brazilian Amazon Oxisol. Agronomy Journal 82: 305309.Google Scholar
Smyth, TJ and Cravo, MS. 1992. Aluminum and calcium constraints to continuous crop production in a Brazilian Amazon Oxisol. Agronomy Journal 84: 843850.Google Scholar
Snedaker, SC. 1970. Ecological Studies on Tropical Moist Forest Succession in Eastern Lowland Guatemala. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.Google Scholar
Snedaker, SC and Gamble, JF. 1969. Compositional analysis of selected second growth species in lowland Guatemala and Panama. Biological Science 19: 536538.Google Scholar
Soane, BD. 1986. Process of soil compaction under vehicular traffic and means of alleviating it. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics, Lal, R, Sanchez, PA and Cummings, RW Jr. (eds.). Balkema, Leiden, pp. 265283.Google Scholar
Sollins, P and Drewry, G. 1970. Electrical conductivity and flow rates of water through the forest canopy. A Tropical Rain Forest, Odum, HT (ed.). US Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, DC, pp. H135H154.Google Scholar
Stromgaard, P. 1991. Soil nutrient accumulation under traditional African agriculture in the Miombo woodland of Zambia. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 68: 7480.Google Scholar
Suárez de Castro, F. 1957. Las Quemas Como Práctica Agrícola y Sus Efectos. Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia Boletín Técnico 2, Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia, Chinchiná.Google Scholar
Sullivan, BW, Smith, WK, Townsend, AR, Nasto, MK, Reed, SC, Chazdon, RL and Cleveland, CC. 2014. Spatially robust estimates of biological nitrogen fixation imply substantial alteration of the topical N cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, doi/10.1073/pnas.1320646111.Google Scholar
Suraswadi, P, Thomas, DE, Pragrong, K, Preechapanya, P and Weyerhauser, H. 2005. Northern Thailand. Changing smallholder land use patterns. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: The Search for Alternatives, Palm, CA, Vosti, SA, Sanchez, PA and Ericksen, PJ (eds.). Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp. 355384.Google Scholar
Suwardjo, A. 1986. Land development for transmigration areas in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics, Lal, R, Sanchez, PA and Cummings, RW Jr. (eds.). Balkema, Leiden, pp. 131139.Google Scholar
Sylvester-Bradley, R, de Oliveira, LA, de Podesta Filho, JA and St. John, TV. 1980. Nodulation of legumes, nitrogenase activity of roots and occurrence of nitrogen fixing Azospirillum spp. in representative soils of central Amazonia. AgroEcosystems 6: 249266.Google Scholar
Szott, LT and Palm, CA. 1986. Soil and vegetation dynamics in shifting cultivation fallows. 10 Simpósio do Trópico Umido 1: 360379.Google Scholar
Szott, LT and Palm, CA. 1996. Nutrient stocks in managed and natural humid tropical fallows. Plant and Soil 186: 293309.Google Scholar
Szott, LT, Palm, CA and Davey, CB. 1994. Biomass and litter accumulation under managed and natural tropical fallows. Forest Ecology and Management 67:177190.Google Scholar
Thrupp, LA, Hecht, SB, Browder, JO. 1997. The Diversity and Dynamics of Shifting Cultivation: Myths, Realities, and Policy Implications. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Thurston, HD, Smith, M, Abawi, G and Karl, S. 1994. Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It and What Researchers Know About It. CATIE, Turrialba.Google Scholar
Tinker, PB, Ingram, JSI and Struwe, S. 1996. Effects of slash-and-burn agriculture and deforestation on climate change. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 58: 1322.Google Scholar
Toledo, JM and Morales, VA 1979. Establishment and management of improved pastures in the Peruvian Amazon. Pasture Production in Acid Soils of the Topics, Sanchez, PA and Tergas, LE (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 177194.Google Scholar
Toledo, JM and Navas, J. 1986. Land clearing for pastures in the Amazon. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics, Lal, R, Sanchez, PA and Cummings, RW Jr. (eds.). Balkema, Leiden, pp. 97116.Google Scholar
Tomich, TP, van Noordwijk, M, Vosti, SA and Witcover, J. 1998. Agricultural development with rainforest conservation: Methods for seeking best bet alternatives to slash-and-burn, with applications to Brazil and Indonesia. Agricultural Economics 19: 159174.Google Scholar
Torquebiau, E. 1984. Man-made Dipterocarp forests in Sumatra. Agroforestry Systems 2: 103127.Google Scholar
Turenne, JF. 1977. Culture itinérante et jachère forestière en Guyane. Evolution de la matière organique. Cahiers ORSTOM Série Pédologie 15: 449461.Google Scholar
Turner, BL. 1974. Prehistoric intensive agriculture in the Mayan lowlands. Science 195: 118124.Google Scholar
Uhl, C, Clark, K, Clark, H and Murphy, F. 1981. Early plant succession after cutting and burning in the upper Rio Negro of the Amazon basin. Journal of Ecology 69: 631649.Google Scholar
Uhl, C, Buschbacher, R and Serrão, EAS. 1988. Abandoned pastures in Eastern Amazonia. I. Patterns of plant succession. Journal of Ecology 76: 663681.Google Scholar
Uhl, C, Nepstad, D, Buschbacher, R, Clark, K, Kauffman, B and Subler, S. 1990. Studies of ecosystem response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances provide guidelines for designing sustainable land-use systems in Amazonia. Alternatives to Deforestation: Steps towards Sustainable Use of the Amazon Rain Forest, Anderson, AB (ed.). Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp. 2442.Google Scholar
Urrutia, VM. 1967. Corn Production and Soil Fertility Changes under Shifting Cultivation in Uaxatún, Guatemala. M.S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.Google Scholar
Valentim, JF and Vosti, SA. 2005. The western Brazilian Amazon. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: The Search for Alternatives, Palm, CA, Vosti, SA, Sanchez, PA and PJ Ericksen, (eds.). Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp. 265290.Google Scholar
van der Weert, R. 1974.The influence of mechanical forest clearing on soil conditions and resulting effects on root growth. Tropical Agriculture 51: 325331.Google Scholar
van der Weert, R and Lenselink, KJ. 1972. The influence of mechanical clearing of forest on some physical and chemical soil properties. Surinaamse Landbouw 20: 214.Google Scholar
van Reuler, H and Janssen, BH. 1993. Nutrient fluxes in the shifting cultivation system of southwest Côte d’Ivoire. Plant and Soil 154: 177188.Google Scholar
Van Wey, LK, Spera, S, de Sa, R, Mahr, D and Mustard, JF. 2013. Socioeconomic development and agricultural intensification in Mato Grosso. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 201336820120168, doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0168.Google Scholar
Vanlauwe, B, Diels, J, Lyasse, O, Aihou, K, Iwuafor, ENO, Sanginga, N, Merckx, R and Deckers, J. 2002. Fertility status of soils of the derived savanna and northern Guinea savanna and response to major plant nutrients, as influenced by soil type and land use management. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 62: 139150.Google Scholar
Vázquez, R and Gentry, AH. 1989. Use and misuse of forest-harvested fruits in the Iquitos area. Conservation Biology 3: 350361.Google Scholar
Vera-Diaz, MC, Kaufmann, RK, Nepstad, DC and Schlesinger, P. 2007. An interdisciplinary model of soybean yield in the Amazon Basin: The climatic, edaphic, and economic determinants. Ecological Economics, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.015.Google Scholar
Villachica, JH. 1978. Maintenance of Soil Fertility under Continuous Cropping in an Ultisol of the Amazon Jungle of Peru. PhD Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Google Scholar
Vitousek, PM. 1984. Litterfall, nutrient cycling, and nutrient limitation in tropical forests. Ecology 65: 285298.Google Scholar
Vitousek, PM. 2004. Nutrient Cycling and Limitation. Hawaii as a Model System. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Vitousek, PM and Sanford, RL Jr. 1986. Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17: 137167.Google Scholar
Vogt, KA, Vogt, DJ, Palmiotto, PA, Boon, P, O’Hara, J and Asbjornsen, H. 1996. Review of root dynamics in forest ecosystems grouped by climate, climatic forest type and species. Plant and Soil 187: 159219.Google Scholar
Wade, MK, Gill, DW, Subagjo, H, Sudjadi, M and Sanchez, PA. 1988. Overcoming Soil Fertility Constraints in a Transmigration Area of Indonesia. TropSoils Bulletin 88–01, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Google Scholar
Walker, B, Lavelle, P and Weischert, W. 1987. Letters. Yurimaguas technology. BioScience 37: 637640.Google Scholar
Watters, RF. 1971. Shifting cultivation in Latin America. FAO Forestry Development Paper 17. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.Google Scholar
Wibawa, G, Hendratno, S and van Noordwijk, M. 2005. Permanent smallholder rubber agroforestry systems in Sumatra, Indonesia. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: The Search for Alternatives, Palm, CA, Vosti, SA, Sanchez, PA and Ericksen, PJ (eds.). Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp. 222232.Google Scholar
Yu, H, Chin, M, Yuan, T, Bian, H, Remer, LA, Prospero, JM, Omar, A, Winker, D, Yang, Y, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z and Zhao, C. 2015. The fertilizing role of African dust in the Amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment based on data from Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite observations. Geophysical Research Letters 42, doi:10.1002/2015GL063040.Google Scholar
Zinke, PJ, Sabhasri, S and Kundstadter, P.. 1970. Soil fertility aspects of Lua forest fallow system of shifting cultivation. Farmers in the Forest: Economic Development and Marginal Agriculture in northern Thailand. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, pp. 134159.Google Scholar

References

Abao, EB, Bronson, KF, Wassmann, R and Singh, U. 2000. Simultaneous records of methane and nitrous oxide emissions in rice-based cropping systems under rainfed conditions. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 58: 131139.Google Scholar
Abedin, MJ, Feldman, J and Meharg, AA. 2002. Uptake kinetics of arsenic species in rice plants. Plant Physiology 128: 11201128.Google Scholar
Ahmad, N. 1963. The effect of evolution of gases and reducing conditions in a submerged soil and its subsequent physical status. Tropical Agriculture 40: 205209.Google Scholar
Alam, MM, Ladha, JK, Khan, SR, Foyjunnessa, HUR, Khan, AH and Buresh, RJ. 2005. Leaf color chart for managing nitrogen fertilizer in lowland rice in Bangladesh. Agronomy Journal 97: 949959.Google Scholar
Alam, MM, Karim, MD and Ladha, JK. 2013. Integrating best management practices for rice with farmers’ crop management techniques: A potential option for minimizing rice yield gap. Field Crops Research 144: 6268.Google Scholar
Allison, LE. 1947. Effects of microorganisms on the permeability of soils under prolonged submergence. Soil Science 63: 439450.Google Scholar
Arah, JRM. 2000. Modeling SOM cycles in rice based production systems. Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Flooded Soils, Kirk, GJD and Olk, DC (eds.). International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 163176.Google Scholar
Bakti, LAA, Kirchhof, G and So, HB. 2010. Effect of wetting and drying on structural regeneration of puddled soil. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, CSIRO Division of Soils, Canberra, published as CD ROM.Google Scholar
Bodman, GB and Rubin, J. 1948. Soil puddling. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 13: 2736.Google Scholar
Bouman, BAM. 2012. What is the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Where Is It Going? International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños.Google Scholar
Bouman, BAM and Tuong, TP. 2001. Field water management to save water and increase its productivity in irrigated lowland rice. Agricultural Water Management 49: 1130.Google Scholar
Bouman, BAM, Peng, S, Castañeda, R and Visperas, RM. 2005. Yield and water use of irrigated tropical aerobic rice systems. Agricultural Water Management 74: 87105.Google Scholar
Bouman, BAM, Humphreys, E and Barker, R. 2007. Rice and water. Advances in Agronomy 92: 187237.Google Scholar
Breazeale, JF and McGeorge, WT. 1937. Studies on Soil Structure: Some Nitrogen Transformations in Puddled Soils. Technical Bulletin 69. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Tucson, AZ.Google Scholar
Bronson, KF, Cassman, KG, Westermann, R, Olk, DC, van Noordwijk, M and Garrity, DP. 1998. Soil carbon dynamics in different cropping systems in principal ecoregions of Asia. Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil, Lal, R, Kimble, R, Follett, JM, Stewart, BA (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 3557.Google Scholar
Buresh, RJ and Haefele, SM. 2010. Changes in paddy soils under transition to water-saving and cropping systems. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Brisbane, Australia. CSIRO Division of Soils, Canberra, published as CD ROM.Google Scholar
Buresh, RJ, Reddy, KR and van Kessel, C. 2008. Nitrogen transformation in submerged soils. Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems. Agronomy Monographs 49, Shepers, JS and Raun, WR (eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 401435.Google Scholar
Buresh, RJ, Pampolino, MF and Witt, C. 2010. Field-specific potassium and phosphorus balances and fertilizer requirement for irrigated rice-based cropping systems. Plant and Soil 335: 3564.Google Scholar
Buresh, RJ, Castillo, R, van den Berg, M and Gabinete, G. 2014. Nutrient Management Decision Tool For Small-Scale Rice and Maize Farmers. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños.Google Scholar
Buri, MM, Masunaga, T and Wakatsuki, T. 2000. Sulfur and zinc levels as limiting factors to rice production in West Africa lowlands. Geoderma 94: 2342.Google Scholar
