Print technology in Europe was linked to the Ottoman Empire almost from the moment of its inception. An anti-Ottoman polemic, Eyn manung der Cristenheit widder die durken (A Warning to Christendom Against the Turks) from 1454 was one of Gutenberg's earliest printed pamphlets. Gutenberg also printed broadsides in 1454-1455 to support indulgences that were intended to raise money for the defense of Cyprus against the Ottomans. Within only a few decades of the invention of engraving, European prints were brought to the Ottoman capital and seemingly into the hands of the reigning Ottoman sultan, the famously pluralistic Mehmed II. Yet the late date of the establishment of printing presses in Istanbul and widespread perceptions of the hostility of the Islamic world to print technology have led to a general lack of discussion of the role of prints – both Western European and locally produced – within the Ottoman Empire. Yet it is clear that prints played a much more significant role within the Ottoman Empire and on Ottoman visual and textual culture than has been commonly assumed. A particularly clear and rich example of the cross-cultural movement of prints between Europe and the Ottoman Empire during the early modern period is provided by the complex interactions between European and Ottoman produced images of the Ottoman sultans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.