Cassman, KG, DeDatta, SK, Olk, DC, Alcantara, J, Samson, M, Descalsota, J and Dizon, M. 1995. Yield decline and the nitrogen economy of long-term experiments on continuous, irrigated rice systems in the tropics. Soil Management: Experimental Basis for Sustainability and Environmental Quality, Lal, R, Stewart, BA (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 181222.Google Scholar
Cassman, KG, Peng, S, Olk, DC, Ladha, JK, Reichardt, W, Dobermann, A and Singh, U. 1998. Opportunities for increasing nitrogen-use efficiency from improved resource management in irrigated rice systems. Field Crops Research 56: 739.Google Scholar
Cassman, KG, Wood, S, Choo, PS, Cooper, HD, Devendra, C, Dixon, JA, Gaskell, J, Khan, S, Lal, R, Lipper, L, Pretty, J, Primavera, J, Ramankutty, N, Viglizzo, E, Wiebe, K, Kadungure, S, Kanbar, N, Khan, Z, Leakey, R, Porter, S, Sebastian, K and Tharme, R. 2005. Cultivated Systems. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends, Hassan, R, Scholes, RJ, Ash, N (eds.). Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 745794.Google Scholar
CIAT. 1971. Annual Report for 1971. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali.Google Scholar
CIAT. 1972. Annual Report for 1972. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali.Google Scholar
Craft, CB. 2001. Biology of wetland soils. Wetland Soils. Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes and Classification, Richardson, JL and Vepraskas, MJ (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 107136.Google Scholar
Croney, D and Coleman, JD.1954. Soil structure in relation to soil suction (pF). Journal of Soil Science 5: 7584.Google Scholar
Dawe, D, Dobermann, A, Moya, P, Abdulrachman, S, Bijay, Singh, Lal, P, Li, SY, Lin, B, Panaullah, G, Sariam, O, Singh, Y, Swarup, A, Tan, PS and Zhen, QX. 2000. How widespread are yield declines in long-term rice experiments in Asia? Field Crops Research 66: 175193.Google Scholar
Dawe, D, Dobermann, A, Ladha, JK, Yadav, RL, Lin, B, Gupta, RK, Lal, P, Panaullah, G, Sariam, O, Singh, Y, Swarup, A and Zhen, QX. 2003. Do organic amendments improve yield trends and profitability in intensive rice systems? Field Crops Research 83: 191213.Google Scholar
DeDatta, SK. 1981. Principles and Practices of Rice Production, Wiley, New York, NY.Google Scholar
DeDatta, SK and Beachell, HM. 1972. Varietal response to some factors affecting production of upland rice. Rice Breeding, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 685700.Google Scholar
DeDatta, SK and Kerim, MSAAA. 1974. Water and nitrogen economy of rainfed rice as affected by soil puddling. Soil Science Society of America Journal 38: 515518.Google Scholar
DeDatta, SK and Magnaye, CP. 1969. A survey of forms and sources of fertilizer nitrogen for flooded rice. Soil and Fertilizers 32: 103109.Google Scholar
DeDatta, SK and Zarate, PM. 1970. Environmental conditions affecting growth characteristics, nitrogen response and yield of tropical rice. Biometeorology 4: 7189.Google Scholar
DeDatta, SK, Moomaw, JC, Racho, VV and Simsiman, GV. 1966. Phosphorus supplying capacity of lowland rice soils. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 30: 613617.Google Scholar
Dittmar, J, Voegelin, A, Roberts, L, Hug, SJ, Saha, GS, Ashrafali, JM, Borhan, A, Badruzzaman, M and Kretzschmar, R.. 2010. Arsenic accumulation in a paddy field in Bangladesh: Seasonal dynamics and trends over a three-year monitoring period. Environmental Science and Technology 44: 29252931.Google Scholar
Dobermann, A. 2004. A critical assessment of the system of rice intensification (SRI). Agricultural Systems 79: 261281.Google Scholar
Dobermann, A and Witt, C. 2000. The potential impact of crop intensification on carbon and nitrogen cycling in intensive rice systems. Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Flooded Soils, Kirk, GJD and Olk, DC (eds.). International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 125.Google Scholar
Dobermann, A, Santa Cruz, PC and Cassman, KG. 1996a. Fertilizer inputs, nutrient balance and soil nutrient supplying power in intensive, irrigated rice systems. I. Potassium uptake and K balance. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 46: 110.Google Scholar
Dobermann, A, Cassman, KG, Santa Cruz, PC, Adviento, MAA and Pampolino, MF. 1996b. Fertilizer inputs, nutrient balance and soil nutrient supplying power in intensive, irrigated rice systems. II. Effective soil K supplying capacity. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 46: 121.Google Scholar
Dobermann, A, Cassman, KG, Santa Cruz, PC, Adviento, MAA and Pampolino, MF. 1996c. Fertilizer inputs, nutrient balance and soil nutrient supplying power in intensive, irrigated rice systems. III. Phosphorus. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 46: 111125.Google Scholar
Dobermann, A, Cassman, KG, Mamaril, CP and Sheehy, JE. 1998. Management of phosphorus, potassium and sulfur in intensive irrigated lowland rice. Field Crops Research 56: 113138.Google Scholar
Dobermann, A, Dawe, D, Roetter, RP and Cassman, KG. 2000. Reversal of rice yield decline in a long-term continuous cropping experiment. Agronomy Journal 92: 633643.Google Scholar
Dobermann, A, Wit, C, Dawe, D, Gines, GC and Nagarajan, R. 2002. Site specific nutrient management for intensive rice cropping systems in Asia. Field Crops Research 74: 3766.Google Scholar
Dobermann, A, Witt, C, Abdulrachman, S, Gines, HC, Nagarajan, R, Son, TT, Tan, PS, Wang, GH, Chien, NV, Thoa, VTK, Phung, CV, Stalin, P, Muthukrishnan, P, Ravi, V, Babu, M, Simbahan, GC, Adviento, MAA and Bartolome, V. 2003. Estimating indigenous nutrient supplies for site-specific nutrient management in irrigated rice. Agronomy Journal 95: 924935.Google Scholar
Dobermann, A, Wit, C and Dawe, D (eds.). 2004. Increasing Productivity of Intensive Rice Systems through Site-Specific Nutrient Management. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños.Google Scholar
Englestad, OP, Getsinger, JT and Stangel, PJ. 1972. Tailoring Fertilizers for Rice. Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL.Google Scholar
Fairhurst, TH, Witt, C, Buresh, RJ and Dobermann, A. 2007. Rice: A Practical Guide to Nutrient Management, 2nd edition. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines, International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) and International Potash Institute (IPI), Singapore.Google Scholar
Garnier, JM, Travassac, F, Lenoble, V, Rose, J, Zheng, Y, Hossain, MS, Chowdhury, SH, Biswas, AK, Ahmed, KM, Cheng, Z and van Geen, A. 2010. Temporal variations in arsenic uptake by rice plants in Bangladesh: The role of iron plaque in paddy fields irrigated with groundwater. Science of the Total Environment 48: 41854193.Google Scholar
George, T, Ladha, JK, Garrity, DE and Buresh, RJ. 1994. Legumes as nitrate catch crops during the dry-to-wet transition in lowland rice cropping systems. Agronomy Journal 86: 267273.Google Scholar
Giordano, PM and Mortvedt, JJ. 1973. Zinc sources and methods of application for rice. Agronomy Journal 65: 5153.Google Scholar
Global Rice Science Partnership. 2013. Rice Almanac, 4th edition. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños.Google Scholar
Greenland, DJ and Nye, PH. 1959. Increases in carbon and nitrogen contents of tropical soils under natural fallows. Journal of Soil Science 10: 284299.Google Scholar
Hossner, LR, Freeouf, JA and Folsom, BL. 1973. Solution phosphorus concentration and growth of rice in flooded soils. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 37: 405408.Google Scholar
Hou, AX, Chen, GX, Wang, ZP, van Cleemput, O and Patrick, WH. 2000. Methane and nitrous oxides emissions from a rice field in relation to soil redox and microbiological processes. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64: 21802186.Google Scholar
IAEA. 1970. Rice Fertilization. Technical Report Series 108. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.Google Scholar
IRRI. 1966. Annual Report for 1966. International Rice Research Institute, Manila.Google Scholar
IRRI. 1972. Annual Report for 1972. International Rice Research Institute, Manila.Google Scholar
Jamison, VC. 1953. Changes in air–water relationships due to structural improvement of soils. Soil Science 76: 143151.Google Scholar
Jana, RK and DeDatta, SK. 1971. Effects of solar energy and soil moisture tension on the nitrogen response of upland rice. Proceedings International Symposium on Soil Fertility Evaluation (New Delhi) 1: 487497.Google Scholar
Jennings, P. 2005. Rice Revolutions in Latin America. Fondo Latinoamericano de Arroz de Riego, Palmira.Google Scholar
Kawaguchi, K and Kita, K. 1957. Mechanical and chemical constituents of water-stable aggregates of paddy soils in relationship to aggregate size. Soil and Plant Food 3: 2228.Google Scholar
Kawaguchi, K, Kita, K and Kyuma, K. 1956. A soil core sampler for paddy soils and some physical properties of the soil under waterlogged conditions. Soil and Plant Food 2: 9295.Google Scholar
Kelley, OJ 1954. Requirement and availability of soil water. Advances in Agronomy 6: 6794.Google Scholar
Kirk, GJD. 2004. The Biogeochemistry of Submerged Soils. Wiley, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Kirk, GJD and Kronzucker, HJ. 2000. Nitrogen uptake by rice roots. Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Flooded Soils, Kirk, GJD and Olk, DC (eds.). International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 147162.Google Scholar
Kludze, HK, DeLaune, RD and Patrick, WH. 1993. Aerenchyma formation and methane and oxygen exchange in rice. Soil Science Society of America Journal 57: 386391.Google Scholar
Koenigs, FFR. 1961. The Mechanical Stability of Clay Soils as Influenced by Moisture Conditions and Some Other Factors. Centre for Agricultural Publications and Documentation, Wageningen.Google Scholar
Koenigs, FFR. 1963. The puddling of clay soils. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 11: 145156.Google Scholar
Kundu, DK and Ladha, JK. 1995. Efficient use of soil and biologically fixed nitrogen in intensively cultivated rice fields. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 431439.Google Scholar
Ladha, JK, George, T and Bohlool, B (eds.). 1992. Biological Nitrogen Fixation for Sustainable Agriculture. Kluwer, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Ladha, JK, Hill, JE, Duxbury, JM, Gupta, RK and Buresh, RJ (eds.). 2003a. Improving the Productivity and Sustainability of Rice–Wheat Systems: Issues and Impacts. ASA Special Publication 65. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Ladha, JK, Dawe, D, Pathak, H, Padre, AT, Yadav, RL, Singh, B, Singh, SY, Singh, P, Kundu, AL, Sakal, R, Regmi, AP, Gami, SK, Bhandari, AL, Amin, R, Yadav, CR, Bhattarai, EM, Das, S, Aggarwal, HP, Gupta, RK and Hobbs, PR. 2003b. How extensive are yield declines in long-term rice–wheat experiments in Asia? Field Crops Research 81: 159180.Google Scholar
Ladha, JK, Pathak, H, Krupnik, TJ, Six, J and van Kessel, C. 2005. Efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen in cereal production: Retrospect and prospects. Advances in Agronomy 87: 85156.Google Scholar
Lu, WF, Chen, W, Duan, BW, Guo, WM, Lu, Y, Lantin, RS, Wassmann, R and Neue, HU. 2000. Methane emissions and mitigation options in irrigated rice fields in southeast China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 58: 6574.Google Scholar
Marin, AR, Masscheleyn, PH and Patrick, WH Jr. 1993. Soil redox: pH stability of arsenic species and its influence on arsenic uptake by rice. Plant and Soil 152: 245253.Google Scholar
Matsushima, S. 1965. Nutrient requirements at different stages of growth. The Mineral Nutrition of the Rice Plant. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD, pp. 219242.Google Scholar
McDonald, AJ, Hobbs, PR and Riha, SJ. 2006. Does the system of rice intensification outperform conventional best management? A synopsis of the empirical record. Field Crops Research 96: 3136.Google Scholar
McDonald, AJ, Hobbs, PR and Riha, SJ. 2008. Stubborn facts: Still no evidence that the system of rice intensification out-yields best management practices (BMPs) beyond Madagascar. Field Crops Research 108: 188191.Google Scholar
Meharg, AA and Mazibur Rahman, MD. 2003. Arsenic contamination of Bangladesh paddy field soils. Implications for rice contribution to arsenic consumption. Environment Science and Technology 37: 229234.Google Scholar
Mikklesen, DS and Patrick, WH Jr. 1968. Fertilizer use on rice. Changing Patterns in Fertilizer Use. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp. 403432.Google Scholar
Munévar, F and Wollum, AG. 1976. Effects of the addition of phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen on the carbon and nitrogen mineralization of some Andepts from Colombia. Soil Science Society of America Journal 41: 540545.Google Scholar
Neue, HU. 1993. Methane emissions from rice fields. Wetland rice may make a major contribution to global warming. BioScience 43: 466474.Google Scholar
Neue, HU. 1997. Fluxes of methane from rice fields and potential for mitigation. Soil Use and Management 13: 258267.Google Scholar
Neue, HU and Mamaril, CP. 1985. Zinc, sulfur and other micronutrients in wetland soils. Wetland Soils: Characterization, Classification and Utilization. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 307320.Google Scholar
Nhung, MTM and Ponnamperuma, FN. 1966. Effect of calcium carbonate, manganese dioxide and ferric hydroxide on chemical and electrochemical changes and the growth of rice on a flooded acid sulphate soil. Soil Science 102: 2941.Google Scholar
Olk, DC, Cassman, KG, Randall, EW, Kinchesh, P, Sanger, LL and Anderson, JM. 1996. Changes in chemical properties of organic matter with intensified rice cropping in tropical lowland soil. European Journal of Soil Science 47: 293303.Google Scholar
Olk, DC, Cassman, KG, Mahieu, N and Randall, EW. 1998. Conserved chemical properties of young humic acid fractions in tropical lowland soil under intensive irrigated rice cropping. European Journal of Soil Science 49: 337349.Google Scholar
Olk, DC, Cassman, KG, Schmidt-Rohr, K, Anders, MM, Mao, J-D and Deenik, JL. 2006. Chemical stabilization of soil organic nitrogen by phenolic lignin residues in anaerobic agroecosystems Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 33033312.Google Scholar
Palm, CA and Sanchez, PA. 1991. Nitrogen release from the leaves of some tropical legumes as affected by their lignin and polyphenolic contents. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 23: 8388.Google Scholar
Palm, CA, Sanchez, PA, Ahamed, S and Awiti., A 2007. Soils: A contemporary perspective. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 32: 99129.Google Scholar
Pampolino, MF, Manguiat, IJ, Ramanathan, S, Gines, HC, Tan, PS, Chi, TTN, Rajendran, R and Buresh, RJ. 2007. Environmental impact and economic benefits of site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) in irrigated rice systems. Agricultural Systems 93: 124.Google Scholar
Pandey, S, Mortimer, M, Wade, L, Tuong, TP, Lopez, K, Hardy, B (eds.). 2002. Direct Seeding: Research Strategies and Opportunities. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños.Google Scholar
Patrick, WH Jr. and Khalid, RA. 1974. Phosphate release and sorption by soils and sediments: Effect of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Science 186: 5355.Google Scholar
Patrick, WH Jr. and Mahapatra, IC. 1968. Transformation and availability to rice of nitrogen and phosphorus in waterlogged soils. Advances in Agronomy 20: 323359.Google Scholar
Patrick, WH Jr. and Mikklesen, DS. 1971. Plant nutrient behavior in flooded soil. Fertilizer Technology and Use, 2nd edition, Olsen, RA (ed.). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp. 187215.Google Scholar
Patrick, WH Jr. and Wyatt, R. 1964. Soil nitrogen loss as a result of alternate submergence and drying. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 28: 647653.Google Scholar
Pearson, GA and Ayres, AD. 1960. Rice as a Crop for Salt-Affected Soils in Process of Reclamation. USDA Agricultural Research Service Production Research Report 43. USDA, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Peng, S, Huang, J, Sheehy, JE, Laza, C, Visperas, RM, Zhong, X, Centeno, GS, Khush, GS and Cassman, KG. 2004. Rice yields decline with higher night temperatures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 99319975.Google Scholar
Peng, SB, Buresh, RJ, Huang, JL, Zhong, XH, Zou, YB, Yang, JC, Wang, GH, Liu, YY, Hu, RF, Tang, QY, Cui, KH, Zhang, FS and Dobermann, A. 2010. Improving nitrogen fertilization in rice by site-specific N management. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 30: 649656.Google Scholar
Ponnamperuma, FN. 1965. Dynamic aspects of flooded soils and the nutrition of the rice plant. The Mineral Nutrition of the Rice Plant. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD, pp. 295328.Google Scholar
Ponnamperuma, FN. 1972. The chemistry of submerged soils. Advances in Agronomy 24: 2996.Google Scholar
Ponnamperuma, FN. 1984. Straw as a source of nutrients for wetland rice. Organic Matter and Rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 117136.Google Scholar
Richardson, JL and Vepraskas, MJ (eds.). 2001. Wetland Soils. Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes and Classification. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.Google Scholar
Roger, PA. 1996. Biology and Management of the Floodwater Ecosystem in Ricefields. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA. 1972. Nitrogen Fertilization and Management of Tropical Rice. Technical Bulletin 213. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, NC.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA. 1973. Puddling tropical rice soils. I. Growth and nutritional aspects. II. Effects of water losses. Soil Science 115: 149158; 303–308.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Briones, AM. 1973. Phosphorus availability of some Philippine rice soils as affected by soil and water management practices. Agronomy Journal 65: 226228.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Buol, SW. 1985. Agronomic taxonomy for wetland soils. Wetland Soils: Characterization, Classification and Utilization. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 207228.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Larrea, N. 1972. Influence of age of seedlings at transplanting on rice performance. Agronomy Journal 53: 828833.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Nureña, MA. 1972. Upland Rice Improvement Under Shifting Cultivation Systems in the Amazon Basin of Peru. Technical Bulletin 210. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, NC.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA, Gavidia, A, Ramírez, GE, Vergara, R and Minguillo, F. 1973a. Performance of sulfur-coated urea under intermittently flooded rice culture in Peru. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 37: 789792.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA, Ramírez, GE and de Calderón, MV. 1973b. Rice responses to nitrogen under high solar radiation and intermittent flooding in Peru. Agronomy Journal 65: 523529.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA, Palm, CA, Szott, LT, Cuevas, E and Lal, R. 1989. Organic input management in tropical agroecosystems. Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter in Tropical Ecosystems, Coleman, DC, Oades, JM and Uehara, G (eds.). University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI, pp. 125152.Google Scholar
Secilia, J and Bagyaraj, DJ. 1992. Selection of efficient vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Biology and Fertility of Soils 13: 108111.Google Scholar
Sharma, PK and DeDatta, SK. 1986. Physical properties and processes of puddled rice soils. Advances in Soil Science 1986: 139178.Google Scholar
Sheehy, JE, Peng, S, Dobermann, A, Mitchell, PL, Ferrer, A, Yang, J, Zou, Y, Zhong, S and Huang, J. 2004. Fantastic yields with the system of rice intensification: Fact or fallacy? Field Crops Research 88: 18.Google Scholar
Singh, SY, Singh, B, Ladha, JK, Bains, JS, Gupta, RK, Singh, J and Balasubramanian, V. 2007. On-farm evaluation of leaf color chart for need-based nitrogen management in irrigated transplanted rice in northwestern India. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 78: 167176.Google Scholar
Solaiman, MZ and Hirata, H. 1995. Effects of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal in paddy fields on rice growth and N, P, K nutrition under different water regimes. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 41: 505514.Google Scholar
Spanu, A, Daga, L, Orlandoni, AM and Sanna, G. 2012. The role of irrigation techniques in arsenic bioaccumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) Environmental Science and Technology 46: 83338340.Google Scholar
Stocker, TF, Qin, D, Plattner, GK, Tignor, M, Allen, SK, Boschung, J, Nauels, A, Xia, Y, Bex, V and Midgley, PM (eds.). IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Stoop, WA, Uphoff, N and Kassam, A. 2002. A review of agricultural research issues raised by the system of rice intensification (SRI) from Madagascar: Opportunities for improving farming systems for resource-poor farmers. Agricultural Systems 71: 249274.Google Scholar
Sudhir, Y, Gill, B, Kukal, SS, Humphreys, E, Rangarajan, R and Walia, US. 2010. Water balance in dry seeded and puddled transplanted rice in Punjab, India. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, CSIRO Division of Soils, Canberra, published as a CD ROM.Google Scholar
Talhelm, T, Zhang, X, Oishi, S, Duan, D, Lan, X and Kitayama, S. 2014. Large-scale psychological differences explained by rice versus wheat culture. Science 334: 602607.Google Scholar
Tanaka, A and Yoshida, S. 1970. Nutritional Disorders of the Rice Plant in Asia. IRRI Technical Bulletin 10. International Rice Research Institute, Manila.Google Scholar
Tanaka, A, Navasero, SA, Garcia, CV, Parao, FT and Ramirez, E. 1964. Growth Habit of the Rice Plant in the Tropics and its Effect on Nitrogen Response. IRRI Technical Bulletin 3. International Rice Research Institute, Manila.Google Scholar
Thakur, AK, Uphoff, N and Antony, E. 2010. An assessment of physiological effects of system of rice intensification (SRI) practices compared with recommended rice cultivation practices in India. Experimental Agriculture 46: 7798.Google Scholar
Tolk, JA, Howell, TA and Evett, SR. 1998. Evaporation and yield of corn on three High Plains Soils. Agronomy Journal 90: 447454.Google Scholar
Triana, A, Lefroy, RDB and Blair, GD. 1995. The effect of flooding on S sorption capacity and AEC of variable charge soils. Plant Soil Interactions at low pH, Date, RA, Grundon, NJ, Rayment, GE and Probert, ME (eds.). Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 135139.Google Scholar
Tuong, TP and Bhuiyan, SI. 1999. Increasing water-use efficiency in rice production: farm-level perspectives. Agricultural Water Management 40: 117122.Google Scholar
Tuong, TP and Bouman, BAM. 2003. Rice production in water scarce environments. Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement, Kijne, JW, Barker, R and Molden, D (eds.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 5367.Google Scholar
Turner, FT and Gilliam, JW 1976. Increased P diffusion as an explanation of increased P availability in flooded rice soils. Plant and Soil 45: 365377.Google Scholar
Uphoff, N. 2003. Higher yields with fewer external inputs? The system of rice intensification and potential contributions to agricultural sustainability. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 1: 3850.Google Scholar
van Geen, A, Zheng, Y, Cheng, Z, He, Y, Dhar, RK, Garnier, J-M, Rose, J, Seddique, A, Hogue, MA and Ahmed, KM. 2006. Impact of irrigating rice paddies with containing arsenic in Bangladesh. Science of the Total Environment 367: 769777.Google Scholar
Vlek, PL and Byrnes, BH. 1986. The efficacy and loss of fertilizer N in lowland rice. Fertilizer Research 9: 131147.Google Scholar
Wallihan, E and Moomaw, JC. 1967. Selection of index leaf for studying the critical concentration of nitrogen in rice plants. Agronomy Journal 59: 473474.Google Scholar
Wang, ZP, DeLaune, RD, Patrick, WH and Masscheleyn, PH. 1993. Soil redox and pH effects on methane production in a flooded rice soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 57: 382385.Google Scholar
Wang, ZY, Yu, YC, Li, Z, Guo, YX, Wassmann, R, Neue, HU, Lantin, RS, Buendia, LV, Ding, YP and Wang, ZZ. 2000. A four year record of methane emissions from irrigated rice fields in the Beijing region of China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 58: 5563.Google Scholar
Wassmann, R, Lantin, RS and Neue, HU (eds.). 2000a. Methane Emissions from Major Rice Ecosystems in Asia. Kluwer, Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Wassmann, R, Neue, HU, Lantin, RS, Buendia, LV and Rennenberg, H. 2000b. Characterization of methane emissions from rice fields in Asia. I. Comparison among field sites in five countries. Nutrient Cycling in Agrecosystems 58: 112.Google Scholar
Wassmann, R, Neue, HU, Lantin, RS, Makarim, K, Chareonsilp, N, Buendia, LV and Rennenberg, H. 2000c. Characterization of methane emissions from rice fields in Asia. II. Differences among irrigated, rainfed and deep water rice. Nutrient Cycling in Agrecosystems 58: 1222.Google Scholar
Wassmann, R, Lantin, RS, Neue, HU, Buendia, LV, Corton, TM and Lu, Y. 2000d. Characterization of methane emissions from rice fields in Asia. III. Mitigation options and future research needs. Nutrient Cycling in Agrecosystems 58:2326.Google Scholar
Wickham, TH. 1971. Water Management in the Humid Tropics. A Farm Level Analysis. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Witt, C and Dobermann, A. 2004. Towards a decision support system for site-specific nutrient management. Increasing Productivity of Intensive Rice Systems through Site–Specific Nutrient Management, Dobermann, A, Wit, C and Dawe, D (eds.). International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 359395.Google Scholar
Witt, C, Buresh, RJ, Balasubramanian, V, Dawe, D and Dobermann, A. 2004. Principles and promotion of site-specific nutrient management. Increasing Productivity of Intensive Rice Systems through Site-Specific Nutrient Management. Dobermann, A, Wit, C and Dawe, D (eds.). International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 397410.Google Scholar
Yang, WH, Peng, S, Huang, J, Sanico, AL, Buresh, RJ and Wit, C. 2003. Using leaf color charts to estimate leaf nitrogen status of rice. Agronomy Journal 95: 212217.Google Scholar
Yoder, RE. 1936. A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of soil erosion losses. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 20: 337351.Google Scholar
Yoshida, S and Forno, DA. 1971. Zinc deficiency of the rice plant on calcareous and neutral soils in the Philippines. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 17: 8387.Google Scholar
Yoshida, S, McLean, GW, Shafi, M and Mueller, KE. 1970. Effects of different methods of zinc application on growth and yields of rice in a calcareous soil, west Pakistan. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 16: 147149.Google Scholar
Yu, K and Patrick, WH Jr. 2004. Redox window with minimum global warming potential contribution from rice soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68: 20862091.Google Scholar
Zhao, L, Wu, L, Li, Y, Lu, X, Zhu, D and Uphoff, N. 2009. Influence of the system of rice intensification on rice yield and nitrogen and water use efficiencies at different N application rates. Experimental Agriculture 45: 275286.Google Scholar

References

Adámoli, J, Macedo, J, de Azevedo, LG and Madeira Netto, J. 1986. Caracterização da região dos Cerrados. Solos dos Cerrados. Tecnologías e Estratégias de Manejo, Goedert, WJ (ed.). Embrapa, São Paulo, pp. 3374.Google Scholar
Alkemade, R, Reid, RS, van den Berg, M, de Leeuw, J and Jeuken, M. 2013. Assessing the impacts of livestock production on biodiversity in rangeland ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 2090020905.Google Scholar
Alvarez, S, Rufino, MC, Vayssières, J, Salgado, P, Titonell, P, Tillard, E and Bocquier, F. 2014. Whole-farm nitrogen cycling and intensification of crop–livestock systems in the highlands of Madagascar: An application of network analysis. Agricultural Systems 126: 2537.Google Scholar
Amézquita, E, Thomas, RJ, Rao, IM, Molina, DL and Hoyos, P. 2004. Use of deep-rooted tropical pastures to build-up an arable layer through improved soil properties of an Oxisol in the Eastern Plains (Llanos Orientales) of Colombia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 103: 269277.Google Scholar
Amézquita, E, Rao, IM, Rivera, M, Corrales, II and Bernal, JH (eds.). 2013. Sistemas Agropastoriles: Un Enfoque Integrado para el Manejo Sostenible de Oxisoles de los Llanos Orientales de Colombia. Documento de Trabajo No. 223. CIAT-CORPOICA, Cali.Google Scholar
Andrew, CS and Robins, MF, 1971. Effects of phosphorus on the growth, chemical composition and critical phosphorus percentages of some tropical pasture grasses. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 22: 693706.Google Scholar
Ara, MA and Sanchez, PA. 1991. Nitrogen contribution of the legume to a grazed pasture. TropSoils Technical Report 1988–1989. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 153164.Google Scholar
Asner, GP and Archer, SA. 2010. Livestock and the global carbon cycle. Livestock in a Changing Landscape, Volume 1, Steinfeld, H, Mooney, HA, Schneider, F and Neville, LE (eds.). Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 6982.Google Scholar
Assmann, AL, Soares, AB and Assmann, TA (eds.). 2008. Integração Lavoura-Pecuária para a Agricultura Familiar. Instituto Agronómico do Paraná, Londrina.Google Scholar
Ayarza, MA. 1988. Potassium Dynamics in a Humid Tropical Pasture in the Peruvian Amazon. PhD Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Google Scholar
Ayarza, MA, Dextre, R and Sanchez, PA. 1989. Persistence of grass–legume mixtures under grazing. TropSoils Technical Report 1986–1987. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 2126.Google Scholar
Ayarza, MA, Sanchez, PA and Lara, D. 1991. Potassium dynamics in a legume-based pasture. TropSoils Technical Report 1988–1989. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 173181.Google Scholar
Bekure, S, de Leuw, PN, Grandin, BE and Neate, PJH. 1991. Maasai Herding. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Blezinger, S. 2004. Mineral intake critical for reproductive performance. www.cattletoday.com/archive/2004/February/CT311.shtmGoogle Scholar
Boddey, RM and Victoria, RL. 1986. Estimation of biological nitrogen fixation associated with Brachiaria and Paspalum grasses using 15N labelled organic matter and fertilizer. Plant and Soil 90: 265292.Google Scholar
Boddey, RM, Macedo, R, Tarré, RM, Ferreira, E, de Oliveira, OC, de P Rezende, C, Cantarutti, RB, Pereira, JM, Alves, BJR and Urquiaga, S. 2004. Nitrogen cycling in Brachiaria pastures: The key to understanding the process of pasture decline. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 103: 389403.Google Scholar
Burt, RL, Rotar, PP, Walker, JL and Silvey, MW (eds.). 1983. The Role of Centrosema, Desmodium and Stylosanthes in Improving Tropical Pastures. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.Google Scholar
Castilla, CE, Ayarza, MA, Lara, D and Sanchez, PA. 1991. Persistence of grass–legume mixtures under grazing; Y-302. TropSoils Technical Report 1988–89. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, pp. 149152.Google Scholar
Castilla, CE, Ayarza, MA and Sanchez, PA. 1995. Carbon and potassium dynamics in grass/legume grazing systems in the Amazon. Livestock and Sustainable Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. Volume 2: Technical Papers, Powell, JM, Fernández-Rivera, S, Williams, TO and Renard, C (eds.). International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, pp. 191210.Google Scholar
Cerri, CEP, Coleman, K, Jenkinson, DS, Bernoux, M, Victoria, R and Cerri, CC. 2003. Modeling soil carbon from forest and pasture ecosystems of Amazon, Brazil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 67: 18791887.Google Scholar
Cerri, CEP, Paustian, K, Bernoux, MA, Victoria, RL, Melillo, JM and Cerri, CC. 2004. Modeling changes in soil organic matter in Amazon forest to pasture conversion with the Century model. Global Change Biology 10: 815832.Google Scholar
Cerri, CEP, Easter, M, Paustian, K, Killian, K, Coleman, K, Bernoux, M, Falloon, P, Powlson, DS, Batjes, N, Milne, E and Cerri, CC. 2007a. Simulating SOC changes in 11 land use change chronosequences from the Brazilian Amazon with Roth C and Century models. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 122: 4657.Google Scholar
Cerri, CEP, Easter, M, Paustian, K, Killian, K, Coleman, K, Bernoux, M, Falloon, P, Powlson, DS, Batjes, NH, Milne, E and Cerri, CC. 2007b. Predicted soil organic carbon stocks and changes in the Brazilian Amazon between 2000 and 2030. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 122: 5872.Google Scholar
Chaves, J, Neill, C, Germer, S, Gouveia Neto, S, Krusche, AV, Castellanos Bonilla, A and Elsenbeer, H. 2008. Nitrogen transformations in flow paths leading from soils and streams in Amazon forest and pasture. Hydrological Processes 22: 17661775.Google Scholar
Chesson, A. 1997. Plant degradation by ruminants: Parallels with litter decomposition in soils. Driven by Nature, Cadisch, G and Giller, KE (eds.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 4766.Google Scholar
Choné, T, Andreux, F, Correa, JC, Volkoff, B and Cerri, CC. 1991. Changes in organic matter in an Oxisol from the central Amazonian forest during eight years as pasture, determined by 13C composition. Diversity of Environmental Biogeochemistry, Berthelin, J (ed.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 307405.Google Scholar
Crowder, LV. 1974. Pasture and Forage Research in Latin America. Cornell International Agriculture Bulletin 28. Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY.Google Scholar
Davidson, EA, Asner, GP, Stone, TA, Neill, C and Figueiredo, RO. 2008. Objective indicators of pasture degradation from spectral mixture analysis of Landsat imagery. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 113: G00B03, doi:10.1029/2007JG000622.Google Scholar
de Leeuw, PN, Omore, A, Staal, S and Thorpe, W. 1999. Dairy production systems in the tropics. Smallholder Dairying in the Tropics, Falvey, L and Chantakalakhna, C (eds.). International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, pp. 1937.Google Scholar
Delgado, C, Rosegrant, M, Steinfeld, H, Ehui, S and Courbois, C. 200. Livestock to 2020: The next food revolution. Outlook on Agriculture 30: 27–29.Google Scholar
Desjardins, T, Andreux, F, Volkoff, B and Cerri, CC. 1994. Organic carbon and 13C contents in soils and soil size-fractions, and their changes due to deforestation and pasture installation in eastern Amazonia. Geoderma 61: 103118.Google Scholar
Edwards, DC. 1942. Grass burning. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture 10: 219231.Google Scholar
FAO. 2014. World Mapping of Animal Feeding Systems in the Dairy Sector. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.Google Scholar
Fearnside, PM and Barbosa, RI. 1998. Soil carbon changes from conversion of forest to pasture in Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management 108: 147166.Google Scholar
Fernandes, SA, Bernoux, M, Cerri, CC, Feigl, B and Piccolo, MC. 2002. Seasonal variation of soil chemical properties and CO2 and CH4 fluxes in unfertilized and P-fertilized pastures in an Ultisol of the Brazilian Amazon. Geoderma 107: 227241.Google Scholar
Fisher, MJ, Rao, IM, Ayarza, MA, Lascano, CE, Sanz, JI, Thomas, RJ and Vera, RR. 1994. Carbon storage by introduced deep-rooted grasses in the South American savanna. Nature 371: 236238.Google Scholar
Friesen, DK, Rao, IM, Thomas, RJ, Oberson, A and Sanz, JI. 1997. Phosphorus acquisition and cycling in crop and pasture systems in low fertility tropical soils. Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, Ando, T et al. (eds.). Kluwer, Berlin, pp. 493498.Google Scholar
Galford, GL, Soares Filho, B and Cerri, CEP. 2013. Opinion piece: Prospects for land-use sustainability on the agricultural frontier of the Brazilian Amazon. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society Series B 368: 20120171.Google Scholar
Garcia-Montiel, DC, Neill, C, Melillo, J, Thomas, S, Steudler, PA and Cerri, CC. 2000. Soil phosphorus transformations following forest clearing for pasture in the Brazilian Amazon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64: 17921804.Google Scholar
Goudao, L and Chakraborty, S. 2005. Stylo in China: A tropical forage legume success story. Tropical Grasslands 39: 215.Google Scholar
Graham, TG and Meyer, BG. 1972. Effect of method of establishment of Townsville stylo and the application of superphosphate on the growth of steers. Queensland Journal of Agriculture and Animal Science 29: 289296.Google Scholar
Guimarães, EP, Sanz, JI, Rao, IM, Amézquita, MC, Amézquita, E and Thomas, RJ (eds.). 2004. Agropastoral Systems for the Tropical Savannas of Latin America. CIAT, Cali.Google Scholar
Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science 162: 12431248.Google Scholar
Haynes, RJ and Williams, PH. 1993. Nutrient cycling in grazed pasture ecosystems. Advances in Agronomy 49: 119199.Google Scholar
Herrero, M, Thornton, PK, Notenbaert, AM, Wood, S, Msangi, S, Freeman, HA, Bossio, D, Dixon, J, Peters, M, van de Steeg, J, Lynam, J, Parthasarathy Rao, P, Macmillan, S, Gerard, B, McDermott, J, Seré, C, and Rosegrant, M. 2010. Smart investments in sustainable food production: Revisiting mixed crop–livestock systems. Science 327: 822825.Google Scholar
Herrero, M, Havlík, P, Valin, H, Notenbaert, A, Rufino, MC, Thornton, PK, Blümmel, M, Weiss, F, Grace, D and Obersteiner, M. 2013. Biomass use, production, feed efficiencies, and greenhouse gas emissions from global livestock systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 2088820893.Google Scholar
Huber, O, de Stefano, RD, Aymard, G and Riina, R. 2006. Flora and vegetation of the Venezuelan Llanos: A review. Neotropical Savannas and Seasonally Dry Forests, Pennington, RT, Lewis, GP and Ratter, JA (eds.). Taylor and Francis, Abingdon, pp. 95120.Google Scholar
Isichei, AO and Akobundu, IO. 1995. Vegetation as a resource: Characterization and management of moist savannas of Africa. Moist Savannas of Africa: Potential and Constraints for Crop Production, Kang, BT, Akobundu, IO, Manyong, VM, Carsky, RJ, Sanginga, N and Kueneman, EA (eds.). International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, pp. 3148.Google Scholar
ILRI. 2000. Handbook of Livestock Statistics in Developing Countries. International Livestock Research Institute Working Paper No. 26, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Kerridge, PC. 1995. Biología y Agronomía de Especies Forrajeras de Arachis. CIAT, Cali.Google Scholar
Kluthcouski, J, Stone, LF and Adiar, H (eds.). 2003. Integração Lavoura Pecuária. Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Santo Antonio de Goiás.Google Scholar
Kretschmer, AE. 1989. Tropical forage legume development, diversity and methodology for determining persistence. Persistence of Forage Legumes, Marten, GC, Matches, AG, Barnes, RF, Brougham, RW, Clements, RJ and Sheath, GW (eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 117138.Google Scholar
Lara, D, Castilla, C and Sanchez, PA. 1991. Productividad y persistencia asociadas bajo pastoreo en un Ultisol de Yurimaguas. Manejo de Suelos Tropicales en Latinoamérica, Smyth, TJ, Raun, WR and Bertsch, F (eds.). North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 8689.Google Scholar
Lascano, CE and Estrada, J. 1989. Long-Term Productivity of Legume-Based and Pure Grass Pastures in the Eastern Plains of Colombia. Proceedings International Grassland Congress. Association Francaise pour la Production Feurragere, Versailles, pp. 11771178.Google Scholar
Lascano, CE. 1991. Managing the grazing resource for animal production in the savannas of tropical America. Tropical Grasslands 25: 6672.Google Scholar
Lavelle, P and Pashanasi, B. 1989. Soil macrofauna and land management in Peruvian Amazonia (Yurimaguas, Loreto) Pedobiologia 33: 283291.Google Scholar
Lopes, AS and Daher, E. 2008. Agronegócio e recursos naturais no Cerrado: desafios para uma coexistência harmónica. IX Simpósio Nacional sobre o Cerrado e o Simpósio Internacional sobre Savanas Tropicais, Embrapa, Brasília, pp. 3571.Google Scholar
Maalim, M and Diallo, AN. 2010. Modern and Mobile: The Future of Livestock Production in Africa’s Drylands. International Institute for Environment and Development, London.Google Scholar
Mannetje, L ’t and Jones, RM (eds.). 1992. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No.4 Forages. Prosea, Bogor.Google Scholar
Mannetje, L’t, Amézquita, MC, Buurman, P and Ibrahim, MA (eds.). 2008. Carbon Sequestration in Tropical Grassland Ecosystems. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen.Google Scholar
Marten, GC. 1978. The animal–plant complex in forage palatability phenomena. Journal of Animal Science 46: 14701477.Google Scholar
McDowell, RE. 1972. Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates. W R Freeman, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
McIntire, J and Powell, JM. 1995. African semiarid agriculture cannot grow without external inputs. Livestock and Sustainable Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. Volume 2: Technical Papers, Powell, JM, Fernández-Rivera, S, Williams, TO and Renard, C (eds.). ILCA, Addis Ababa, pp. 539554.Google Scholar
Miller, CP and Stockwell, TG.1991. Sustaining productive pastures in the tropics. 4. Augmenting native pasture with legumes. Tropical Grasslands 25: 98103.Google Scholar
Miranda, CHB, Urquiaga, S and Boddey, RM.1990. Selection of ecotypes of Panicum maximum for associated biological nitrogen fixation using 15N isotope dilution technique. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 22: 657663.Google Scholar
Mohamed, AM, Kolon, IS, Ali, AM, Okal, J, Shale, A, Odowa, SN and Farah, AM. 2009. Production Economics or Rearing Somali Camels and Galla Goats in Dertu’s Communal Pastoral Land Use System. Columbia Global Centers, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Moraes, JFL de, Volkoff, B, Cerri, CC and Bernoux, M. 1996. Soil properties under Amazon forest and changes due to pasture installation in Rondônia, Brazil. Geoderma 70: 6381.Google Scholar
Mott, JJ, Williams, J, Andrew, MH and Gillison, AN. 1985. Australian savanna ecosystems. Ecology and Management of the World’s Savannas, Tothill, JC and Mott, JJ (eds.). Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, pp. 5682.Google Scholar
Murwira, KH, Swift, MJ and Frost, PGH. 1995. Manure as a key resource in sustainable agriculture. Livestock and Sustainable Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. Volume 2: Technical Papers, Powell, JM, Fernández-Rivera, S, Williams, T and Renard, C (eds.). ILCA, Addis Ababa, pp. 131148.Google Scholar
Naylor, R, Steinfeld, H, Falcon, W, Galloway, J, Smil, V, Bradford, E, Alder, J and Mooney, H. 2005. Losing the links between livestock and land. Science 310: 16211622.Google Scholar
Neil, C, Piccolo, MC, Steudler, PA, Melillo, JM, Feigl, BJ and Cerri, CC. 1995. Nitrogen dynamics in soils of forests and active pastures in the western Brazilian Amazon. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 11671175.Google Scholar
Neil, C, Melillo, JM, Steudler, PA and Cerri, CC. 1997. Soil C and nitrogen stocks following forest clearing for pasture in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Ecological Applications 7: 12161225.Google Scholar
Norman, MJT. 1963. The short-term effects of time and frequency of burning on native pastures at Katherine, N. T. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 3: 2629.Google Scholar
Norman, MJT. 1966. Katherine Research Station 1956–1965: A Review of Published Work. CSIRO Division of Land Research Technical Paper 28. CSIRO, Canberra.Google Scholar
Oberson, A, Friesen, DK, Tiessen, H, Morel, C and Stahel, W. 1999. Phosphorus status and cycling in native savanna and improved pastures on acid low-P Colombia Oxisol. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 55: 7788.Google Scholar
Odadi, WO, Karachi, MK, Abdulrazak, SA and Young, TP. 2011. African wild ungulates compete with or facilitate cattle depending on season. Science 333: 17531755.Google Scholar
Oenema, O, de Klein, C and Alfaro, M. 2014. Intensification of grassland and forage use: Driving forces and constraints. Crop & Pasture Science 65: 524537.Google Scholar
Palm, CA, Blanco-Canqui, H, De Clerk, F, Gatere, L and Grace, P. 2014. Conservation agriculture and ecosystem services: An overview. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 187: 87105.Google Scholar
Piccolo, MC, Neill, C and Cerri, CC. 1994. Net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification along a tropical forest-to-pasture chronosequence. Plant and Soil 162: 6170.Google Scholar
Pitesky, ME, Stackhouse, KR and Mitloehner, FM. 2009. Clearing the air: Livestock’s contribution to climate change. Advances in Agronomy 103: 140.Google Scholar
Pivello, VR and Coutinho, LM. 1992. Transfer of macro-nutrients to the atmosphere during experimental burnings in an open Cerrado (Brazilian savanna). Journal of Tropical Ecology 8: 487497.Google Scholar
Place, F, Roothaert, R, Maina, L, Franzel, S, Sinja, J and Wanjiku, J. 2009. The Impact of Fodder Trees on Milk Production and Income Among Smallholder Dairy Framers in East Africa and the Role of Research. World Agroforestry Centre Occasional Paper 12. ICRAF, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Powell, JM and Mohamed-Saleem, MA. 1987. Nitrogen and phosphorus transfers in a crop–livestock system in West Africa. Agricultural Systems 25: 261277.Google Scholar
Powell, JM and Williams, TO. 1995. An overview of mixed farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Livestock and Sustainable Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. Volume 2: Technical Papers, Powell, JM, Fernández-Rivera, S, Williams, TO and Renard, C (eds.). ILCA, Addis Ababa, pp. 2136.Google Scholar
Ramsay, JM and Rose-Innes, R. 1963. Some quantitative observations on the effect of fire on the Guinea savanna vegetation of northern Ghana over a period of eleven years. African Soils 8: 4185.Google Scholar
Rao, IM, Barrios, E, Amézquita, E, Friessen, DK, Thomas, R, Oberson, A and Singh, BR. 2004. Soil phosphorus dynamics, acquisition and cycling in crop-pasture-fallow systems in low fertility tropical soils: A review from Latin America. Modelling Nutrient Management in Tropical Cropping Systems, RJ Delve and ME Probert (eds.). Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp. 126134.Google Scholar
Reid, RS. 2012 Savannas of Our Birth. University of California Press, Oakland, CA.Google Scholar
Rufino, MC, Titonell, P, Reidsma, P, López-Ridaura, S, Hengsdijk, H, Giller, KE and Verhagen, A. 2009. Network analysis of N flows and food self-sufficiency: A comparative study of crop–livestock systems in the highlands of East and southern Africa. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 85: 169186.Google Scholar
Russel, DA, Free, WJ and McCune, DL. 1974. Potential for fertilizer usage on tropical forages. Forage Fertilization, Mays, DA (ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 3965.Google Scholar
Salinas, JG and Saif, SR. 1990. Nutritional requirements of Andropogon gayanus. Andropogon gayanus Kunth. A Grass for Tropical Acid Soils, Toledo, JM, Vera, R, Lascano, C and Lenné, JM (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 99155.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Bandy, DE. 1992. Alternatives to slash and burn: A pragmatic approach to mitigate tropical deforestation. Anais Academia Brasileira de Ciências 64 (Suppl. 1): 731.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Buol, SW. 1975. Soils of the tropics and the world food crisis. Science 188: 598603.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Isbell, RF. 1979 . A comparison of the soils of tropical Latin America and tropical Australia. Pasture Production in Acid Soils of the Tropics, Sanchez, PA and Tergas, LE (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 2553.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA, Palm, CA, Davey, CB, Szott, LT and Russell, CE. 1985. Tree crops as soil improvers in the humid tropics. Attributes of Trees as Crop Plants, Cannell, MGR and Jackson, JE (eds.). Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Huntingdon, pp. 331362.Google Scholar
Sanz, JI, Zeigler, RS, Sarkarung, S, Molina, DL and Rivera, M. 2004. Improved rice/pasture systems for native savanna and degraded pastures in acid soils of Latin America. Agropastoral Systems for the Tropical Savannas of Latin America, Guimarães, EP, Sanz, JI, Rao, IM, Amézquita, MC, Amézquita, E and Thomas, RJ (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 241252.Google Scholar
Scholes, MC and Sanchez, PA. 1990. Low soil nitrogen mineralization rates in a humid tropical pasture. Tropical Ecology 31: 1215.Google Scholar
Scholes, MC, Scholes, RJ, Otter, LB and Woghiren, A. 2003. Biogeochemistry: The cycling of nutrients in the Kruger National Park. The Kruger Experience: Ecology and Management of Savanna Heterogeneity, du Toit, J, Biggs, H and Rogers, KH (eds.). Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 130148.Google Scholar
Scholes, RJ and Walker, BH. 1993. An African Savanna. Synthesis of the Nylsvley Study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Schultze-Kraft, R and Clements, RJ (eds.). 1990. Centrosema: Biology, Agronomy and Utilization. CIAT, Cali.Google Scholar
Schwartz, HJ and Dioli, M (eds.). 1992. The One-humped Camel (C. dromedarius) in Eastern Arica. Verlag Josef Margraf, Weikersheim.Google Scholar
Scoones, I. 1989. Patch Use By Cattle in Dryland Zimbabwe: Farmer Knowledge and Ecological Theory. Overseas Development Institute, London.Google Scholar
Scoones, I. 1995. Exploiting heterogeneity: Habitat use by cattle in dryland Zimbabwe. Journal of Arid Environments 29: 221237.Google Scholar
Seré, C and Steinfeld, H. 1996. World Livestock Production Systems. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 127. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.Google Scholar
Serrão, EAS, Falesi, IC, Bastos de Veiga, J and Teixeira Neto, JF. 1979. Productivity of cultivated pastures on low fertility soils of the Amazon of Brazil. Pasture Production in Acid Soils of the Tropics, Sanchez, PA and Tergas, LE (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 195225.Google Scholar
Shaw, NH and Mannetje, L ‘t. 1970. Studies of a speargrass pasture in central Queensland: The effect of fertilizers, stocking rate and oversowing with Stylosanthes humilis on beef production and botanical composition. Tropical Grasslands 4: 4356.Google Scholar
Shelton, HM, Franzel, S and Peters, M. 2005. Adaptation of tropical legume technology around the world: Analysis of success. Grassland: A Global Resource, McGilloway, DA (ed.). Wageningen Academic Publications, Wageningen, pp. 149166.Google Scholar
Skerman, PJ. 1977. Tropical Forage Legumes. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.Google Scholar
Spain, JM. 1975. Forage potential of allic soils of the humid lowland tropics of Latin America. ASA Special Publication 24: 18.Google Scholar
Spain, JM. 1979. Pasture establishment and management in the Llanos Orientales of Colombia, Pasture Production in Acid Soils of the Topics, Sanchez, PA and Tergas, LE (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 167175.Google Scholar
Spain, JM, Francis, CA, Howeler, RH and Calvo, F. 1975 Diferencias entre especies y variedades de cultivos y pastos tropicales en su tolerancia a la acidez del suelo. Manejo de Suelos en la América Tropical, Bornemisza y, E. Alvarado, A. (eds.). North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 313335.Google Scholar
Subbarao, GV, Nakahara, K, Hurtado, MP, Ono, H, Moreta, DE, Salcedo, AF, Yoshihashi, AT, Ishikawa, T, Ishitani, M, Ohnishi-Kameyama, M, Yoshida, M, Rondón, M, Rao, IM, Lascano, CE, Berry, WL and Ito, O. 2009. Evidence for biological nitrification inhibition in Brachiaria pastures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 1730217307.Google Scholar
Steinfeld, H, Gerber, P, Wassenaar, T, Castel, V, Rosales, M and de Haan, C. 2006. Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. FAO, Rome.Google Scholar
Steinfeld, H, Mooney, HA, Schneider, F and Neville, LE (eds.). 2010. Livestock in a Changing Landscape, Volume 1. Island Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Thomas, RJ. 1992. The role of the legume in the nitrogen cycle of productive and sustainable pastures. Grass and Forage Science 47: 133142.Google Scholar
Thomas, RJ, Lascano, CE, Sanz, JI, Ara, MA, Spain, JM, Vera, RR and Fisher, MJ. 1992. The role of pastures in production systems. Pastures for the Tropical Lowlands. CIAT´s Contribution. CIAT, Cali, pp. 121144.Google Scholar
Tilley, JMA and Terry, RA. 1963. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Journal of the British Grassland Society 18: 104111.Google Scholar
Toledo, JM and Morales, VA 1979. Establishment and management of improved pastures in the Peruvian Amazon. Pasture Production in Acid Soils of the Topics, Sanchez, PA and Tergas, LE (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 177194.Google Scholar
Toledo, JM, Vera, R, Lascano, C and Lenné, JM (eds.). 1990. Andropogon Gayanus Kunth. A Grass for Tropical Acid Soils. CIAT, Cali.Google Scholar
Tothill, JC and Mott, JJ. 1985. Australian savannas and their stability under grazing. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 13: 317322.Google Scholar
Trujillo, W, Fisher, MJ and Lal, R. 2006. Root dynamics of native savanna and introduced pastures in the Eastern Plains of Colombia. Soil and Tillage Research 87: 2838.Google Scholar
Trumbore, SE, Davidson, EA, de Camargo, PB, Nepstad, DC and Martinelli, LA. 1995. Below-ground cycling of carbon in forests and pastures of eastern Amazonia. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9: 512528.Google Scholar
van Rensburg, HJ. 1952. Grass burning experiments on the Msima river stock farm, Southern Highlands, Tanganyika. East African Agriculture Journal 17: 119129.Google Scholar
van Soest, PJ. 1967. Development of a comprehensive system of feed analyses and its application to forages. Journal of Animal Science 26: 119128.Google Scholar
Venter, FJ and Govender, N. 2012. A geomorphic and soil description of the long term fire experiment in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Koedoe 54: article 1037.Google Scholar
Vercoe, JE. 1999. Climatic and environmental factors affecting dairy productivity. Smallholder Dairying in the Tropics, Falvey, L and Chantakalakhna, C (eds.). International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, pp. 6169.Google Scholar
Vicente-Chandler, J, Abruña, F, Caro-Costas, R, Figarella, J, Silva, S and Pearson, RW. 1974. Intensive Grasslands Management in the Humid Tropics of Puerto Rico. University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 223. University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras.Google Scholar
Weatherford, J. 2004. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. Broadway Books, New York, NY.Google Scholar
White, DS, Peters, M and Horne, P. 2013. Global impacts from improved tropical forages: A meta-analysis revealing overlooked benefits and costs, evolving values and new priorities. Tropical Grasslands–Forrages Tropicales 1: 1224.Google Scholar

References

Aagard, PJ. 2010. Conservation Farming, Productivity and Climate Change. Conservation Farming Unit, Lusaka. (See www.conservationagriculture.org).Google Scholar
Adkins, E, Tyler, E, Wang, J, Siriri, D and Modi, V. 2010. Field testing and survey evaluation of household biomass cook stoves in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Energy for Sustainable Development 14: 172185.Google Scholar
Ajayi, OC, Akinnifesi, FK, Sileshi, G, Chakeredza, S and Matakala, P. 2007. Economic framework for integrating environmental stewardship into food security strategies in low-income countries: Case of agroforestry in southern African region. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 1: 5967.Google Scholar
Akinnifesi, FK, Makumba, W and Kwesiga, FR. 2006. Sustainable maize production using gliricidia/maize intercropping in southern Malawi. Experimental Agriculture 42: 441457.Google Scholar
Akinnifesi, FK, Ajayi, OC, Sileshi, G, Chirwa, PW and Chianu, J. 2010. Fertilizer trees for sustainable food security in the maize-based production systems of East and southern Africa. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 30: 615629.Google Scholar
Akyeampong, E, Duguma, B, Heineman, AM, Kamara, CS, Kiepe, P, Kwesiga, F, Ong, CK, Otieno, HK and Rao, MR. 1996. A synthesis of ICRAF’s research on alley cropping. Alley Farming Research and Development, Kang, BT (ed.). International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, pp. 4051.Google Scholar
Albrecht, A and Kandji, ST. 2003. Carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 99: 1527.Google Scholar
Alexandre, DY and Ouedraogo, SJ. 1992. Variations in root morphology of Faidherbia albida in relation to soil and agronomic effects. Faidherbia albida in the West African Semi-Arid Tropics, Vandenbelt, RJ (ed.). International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, pp. 107110.Google Scholar
Alvarado, A and Raigosa, J (eds.). 2012. Nutrición y Fertilización Forestal en Regiones Tropicales. Asociación Costarricense de la Ciencia del Suelo, San José.Google Scholar
Andrews, DJ and Kassam, AH. 1976. The importance of multiple cropping in increasing world food supplies. ASA Special Publication 27: 1–10.Google Scholar
Angelsen, A and Kaimowitz, D (eds.). 2001. Agricultural Technologies and Tropical Deforestation. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.Google Scholar
Angelsen, A and Kaimowitz, D. 2004. Is agroforestry likely to reduce deforestation? Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Landscapes, Schroth, G (ed.). Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 87106.Google Scholar
Arévalo, LA, Alegre, JC, Bandy, DE and Szott, LT. 1998. The effect of cattle grazing on soil physical and chemical properties in a silvopastoral system in the Peruvian Amazon. Agroforestry Systems 40: 109124.Google Scholar
Ayuk, ET. 1997. Adoption of agroforestry technology: The case of live hedges in the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso. Agricultural Systems 542: 189206.Google Scholar
Babbar, LI and Zak, DR. 1995. Nitrogen loss from coffee agroecosystems in Costa Rica: Leaching and denitrification in the presence and absence of shade trees. Journal of Environmental Quality 24: 227233.Google Scholar
Baligar, VC and Fageria, NK. 2005. Aluminum influence on growth and uptake of micronutrients by cacao. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 3: 173177.Google Scholar
Barnes, DK and Freyre, RH. 1966. Recovery of natural insecticide from Tephrosia vogelii. I. Efficiency of rotenoid extraction from fresh and oven-dried leaves. Economic Botany 20: 279284.Google Scholar
Barrios, E, Kwesiga, F, Buresh, RJ, Sprent, JI and Coe, R. 1998. Relating pre-season soil nitrogen to maize yields in tree legume–maize rotations. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62: 16041609.Google Scholar
Beer, J, Muschler, R, Kass, D and Somarriba, E. 1998. Shade management in coffee and cacao plantations. Agroforestry Systems 7: 139164.Google Scholar
Bene, JG, Beall, HW and Côté, A. 1977. Trees, Food and People. IDRC, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Bignell, DE, Tondoh, J, Dibog, L, Huang, SP, Moreira, F, Nwaga, D, Pashanasi, B, Pereira, EG, Susilo, FX and Swift, MJ. 2005. Belowground biodiversity assessment: Developing a key functional group approach in best-bet alternatives to slash and burn. Slash and Burn Agriculture: The Search for Alternatives, Palm, CA, Vosti, SA, Sanchez, PA and Ericksen, PJ (eds.). Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp. 119142.Google Scholar
Bonkoungou, JE. 1992. Sociocultural and economic functions of Acacia albida in West Africa. Faidherbia albida in the West African Semi-Arid Tropics, Vandenbelt, RJ (ed.). International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, pp. 18.Google Scholar
Bradley, PN, Chavangi, N and van Gelder, A. 1995. Development research and energy planning in Kenya. Ambio 14: 228236.Google Scholar
Brookfield, H and Padoch, C. 1994. Agrodiversity. Environment 36: 711, 37–45.Google Scholar
Brouwer, J, Fussell, LK and Herrmann, L. 1993. Soil and crop microvariability in the West African semiarid tropics: A possible risk reducing factor for subsistence farmers. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 45: 229238.Google Scholar
Bruijnzeel, LA. 1990. Hydrology of Moist Tropical Forests and Effects of Conversion: A State of Knowledge Review. UNESCO, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Bruijnzeel, LA. 2004. Hydrological functions of tropical forests: Not seeing the soil for the trees? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 104: 185228.Google Scholar
Bruijnzeel, LA, Bonell, M, Gilmour, DA and Lamb, D. 2005. Conclusions. Forests, water and people in the humid tropics: An emerging view. Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics, Bonell, M and Bruijnzeel, LA (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 906925.Google Scholar
Budowski, G. 1993. The scope and potential of agroforestry in Latin America. Agroforestry Systems 23: 121132.Google Scholar
Buresh, RJ and Cooper, PJM (eds.). 1999. The science and practice of short-term improved fallows. Agroforestry Systems 47: 1366.Google Scholar
Calder, IR. 1992. Water use of eucalypts: A review. Growth and Water Use of Forest Plantations, Calder, IR, Hall, RL and Adlard, PG (eds.). Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 167179.Google Scholar
Calder, IR. 2002a. Forests and hydrological services: Reconciling public and science perceptions. Land Use and Water Resources Research 2: 2.12.12.Google Scholar
Calder, IR. 2002b. Eucalyptus, water and the environment. Eucalyptus. The Genus Eucalyptus, Coppen, JJW (ed.). Taylor and Francis, Abingdon, pp. 3651.Google Scholar
Calder, IR. 2007. Forests and water: Ensuring forest benefits outweigh water costs. Forest Ecology and Management 251: 110120.Google Scholar
Calub, AD, Anwarhan, H and Roden, W. 1997. Livestock production system for Imperata grasslands. Agroforestry Systems 36: 121128.Google Scholar
Cannel, MGR, van Noordwijk, M and Ong, CK. 1996. The central agroforestry hypothesis: The trees must acquire resources that the crop would not otherwise acquire. Agroforestry Systems 34: 2731.Google Scholar
Carruthers, J and Robin, L. 2010. Taxonomic imperialism in the battles for Acacia: Identity and science in South Africa and Australia, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 65: 4864.Google Scholar
Cassels, DS and Bruijnzeel, LA. 2005. Guidelines for controlling vegetation, soil and water impacts of timber harvests in the humid tropics. Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics, Bonell, M and Bruijnzeel, LA (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 840851.Google Scholar
Charreau, C and Vidal, P. 1965. Influence de l’Acacia albida sur le sol: Nutrition minerale et rendements des mils Pennisetum au Senegal. Agronomie Tropicale 6–7: 600626.Google Scholar
Cechin, I and Press, MC. 1993. Nitrogen relations of the sorghum Striga hermonthica host–parasite association: Germination, attachment and early growth. New Phytologist 124: 681687.Google Scholar
Chijioke, EO. 1980. Impacts on soils of fast-growing species in lowland humid tropics. FAO Forestry Paper 21. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.Google Scholar
Chirwa, PW, Black, CR, Ong, CK and Maghembe, J. 2003. Tree and crop productivity in gliricidia/maize/pigeon pea cropping system in southern Malawi. Agroforestry Systems 59: 265277.Google Scholar
Chirwa, PW, Ong, CK, Maghembe, J and Black, CR. 2007. Soil water dynamics in intercropping systems containing Gliricidia sepium, pigeon pea and maize in southern Malawi. Agroforestry Systems 69: 2943.Google Scholar
Cline-Cole, RA, Main, HAC and Nichol, JE. 1990, On fuelwood consumption, population dynamics and deforestation in Africa. World Development 18: 513527.Google Scholar
Coe, R. 1994. Through the looking glass: 10 common problems in alley-cropping research. Agroforestry Today 6: 911.Google Scholar
Corley, RHV and Tinker, PBH. 2008. The Oil Palm. Wiley, Chichester.Google Scholar
Cooke, GW. 1982. Fertilizing for Maximum Yield. Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Cottrell, RC. 1991. Introduction: Nutritional aspects of palm oil. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53: 989S1086S.Google Scholar
Cuevas, E, Brown, S and Lugo, A. 1991. Above- and belowground organic matter storage and production in a tropical pine plantation and a paired broadleaf secondary forest. Plant and Soil 135: 257268.Google Scholar
da Silva, LF. 1983. Influencia de Culturas e Sistemas de Manejo nas Modificaçôes Edáficas dos Oxisols de Tabuleiro (Haplorthox) do sul da Bahia. CEPLAC, Departamento Especial da Amazônia, Belém.Google Scholar
Dalal, RC. 1974. Effects of intercropping maize with pigeon peas on grain yields and nutrient uptake. Experimental Agriculture 10: 219224.Google Scholar
Deans, JD, Lindley, DK and Munro, RC. 1993. Deep Beneath the Trees in Senegal. Annual Report for 1993. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Penicuik.Google Scholar
Depommier, D, Jadonet, E and Oliver, R. 1992. Faidherbia albida parks and their influence on soils and crops at Watinoma, Burkina Faso. Faidherbia albida in the West African Semi-Arid Tropics, Vandenbelt, RJ (ed.). International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, pp. 111116.Google Scholar
Deseager, J and Rao, MR. 2000. Infection and damage potential of Meloidogyne javanica on Sesbania sesban in different soil types. Nematology 2: 169178.Google Scholar
Dinkelaker, B, Hengeler, C and Marschner, H. 1995. Distribution and function of proteoid roots and other root clusters. Botanica Acta 108: 183200.Google Scholar
Dupuy, N and Dreyfus, B. 1992. Presence of Bradyrhizobium under Acacia albida. Faidherbia albida in the West African Semi-Arid Tropics. Vandenbelt, RJ (ed.), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, pp. 145148.Google Scholar
Dzowela, B and Kwesiga, F 1994. The potentials and limitations of agroforestry for improving livestock production and soil fertility in southern Africa. Soil Fertility and Climatic Constraints in Dryland Agriculture. ACIAR Proceedings 54, Craswell, ET and Simpson, J (eds.). Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp. 1925.Google Scholar
Ellison, D, Morris, CE, Locatelli, B, Sheil, D, Cohen, J, Murdiyarso, D, Gutierrez, V, van Noordwijk, M, Reed, JD, Pokorny, J, Gaveau, D, Spracklen, D, Tobella, AB, Ilstedt, U, Teuling, R, Gebrehiwot, SG, Sands, DC, Muys, B, Verbist, B, Springgay, E, Sugandi, Y and Sullivan, CA. 2017. Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world. Global Environmental Change 43: 5161.Google Scholar
Elsenbeer, H. 2001. Hydraulic flowpaths in tropical rainforests soilscapes: A review. Hydrological Processes 15: 17511759.Google Scholar
Evans, J and Turnbull, JW. 2004. Plantation Forestry in the Tropics: The Role, Silviculture, and Use of Planted Forests for Industrial, Social, Environmental, and Agroforestry Purposes, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
FAO. 2015. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.Google Scholar
Favarin, JL, Tezotto, T, Neto, AP and Pedrosa, AW. 2010. Cafeeiro. Boas Práticas para Uso Eficente de Fertilizantes Volumen 3: Culturas, Prochnow, LI, Casarin, V , Stipp, SR (eds.). IPNI, Piracicaba, pp. 411467.Google Scholar
Franzel, S. 1999. Socioeconomic factors affecting the adoption potential of improved tree fallows in Africa. Agroforestry Systems 47: 305321.Google Scholar
Franzel, S. 2004. Financial analysis of agroforestry practices. Valuing Agroforestry Systems, Alavalapati, JRR and Mercer, DE (eds.). Kluwer, Berlin, pp. 937.Google Scholar
Gacheru, E and Rao, MR. 2005. The potential of planted shrub fallows to combat Striga infestation on maize. International Journal of Pest Management 51:91100.Google Scholar
Garrity, DP and Mercado, AR Jr. 1994. Nitrogen fixation capacity in the component species of contour hedgerows: How important? Agroforestry Systems 27: 241258.Google Scholar
Garrity, DP, Soekardi, M, van Noordwijk, M, de la Cruz, R, Pathak, PS, Gunasena, HPM, Ghuijun, N and Majid, NM. 1997. The Imperata grasslands of tropical Asia: Area, distribution and typology. Agroforestry Systems 36: 329.Google Scholar
Garrity, DP, Akinnifesi, FK, Oluyede, C, Ajayi, C, Weldesemayat, SG, Mowo, JG, Kalinganire, A, Larwanou, M and Bayala, J. 2010. Evergreen Agriculture: A robust approach to sustainable food security in Africa. Food Security 2: 197214.Google Scholar
Gathumbi, SM, Cadisch, G and Giller, KE. 2002. 15N natural abundance as a tool for assessing N2-fixation of herbaceous, shrub and tree legumes in improved fallows. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34: 10591071.Google Scholar
Geiger, SC, Vandenbelt, RJ and Manu, A. 1992. Variability in growth of Acacia albida: The soils connection. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58: 227231.Google Scholar
Gonçalves, JLM, Barros, NF, Nambiar, EKS and Novais, RF. 1997. Soil and stand management for short rotation plantations. Management of Soil Nutrients and Water in Tropical Plantation Forests. ACIAR Monograph 43, Nambiar, EKS and Brown, AG (eds.). Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp. 379417.Google Scholar
Hairiah, K, Sulistyani, H, Suprayogo, D, Widianto, P Purnomosidhi, Widodo, RH and van Noordwijk, M. 2006. Litter layer residence time in forest and coffee agroforestry systems in Sumberjaya, West Lampung. Forest Ecology and Management 224: 4557.Google Scholar
Harper, JL. 1961. Approaches to the study of plant competition. Journal of Experimental Biology 15: 139.Google Scholar
Harvey, CA, Villanueva, C, Villacís, J, Chacón, M, Muñoz, D, López, M, Ibrahim, M, Gómez, R, Taylor, R, Martinez, J, Navas, A, Saenz, J, Sánchez, D, Medina, A, Vilchez, S, Hernández, B, Perez, A, Ruiz, F, López, F, Lang, I and Sinclair, FL. 2005. Contribution of live fences to the ecological integrity of agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 111: 200230.Google Scholar
Hartemink, AE. 2003. Soil Fertility Decline in the Tropics with Case Studies on Plantations. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.Google Scholar
Hartemink, AE. 2005. Nutrient stocks, nutrient cycling and soil changes in cocoa ecosystems: a review. Advances in Agronomy 86: 227253.Google Scholar
Hartemink, AE, Buresh, RJ, Jama, B and Janssen, BH. 1996. Soil nitrate and water dynamics in sesbania fallows, weed fallows and maize. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60: 568574.Google Scholar
Hauser, S. 1993. Root distribution of Dacyladenia (Acioa) barteri and Senna (Cassia) siamea in alley cropping on Ultisol. 1. Implications for field experimentation. Agroforestry Systems 24: 111121.Google Scholar
Holm, L and Herberger, J. 1969. The world’s worst weeds. Proceedings Second Asian Pacific Weed Control Interchange, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, pp. 114.Google Scholar
Holmgren, P, Masakha, EJ and Sjoholm, H. 1994. Not all African land is being degraded: A recent survey of trees on farms in Kenya reveals rapidly increasing forest resources. Ambio 23: 390395.Google Scholar
Hölscher, D, Mackensen, J and Roberts, JM. 2005. Forest recovery in the humid tropics: Changes in vegetation structure, nutrient pools and the hydrological cycle. Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics, Bonell, M and Bruijnzeel, LA (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 598621.Google Scholar
House, APN. 1992. Eucalypts: Curse or Cure? Australian Council for International Agricultural Research, Canberra.Google Scholar
Huang, YJ, Akbari, H, Taha, H and Rosenfeld, AH. 1987. The potential of vegetation in reducing summer cooling loads in residential buildings. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 26: 11031116.Google Scholar
ICRAF. 1993: Annual Report for 1992. ICRAF, Nairobi.Google Scholar
ICRAF. 1994. Annual Report for 1993. ICRAF, Nairobi.Google Scholar
ICRISAT. 1990. Soil, Crop and Water Management in the Sudano–Sahelian Zone, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru.Google Scholar
IITA. 1988. Annual Report for 1987. International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan.Google Scholar
Ikerra, ST, Maghembe, JA, Smithson, PC and Buresh, RJ. 1999. Soil nitrogen dynamics and relationships with maize yields in a gliricidia–maize intercrop in Malawi. Plant and Soil 211: 155164.Google Scholar
Izac, AMN 1997. Ecological economics of investing in natural resource capital in Africa. Replenishing Soil Fertility in Africa. SSSA Special Publication 51, Buresh, RJ, Sanchez, PA and Calhoun, F (eds.). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp. 237251.Google Scholar
Jama, BA, Mutegi, JK and Njui, AN. 2008. Potential of improved fallows to increase household and regional fuelwood supply: Evidence from western Kenya. Agroforestry Systems 73: 155166.Google Scholar
Jose, S. 2009. Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: An overview. Agroforestry Systems 76: 110.Google Scholar
Kabagambe, EK, Baylin, A and Ascherio, A. 2005. The type of oil used for cooking is associated with the risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in Costa Rica. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 135: 26742679.Google Scholar
Kang, BT, Wilson, GF and Sipkens, L. 1981. Alley cropping maize and Leucaena leucocephala in southern Nigeria. Plant and Soil 63: 165179.Google Scholar
Kang, BT, Grimme, H and Lawson, TL. 1985. Alley cropping, sequentially cropped maize and cowpea with Leucaena on a sandy soil in southern Nigeria. Plant and Soil 85: 267277.Google Scholar
Kang, BT, Reynolds, L and Atta-Krah, AN. 1990. Alley farming. Advances in Agronomy 43: 315359.Google Scholar
Kass, DLC. 1987. Alley cropping of food crops with wood legumes in Costa Rica. Advances in Agroforestry Research, Beer, J, Fassbender, JH and Heuveldop, J (eds.). CATIE, Turrialba, pp. 197208.Google Scholar
Kho, RM, Yacouba, B, Yayé, M, Katkoré, B, Moussa, A, Iktam, A and Mayaki, A. 2001. Separating the effects of trees on crops: The case of Faidherbia albida and millet in Niger. Agroforestry Systems 52: 219238.Google Scholar
Kiepe, P and Rao, MR. 1994. Management of agroforestry for the conservation and utilization of land and water resources. Outlook on Agriculture 23: 1725.Google Scholar
King, KF. 1968. Agri-Silviculture (the Taungya System). Department of Forestry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Kiwia, A, Imo, M, Jama, B and Okalebo, JR. 2009. Coppicing improved fallows are profitable for maize production in striga infested soils of western Kenya. Agroforestry Systems 76: 455465.Google Scholar
Köthke, M, Leischner, B and Elsasser, P. 2013. Uniform global deforestation patterns: An empirical analysis. Forest Policy and Economics 28: 2337.Google Scholar
Kull, CA and Rangan, H. 2012. Science, sentiment and territorial chauvinism in the acacia name change debate. Terra Australis 34: 197219.Google Scholar
Kwesiga, FR and Coe, R. 1994. The effect of short rotation Sesbania sesban planted fallows on maize yields. Forest Ecology and Management 64: 199208.Google Scholar
Kwesiga, FR, Franzel, S, Place, F, Phiri, D and Simwanza, CP. 1999. Sesbania sesban improved fallows in eastern Zambia: Their inception, development and farmer enthusiasm. Agroforestry Systems 47: 4966.Google Scholar
Kwesiga, FR, Franzel, S, Mafongoya, P, Ajayi, O, Phiri, D, Katanga, R, Kuntashula, E, Place, F and Chirwa, T. 2003. Improved Fallows in Eastern Zambia: History, Farmer Practice and Impacts. Discussion Paper 130. International Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Lal, R. 1989. Agroforestry systems and soil surface management of a tropical Alfisol. 2. Water runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss. 3. Changes in soil chemical properties. Agroforestry Systems 8: 97132.Google Scholar
Lavelle, P and Pashanasi, B. 1989. Soil macrofauna and land management in Peruvian Amazonia. Pedobiologia 33: 283291.Google Scholar
Levasseur, V, Djimde, M and Olivier, A. 2004. Live fences in Ségou, Mali: An evaluation by their early users. Agroforestry Systems 60: 131136.Google Scholar
Lok, S and Crespo, GJ. 2015. Los Suelos Dedicados a la Ganadería en Cuba: Características, Manejo, Oportunidades y Retos. PowerPoint presentado ante el V Congreso Internacional de Producción Animal Tropical. La Habana, Noviembre 16, Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Habana, Cuba.Google Scholar
Lopes, MA. 2017. Embrapa´s Strategy on the Application of New Technologies in Brazil. Power Point presentation at the University of California, Berkeley, June 2, Embrapa, Brasília.Google Scholar
Lugo, AE. 1992. Comparison of tropical tree plantations with secondary forests. Ecological Monographs 62: 141.Google Scholar
Lundgren, B. 1978. Soil Conditions and Nutrient Cycling Under Natural and Plantation Forests in Tanzanian Highlands. Reports in Forest Ecology and Forest Soils No. 31. Uppsala University, Uppsala.Google Scholar
MacDicken, KG, Hairiah, K, Otsamo, A, Duguma, B and Majid, NM. 1997. Shade-based control of Imperata cylindrica: Tree fallows and cover crops. Agroforestry Systems 36: 131149.Google Scholar
Mafongoya, PL and Nair, PKR. 1997. Multipurpose tree prunings as a source of nitrogen to maize under semiarid conditions in Zimbabwe: Nitrogen recovery rates in relation to pruning quality and method of application. Agroforestry Systems 35: 3146.Google Scholar
Mafongoya, PL, Kuntashula, E and Sileshi, G. 2006. Managing soil fertility and nutrient cycles through fertilizer trees in southern Africa. Biological Approaches to Sustainable Soil Systems, Uphoff, N, Ball, AS, Fernandes, E, Herren, H, Husson, O, Laing, M, Palm, CA, Pretty, J, Sanchez, PA, Sanginga, N and Thies, J (eds.). Taylor and Francis, Abingdon, pp. 273289.Google Scholar
Mafongoya, PL, Chintu, R, Sileshi, G, Chirwa, TS, Matibini, J and Kuntashula, E. 2008. Sustainable maize production through leguminous tree and shrub fallows in Eastern Zambia. Management of Agroforestry Systems for Enhancing Resource Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp. 203220.Google Scholar
Magat, SS and Margate, RC. 2000. Salt (Sodium Chloride): An Effective and Cheap Fertilizer for High Coconut Productivity. Technology Guide Sheet No. 5, Philippine Coconut Authority Research Development and Extension Branch, Manila.Google Scholar
Makumba, W, Akinnifesi, FK, Janssen, B and Oenema, O. 2007. Long-term impact of gliricidia–maize intercropping system on carbon sequestration in southern Malawi. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 118: 237243.Google Scholar
Malavolta, E. 2006. Manual de Nutrição Mineral de Plantas. Agronômica Ceres, São Paulo.Google Scholar
Malavolta, E, Haag, HP, Mello, FAF and Brasil Sobrinho, MOC. 1974. Nutrição Mineral e Adubação de Plantas Cultivadas. Livraria Pionera, São Paulo.Google Scholar
Mattsson, B, Cederberg, C and Blix, L. 2000. Agricultural land use in life cycle assessment (LCA): Case studies of three vegetable oil crops. Journal of Cleaner Production 8: 283292.Google Scholar
Matusova, R, Rani, K, Verstappen, FWA, Franssen, MCR, Beale, MH and Bouwmeester, HJ. 2005. The Strigolactone germination stimulants of the plant-parasitic Striga and Orobanche spp. are derived from the carotenoid pathway. Plant Physiology 139: 920934.Google Scholar
Meinjninger, WML and Jarmain, C. 2014. Satellite-based annual evaporation estimates of invasive alien plant species and native vegetation in South Africa. Water SA 40: 95108.Google Scholar
Mekonnen, K, Buresh, RJ and Jama, B. 1997. Root and inorganic distribution of sesbania fallows, natural fallows and maize. Plant and Soil 188: 319327.Google Scholar
Mutuo, PK, Cadisch, G, Albrecht, A, Palm, CA and Verchot, L. 2005. Potential of agroforestry for carbon sequestration and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from soils in the tropics. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 71: 4354.Google Scholar
Nair, PKR (ed.). 1989. Agroforestry Systems in the Tropics. Kluwer, Berlin.Google Scholar
Niang, A, Gathumbi, S and Amadalo, B. 1996. The potential of short-duration improved fallows for crop productivity enhancement in the highlands of western Kenya. First Kenya Agroforestry Conference. Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Nairobi, pp. 218230.Google Scholar
Nowak, DJ, Crane, DE and Stevens, JC. 2006. Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 4: 115123.Google Scholar
Nyamadzawo, G, Chikowo, R, Nyamugafata, P and Giller, KE. 2007. Improved legume tree fallows and tillage effects on structural stability and infiltration rates of a kaolinitic sandy soil from central Zimbabwe. Soil and Tillage Research 96: 182194.Google Scholar
Okorio, J. 1992. The effect of Faidherbia albida on soil properties in a semi-arid environment in Morogoro, Tanzania. Faidherbia albida in the West African Semi-Arid Tropics. Vandenbelt, RJ (ed.). International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, pp. 117120.Google Scholar
Ong, CK. 1994. Alley cropping, ecological pie in the sky? Agroforestry Today 6: 810.Google Scholar
Ong, CK. 1995. The ‘dark side’ of intercropping: Manipulation of soil resources. Ecophysiology of Tropical Intercropping, Sinoquet, H and Cruz, P (eds.). Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, pp. 4565.Google Scholar
Ong, CK. 1996. A framework for quantifying the various effects of tree-crop interactions. Tree–Crop Interactions: A Physiological Approach, Ong, CK and Huxley, PA (eds.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 124.Google Scholar
Ong, CK and Kho, R. 2015. A framework for quantifying the various effects of tree-crop interactions. Tree–Crop Interactions: Agroforestry in a Changing Climate, 2nd edition, Black, C, Wilson, J and Ong, CK (eds.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 123.Google Scholar
Ong, CK, Corlett, JE, Singh, RP and Black, CR. 1991. Above and below ground interactions in agroforestry systems. Forest Ecology and Management 45: 4547.Google Scholar
Ong, CK, Black, CR, Marshall, FM and Corlett, JE. 1996. Principles of resource capture and utilization of light and water. Tree–Crop Interactions: A Physiological Approach, Ong, CK and Huxley, PA (eds.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 73158.Google Scholar
Palm, CA, Myers, RJK and Nandwa, SM. 1997. Combined use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources for soil fertility maintenance and replenishment. Replenishing Soil Fertility in Africa. SSSA Special Publication 51, Buresh, RJ, Sanchez, PA and Calhoun, F (eds.). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp. 193217.Google Scholar
Palm, CA, Gachengo, CN, Delve, RJ, Cadisch, G and Giller, KE. 2001. Organic inputs for soil fertility management in tropical agroecosystems: Application of an organic resource database. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 83: 2742.Google Scholar
Palm, CA, van Noordwijk, M, Woomer, PL, Alegre, JC, Arévalo, L, Castilla, CE, Cordeiro, DG, Hairiah, K, Kotto-Same, J, Moukam, A, Parton, WJ, Ricse, A, Rodrigues, V and Sitompul, SM. 2005. Carbon losses and sequestration following land use change in the humid tropics. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: The Search for Alternatives, Palm, CA, Vosti, SA, Sanchez, PA and Ericksen, PJ (eds.). Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp. 4163.Google Scholar
Papendick, RI, Sanchez, PA and Triplett, GB (eds.). 1976. Multiple Cropping. ASA Special Publication 27, Madison, Wisconsin, WI.Google Scholar
Patel, SH, Pinckney, TC and Jaeger, WK. 1995. Smallholder wood production and population pressure in East Africa: Evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve? Land Economics 71: 516530.Google Scholar
Pavan, MA, Bingham, FT and Pratt, PF. 1982. Toxicity of aluminum to coffee in Ultisols and Oxisols amended with CaCO3, MgCO3 and CaSO4–2H2O. Soil Science Society of America Journal 46: 12011207.Google Scholar
Phiri, E, Verplancke, H, Kwesiga, F and Mafongoya, P. 2003. Water balance and maize yield following Sesbania sesban fallow in eastern Zambia. Agroforestry Systems 59: 197205.Google Scholar
Place, FM. 1995. The Role of Land and Tree Tenure on the Adoption of Agroforestry Technologies in Zambia, Burundi, Uganda and Malawi: A Summary and Synthesis. Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Place, F and Otsuka, K.. 2000. Population pressure, land tenure, and tree resource management in Uganda. Land Economics 76: 233251.Google Scholar
Place, F, Mwanza, S and Kwesiga, F. 1994. A Cost–Benefit Analysis of Improved Fallows in Eastern Province, Zambia. ICRAF, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Plucknett, DL. 1979. Managing Pastures and Cattle under Coconuts. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.Google Scholar
Poschen, P. 1986. An evaluation of the Acacia albida based agroforestry practices in the Hararghe highlands of eastern Ethiopia. Agroforestry Systems 4: 129143.Google Scholar
Potter, LM. 1997. The dynamics of Imperata: Historical overview and current farmer perspectives with special reference to South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems 36: 3151.Google Scholar
Pushparajah, E. 1984. Nutrient availability of acid soils of the tropics following clearing and cultivation of plantation crops. Proceedings of an International Workshop on Soils. ACIAR, Canberra, pp. 4751.Google Scholar
Pushparajah, E and Amin, LL (eds.). 1977. Soils Under Hevea in Peninsular Malaysia and Their Management. Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.Google Scholar
Ramadhani, T, Otsyina, R and Franzel, S. 2002. Improving household incomes and reducing deforestation using rotational woodlots in Tabora District, Tanzania. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 89: 227237.Google Scholar
Rao, MR, Ong, CK, Pathak, P and Sharma, MM. 1991. Productivity of annual cropping and agroforestry systems on a shallow Alfisol in semiarid India. Agroforestry Systems 15: 5163.Google Scholar
Rao, MR, Niang, AI, Kwesiga, FR, Duguma, B, Franzel, S, Jama, BA and Buresh, RJ. 1998. Soil fertility replenishment in Sub-Saharan Africa: New techniques and the spread of their use in farms. Agroforestry Today 10: 38.Google Scholar
Reed, JD, Rittner, U, Tanner, J and Wiegand, O. 1992. Nutritive value of leaves and fruits of Faidherbia albida and their use for feeding ruminants. Faidherbia albida in the West African Semi-Arid Tropics, Vandenbelt, RJ (ed.). International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, pp. 4352.Google Scholar
Reij, C, Tappan, G and Smale, M. 2009. Agroenvironmental Transformation in the Sahel: Another Kind of “Green Revolution.” Discussion Paper 914. International Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Reynolds, L. 1994. A Review of the Biophysical and Socioeconomic Basis of Alley Farming and its Adoption Potential. International Agricultural Consultancy, Leicester.Google Scholar
Rhoades, C. 1995. Seasonal pattern of nitrogen mineralization and soil moisture beneath Faidherbia albida (Acacia albida) in central Malawi. Agroforestry Systems 29: 133145.Google Scholar
Rutunga, V, Karanja, NK, Gachene, CKK and Palm, CA. 1999. Biomass production and nutrient accumulation by Tephrosia vogelii and Tithonia diversifolia fallows during six-month growth in Maseno. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment 3: 237246.Google Scholar
Saka, AR, Bunderson, WT, Itimu, OA, Phombeya, HSK and Mbekeani, Y. 1964. The effects of Acacia albida on soils and maize grain yields under smallholder farm conditions in Malawi. Forest Ecology and Management 64: 217230.Google Scholar
Salati, E and Vose, PB. 1984. Amazon Basin: A system in equilibrium. Science 225: 129138.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA. 1979. Soil fertility and conservation considerations for agroforestry systems in the humid tropics of Latin America. Soil Research in Agroforestry, Mongi, HO and Huxley, PA (eds.). ICRAF, Nairobi, pp. 79124.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA. 1995. Science in agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems 30: 555.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA. 1999. Improved fallows come of age in the tropics. Agroforestry Systems 47: 312.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA. 2015. En route to plentiful food production in Africa. Nature Plants 1: 13.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Benites, JR. 1987. Low input cropping for acid soils of the humid tropics. Science 238: 15211527.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Jama, BA. 2002. Soil fertility replenishment takes off in Sub-Saharan Africa. Integrated Plant Nutrient Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Concept to Practice, Vanlauwe, B, Diels, J, Sanginga, N and Merckx, R (eds.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 2346.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA, Palm, CA, Davey, CB, Szott, LT and Russell, CE. 1985. Trees as soil improvers in the humid tropics? Attributes of Trees as Crop Plants, Cannell, MGR and Jackson, JE (eds.). Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Huntingdon, pp. 327358.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA, Palm, CA, Szott, LT, Cuevas, E and Lal, R. 1989. Organic input management in tropical agroecosystems. Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter in Tropical Ecosystems, Coleman, DC, Oades, JM and Uehara, G (eds.). University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, pp. 125152.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA, Buresh, RJ and Leakey, RRB. 1997. Trees, soils and food security. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 352: 949961.Google Scholar
Santana, MBM and Cabala-Rosand, P. 1982. Dynamics of nitrogen in a shaded cacao plantation. Plant and Soil 67: 271281.Google Scholar
Santoso, D, Adiningsih, S, Mutert, E, Fairhurst, T and van Noordwijk, M. 1997. Soil fertility management for reclamation of Imperata grasslands by smallholder agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems 36: 181202.Google Scholar
Schroeder, P. 1994. Carbon storage benefits of agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems 27: 8997.Google Scholar
Schroth, G, da Fonseca, GAB, Harvey, CA, Gascon, C, Vasconcelos, HL and Izac, A-M N (eds.). 2004. Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Landscapes. Island Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Scott, DF and Lesch, W. 1997. Streamflow responses to afforestation with Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus patula and to felling in the Mokobulaan experimental catchments. Journal of Hydrology 199: 360377.Google Scholar
Sileshi, G and Mafongoya, PL. 2006. Long-term effect of legume-improved fallows on soil invertebrates and maize yield in eastern Zambia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 115: 6978.Google Scholar
Sileshi, G and Mafongoya, PL. 2007. Quantity and quality of organic inputs from coppicing leguminous trees influence abundance of soil macrofauna in maize crops in eastern Zambia. Biology and Fertility of Soils 43: 333340.Google Scholar
Sileshi, G, Akinnifesi, FK, Ajayi, OC and Place, F. 2008. Meta-analysis of maize yield response to woody and herbaceous legumes in sub-Saharan Africa. Plant and Soil 307: 119.Google Scholar
Simmonds, NW. 1985. Perspectives on the evolutionary history of tree crops. Trees as Crop Plants, Cannell, MGR and Jackson, JE (eds.). Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Huntingdon, pp. 312.Google Scholar
Sinclair, FL. 1999. A general classification of agroforestry practice. Agroforestry Systems 46: 161180.Google Scholar
Sinclair, FL, Verinumbe, I and Hall., JB 1994. The role of tree domestication in agroforestry. Tropical Trees: Potential for Domestication and the Rebuilding of Forest Resources, Leakey, RRB and Newton, AC (eds.). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, pp. 124136.Google Scholar
Singh, RP, Ong, CK and Saharan, N. 1989. Above and below ground interactions in alley cropping in semiarid India. Agroforestry Systems 9: 259274.Google Scholar
Singh, G, Singh, NT and Abrol, IP. 1994. Agroforestry techniques for the rehabilitation of degraded salt-affected lands in India. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 5: 223242.Google Scholar
Smaling, E. 1993. An Agroecological Framework for Integrating Nutrient Management, with Special Reference to Kenya. PhD Thesis. Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen.Google Scholar
Small, E. 2009. Top 100 Food Plants. NRC Press, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Sprent, JI, Sutherland, JM and de Faria, SM. 1989. Structure and function of root nodules from woody legumes. Missouri Botanical Garden Monographs on Systematic Botany 29: 559578.Google Scholar
Steppler, HA and Nair, PKR (eds.). 1987. Agroforestry: A Decade of Development. ICRAF, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Szott, LT, Palm, CA and Sanchez, PA. 1991. Agroforestry in acid soils of the humid tropics. Advances in Agronomy 45: 275301.Google Scholar
Tiffen, M, Mortimer, M and Gichuki, F. 1994. More People, Less Erosion: Environmental Recovery in Kenya. Overseas Development Institute, London.Google Scholar
Torquebiau, EF and Kwesiga, F.1996. Root development in a Sesbania sesban fallow–maize system in eastern Zambia. Agroforestry Systems 34: 193211.Google Scholar
Turnbull, JW, Midgley, SJ and Cossalter, C. 1998. Tropical acacias planted in Asia: An overview. Recent Developments in Acacia Planting, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp. 1428.Google Scholar
Vandenbelt, RJ (ed.). 1992. Faidherbia albida in the West African Semiarid Tropics. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru.Google Scholar
Vandenbelt, RJ and Williams, JH. 1992. The effect of soil surface temperature on the growth of millet in relation to the effect of Faidherbia albida trees. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 60: 93100.Google Scholar
van Noordwijk, M, Widianto, M Heinen, and Hairiah, K. 1991. Old tree root channels in acid soils in the humid tropics: Important for crop root penetration, water infiltration and nitrogen management. Plant and Soil 134: 3744.Google Scholar
van Noordwijk, M, Hairiah, K, Sitompul, SM and Syekhfani, MS. 1992. Rotational hedgerow intercropping + Peltophorum pterocarpum = new hope for weed-infested soils. Agroforestry Today 4: 46.Google Scholar
van Noordwijk, M and Purnomosidhi, P. 1995. Root architecture in relation to tree–soil–crop interactions and shoot pruning in agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems 30: 161173.Google Scholar
van Noordwijk, M, Sitompul, SM, Hairiah, K, Listyarini, E and Syekhfani, M. 1995. Nitrogen supply from rotational and spatially zoned inclusion of Leguminosae for sustainable maize production on an acid soil in Indonesia. Proceedings Third International Symposium on Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH, Date, RA, Grundon, NJ, Rayment, GE and Probert, ME (eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 779784.Google Scholar
van Noordwijk, M, Coe, R and Sinclair, F. 2016. Central Hypotheses for the Third Agroforestry Paradigm within a Common Definition. Working Paper 233. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program, Bogor.Google Scholar
van Noordwijk, M, Tanika, L and Lusiana, B. 2017. Flood risk reduction and flow buffering as ecosystem services: I. Theory on a flow persistence indicator. Hydrology and Earth Systems Science 21: 23212340.Google Scholar
von Uexküll, H and Cohen, A. 1980. Potassium requirements of some tropical tree crops (oil palm, coconut palm, rubber, coffee, cocoa). Potassium Requirements of Crops, International Potash Institute, Horgen, pp. 71104.Google Scholar
Wibowo, A, Suharti, M, Sagala, APS, Hibani, H and van Noordwijk, M. 1997. Fire management of Imperata grasslands as part of agroforestry development in Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems 36: 203217.Google Scholar
Willey, RW. 1979. Intercropping: Its importance and research needs – agronomic and research approaches. Field Crop Abstracts 32: 7885.Google Scholar
Wilson, J and Coutts, MP. 1985. Exploiting tree crop-symbionts. Attributes of Trees as Crop Plants, Cannell, MGR and Jackson, JE (eds.). Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Huntingdon, pp. 359377.Google Scholar
Woittiez, LS, van Wijk, MT, Slingerland, M, van Noordwijk, M and Giller, KE. 2017. Yield gaps in oil palm: A quantitative review of contributing factors. European Journal of Agronomy 83: 5777.Google Scholar
Wood, PJ. 1992. The botany and distribution of Albida albida. Acacia albida in the West African Semi-Arid Tropics, Vandenbelt, RJ (ed.). International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, pp. 917.Google Scholar
Woomer, P, Bajah, O, Atta-Krah, AN and Sanginga, N. 1995. Analysis and interpretation of alley farming data from Tropical Africa. Alley Farming Research and Development, Kang, BT (ed.). International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, pp. 189202.Google Scholar
WRI. 2015. Mapping On-Farm Tree Cover Density in Malawi. Report on Results. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Young, A. 1997. Agroforestry for Soil Management, 2nd edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.Google Scholar
Zomer, RJ, Neufeldt, H, Xu, J, Ahrends, A, Bossio, DA, Trabucco, A, van Noordwijk, M and Wang, M. 2016. Global tree cover and biomass carbon on agricultural land: The contribution of agroforestry to global and national carbon budgets. Scientific Reports 6: 29987.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×